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Paper 4, Module 7: Text Paper 4, Module 7: Text Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator Prof. Tutun Mukherjee University of Hyderabad Paper Coordinator Prof. Hariharan Institute of English, University of Balagovindan Kerala Content Writer/Author Dr. Suja Kurup Institute of English, University of (CW) Kerala Content Reviewer (CR) Dr. Jameela Begum Former Head & Professor, Institute of English, University of Kerala Language Editor (LE) Prof. Hariharan Institute of English, University of Balagovindan Kerala Sons and Lovers - D.H. Lawrence David Herbert Lawrence was born in 1885 in Nottinghamshire, England where his father was a miner. He was the fourth child of his parents. His father Arthur Lawrence was an uninformed, uneducated coal-miner, who barely knew how to write his name. Lawrence’s mother Lydia belonged to a middle class family. Her father George Beardsall was an engineer by profession. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for Sons and Lovers. Lawrence had many affairs with women in his life, including a longstanding relationship with Jessie Chambers (on whom the character of Miriam is based), an engagement to Louie Burrows, and an eventual elopement to Germany with Frieda Weekley. Sons and Lovers was written in 1913, and contains many autobiographical details. Lawrence was first sent to the local Board School. Though not exceptionally brilliant, he was fairly good at studies. He won a scholarship and was then sent to the Nottingham High School. D.H. Lawrence had fervent love towards his mother and she was a constant source of inspiration for his creative ventures. She fostered his interest in writing and painting. He had complex feelings about his mother which have found a fine expression in his novels, especially Sons and Lovers. The Age of D.H. Lawrence A writer is always the product of his age. Often, he does nothing but sensitively transcribe from life. He reacts to the social, political, economic and religious conditions of his times and his works are a direct expression of this reaction. It is just not possible to make an accurate assessment of any writer in isolation; he has to be related to his age. The Major Novels of D.H. Lawrence The White Peacock The White Peacock, the first novel of S.H. Lawrence was published in 1911and notwithstanding some harsh reviews that appeared in the United States, it was fairly well received in the London literary circles. It is Autobiographical in style. Its story is narrated by a sensitive young man Cyril Beardsall. The setting in the novel is Lawrence’s own country, Eastwood. All the places are identifiable. The atmosphere is beautifully described. The Trespasser The Trespasser published in 1912, it is not an original work. It is an adaptation of a novel by Helen Corke, a friend of his London school-teaching days. The theme of The Trespasser is ‘failure of contact, lack of warmth, between people’. It describes the frustrated love affair of a thirty-eight years old violinist Siegmund and Helena, a school teacher of twenty six, to whom he has taught music for some time. Sons and Lovers Sons and Lovers, originally titled Paul Morel, was published in 1913. It is largely autobiographical. Mrs. Morel, a lady of cultivated and refined taste, married to a miner, Walter Morel, is very unhappy with her marriage. Her Sons grow up, she selects them as lovers. It is the most popular novel of Lawrence. Its plot is well- knit and is free from all superfluities. The characters are seen from the outside as well as emotionally realised from within. A very striking feature of the novel is a faithful description of life in the mining village of Bestwood. The Rainbow The Rainbow is supposed to be the least autobiographical of Lawrence’s major novels. It discusses at length how an individual can find fulfilment through marriage. In addition, it traces the altering relations between the generations and the impact of modern civilization on human sensibility. The Rainbow traces the history of three generations of the Brangwens living on the Marsh farm. Women in Love Women in Love, published in 1920, a sequel to The Rainbow and is perhaps the best of his novels to understand his philosophy of life. Women in Love is a study of the lives of Ursula Brangwen and her sister Gudrun in relation to the two men Rupert Birkin and Gerald Crich, who are attracted to them. Birkin, who represents Lawrence himself, is an integrated human being. He has polarised within himself the two centres of consciousness, the blood and the brain. Aaron’s Rod Aaron’s Rod, published in 1922 comes immediately after the two masterpieces The Rainbow and Women in Love but is a rather a disappointing work. The story begins on the first