A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting

A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting Wiley Blackwell Companions in Cultural Studies Advisory editor: David Theo Goldberg, University of California, Irvine This series provides theoretically ambitious but accessible volumes devoted to the major fields and subfields within cultural studies, whether as single disciplines (film studies) inspired and reconfigured by interventionist cultural studies approaches, or from broad interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives (gender studies, race and ethnic studies, postcolonial studies). Each volume sets out to ground and orientate the student through a broad range of specially commissioned articles and also to provide the more experienced scholar and teacher with a convenient and comprehensive overview of the latest trends and critical directions. An overarching Companion in Cultural Studies will map the territory as a whole. 1. A Companion to Film Theory Edited by Toby Miller and Robert Stam 2. A Companion to Postcolonial Studies Edited by Henry Schwarz and Sangeeta Ray 3. A Companion to Cultural Studies Edited by Toby Miller 4. A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies Edited by David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos 5. A Companion to Art Theory Edited by Paul Smith and Carolyn Wilde 6. A Companion to Media Studies Edited by Angharad Valdivia 7. A Companion to Literature and Film Edited by Robert Stam and Alessandra Raengo 8. A Companion to Gender Studies Edited by Philomena Essed, David Theo Goldberg, and Audrey Kobayashi 9. A Companion to Asian American Studies Edited by Kent A. Ono 10. A Companion to Television Edited by Janet Wasko 11. A Companion to African American Studies Edited by Lewis R. Gordon and Jane Anna Gordon 12. A Companion to Museum Studies Edited by Sharon Macdonald 13. A Companion to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Studies Edited by George E. Haggerty and Molly McGarry 14. A Companion to Latina/o Studies Edited by Juan Flores and Renato Rosaldo 15. A Companion to Sport Edited by David L. Andrews and Ben Carrington 16. A Companion to Diaspora Edited by Ato Quayson and Girish Daswani 17. A Companion to Popular Culture Edited by Gary Burns 18. A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting Edited by Aniko Bodroghkozy A Companion to the History of American Broadcasting Edited by Aniko Bodroghkozy This edition first published 2018 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Aniko Bodroghkozy to be identified as the author of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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Title: A companion to the history of American broadcasting / edited by Aniko Bodroghkozy. Description: Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018013084 (print) | LCCN 2018013956 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118646052 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118646281 (epub) | ISBN 9781118646359 (cloth) Subjects: LCSH: Broadcasting–United States–History. | Television broadcasting–United States–History. | Radio broadcasting–United States–History. Classification: LCC PN1990.6.U5 (ebook) | LCC PN1990.6.U5 C66 2018 (print) | DDC 384.540973–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018013084 Cover image: Vintage radio from the 1930s – ©fstop123/ Getty Images; 1950s’ Console Television with rabbit ear antenna – ©Lokibaho/Getty Images Cover design: Wiley Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents Notes on Contributors ix Introduction 1 Aniko Bodroghkozy Part I American Broadcasting in Historical Overview 25 1 Before the Broadcast Era: 1900–1910s 27 Susan J. Douglas 2 The Broadcast Radio Era: 1920s–1940s 47 Michele Hilmes 3 Television Before the Classic Network Era: 1930s–1950s 71 Michael Kackman 4 The Classic Network Era in Television: 1950s–1970s 93 Victoria E. Johnson 5 The Multi‐Channel Transition Period: 1980s–1990s 111 Bambi Haggins and Julia Himberg 6 Radio in the Television Era: 1950s–2000s 135 Alexander Russo 7 The Post‐Network Era: 2000s–Present 153 Amanda D. Lotz Part II American Broadcasting in Historical Focus 169 Industry/Production 8 A History of Broadcast Regulations: Principles and Perspectives 171 Jennifer Holt vi Contents 9 Reviving the Technical in Television History 193 Susan Murray 10 Public Broadcasting 211 Josh Shepperd 11 Latino Broadcasting in the United States 237 Hector Amaya 12 Radio, Television, and the Military 257 Stacy Takacs Part II American Broadcasting in Historical Focus 279 Programming/Genre 13 Radio Sitcoms: History and Preservation 281 Laura LaPlaca 14 The Rise and Fall of the Soap Opera 301 Elana Levine 15 Television Music 321 Norma Coates Part II American Broadcasting in Historical Focus 347 Audiences/Reception 16 A History of the Commodity Audience 349 Eileen R. Meehan 17 Broadcast Activism 371 Allison Perlman 18 African Americans and Broadcasting 389 Robin R. Means Coleman 19 A History of Fandom in Broadcasting 413 Allison McCracken Part III Doing American Broadcasting History: Reflections on Key Texts 443 20 Erik Barnouw’s Trilogy on the History of US Broadcasting 445 Gary R. Edgerton Contents vii 21 Susan J. Douglas’ Inventing American Broadcasting 455 Shawn VanCour 22 Lynn Spigel’s Make Room for TV 465 Aniko Bodroghkozy 23 William Boddy’s Fifties Television 475 Mark J. Williams Index 485 ix Notes on Contributors Hector Amaya is Professor of Media Studies at the University of Virginia. He writes on globalization, Latino media studies, the cultural production of political identities, and Latin American film/media. He is the author of two books, Screening Cuba: Film Criticism as Political Performance During the Cold War (2010) and Citizenship Excess: Latinos/as, Media, and the Nation (2013). Dr. Amaya’s journal articles have appeared in Media, Culture and Society, Television & New Media, Studies in Hispanic Cinemas, New Cinemas, Critical Discourse Studies, Latino Studies, and Text and Performance Quarterly. Aniko Bodroghkozy is a media historian and Professor of Media Studies at the University of Virginia. She is author of Groove Tube: Sixties Television and the Youth Rebellion (2001) and Equal Time: Television and the Civil Rights Movement (2012), and is currently completing a third book project: Black Weekend: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy, Television News, and the Birth of our Media World. Her articles on film and television in the 1960s, social change movements, and the upheavals of that era have appeared in numerous anthologies as well as in journals such as Screen, Cinema Journal, Television and New Media, and The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics, and Culture. Norma Coates is Associate Professor at Western University – Canada. Her research on popular music and identity, and popular music and television is published in several leading anthologies and journals of popular music topics and taught internationally. Her recent publications include an article about pioneering television rock and roll pro- ducer Jack Good and an analysis of the week that John Lennon and Yoko Ono co‐hosted The Mike Douglas Show. She is a former co‐chair of the Sound Studies Special Interest Group of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies, and was a visiting fellow at the International Institute of Popular

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