Christmas eve after the First World War with Aaron, dissatisfied in marriage, leaving his wife and two children and going to London, where he becomes a flautist and meets Lilly, a school Master. Summary of the novel Sons and Lovers The first part of the novel focuses on Mrs. Morel and her unhappy marriage to a drinking miner. She has many arguments with her husband, some of which have painful results: sometimes she is locked out of the house and hit in the head with a drawer. Estranged from her husband, Mrs. Morel takes comfort in her four children. William, her oldest son, is her favourite. When William sickens and dies a few years later, she is crushed, not even noticing the rest of her children until she almost loses Paul, her second son, as well. From that point on, Paul becomes the focus of her life, and the two seem to live for each other. Paul falls in love with Miriam Leivers, who lives on a farm not too far from the Morel family. They carry on a very intimate, but purely platonic, relationship for many years. Mrs. Morel does not approve of Miriam, and this may be the main reason that Paul does not marry her. He constantly wavers in his feelings toward her. Paul meets Clara Dawes, a suffragette who is separated from her husband, through Miriam. As he becomes closer with Clara and they begin to discuss his relationship with Miriam, she tells him that he should consider consummating their love and he returns to Miriam to see how she feels. Paul and Miriam sleep together and are briefly happy, but shortly afterward Paul decides that he does not want to marry Miriam, and so he breaks off with her. She still feels that his soul belongs to her, and, in part agrees reluctantly. He realizes that he loves his mother most, however. After breaking off his relationship with Miriam, Paul begins to spend more time with Clara and they begin an extremely passionate affair. However, she does not want to divorce her husband Baxter, and so they can never be married. Paul’s mother falls ill and he devotes much of his time to caring for her. When she finally dies, he is broken-hearted and, after a final plea from Miriam, goes off alone at the end of the novel. Gertrude Morel, mother of Paul, was not happy with her family life; she hates her husband Walter Morel. So, she shifts her affection on her sons – William, Paul and Arthur. At the beginning, she had a passion for her first son William. When he died of disease, she takes to Arthur. He joined in the army and settled there. Finally, the affection of Gertrude falls on Paul who lives with his mother. Because of his deepest love for his mother, Paul did not marry anybody. This misplaced affection led Paul to mental suffering at the end. All the novels of Lawrence are more or less autobiographical. But Sons and Lovers is almost a carbon copy of the author’s life. The principal characters of the novel and the central situations are drawn from Lawrence’s early life. Like Paul Morel’s father, Lawrence’s father was a miner, uncultured and drunk. Like Paul’s mother, Lawrence’s mother was her husband’s direct opposite. Sons and Lovers: An Autobiographical Novel Sons and Lovers is an autobiographical novel, Lawrence was a tortured soul for the full forty-five years of his life. Being highly sensitive, he reacted sharply, suffered intensely. His parents never enjoyed conjugal felicity. The home atmosphere was embittered by their endless bickerings. Repelled, by the coarse brutality of his father, Lawrence developed deep attachment with his mother. She, too, frustrated in her marriage, leaned heavily on her children, in particular on Lawrence, for emotional fulfilment and for the realisation of her ambitions. Gradually, there grew an unhealthy inter-dependence between Lawrence and his mother, that rendered him unfit to establish healthy emotional relationship with other women. Lawrence grew into a self-conscious neurotic. At the age of sixteen, he had met Jessie Chambers. He liked and loved her. But the dark shadow of his Oedipal relation with her mother not let him attain emotional fulfilment through Jessie. They hung on to each other for nearly ten years, but finally broke off. The entire experience had been so painful that in order to work out of his catharsis, Lawrence had to relive it imaginatively and express it in artistic terms. The result was Sons and Lovers. Lawrence believes in the law of polarity. If two characters coming in contact with each other in any form of mutual relationship can achieve ‘polarisation’, they can achieve happiness. There should be no attempt to ‘dominate’ or ‘possess’ the other partner. For a successful human relationship, the ‘divine otherness’ of the others has to be recognised and respected.
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