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Appendix: Lawrence's Sexuality and His Supposed 'Fascism'

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Appendix: Lawrence's Sexuality and His Supposed 'Fascism' Appendix: Lawrence’s Sexuality and his Supposed ‘Fascism’ The vexed question of Lawrence’s sexuality is exacerbated by the fact that in his lifetime any published evidence was likely to be affected by the need to avoid hostile legislation. It is clear that he was sometimes attracted by other men, this being evident from the chapter in The White Peacock where Cyril expresses his delight in George Saxton’s ath- letic body and reflects our love was perfect for a moment, more perfect than any love I have known since, either for man or woman.1 The sentiment is echoed in the unpublished ‘Prologue’ that formed the opening chapter to Women in Love. In this he noted the fact that he was rarely attracted by women, but often by men—who in such cases belonged mainly to two groups: on the one hand some who were fair, Northern, blue-eyed, crystalline, on the other, dark and viscous. In spite of this, however, there was no admission of active homo- sexuality.2 Previously, his remarks on homosexuality were extremely hostile, as witnessed by his remarks concerning the young men who gathered round John Maynard Keynes at Cambridge and the soldiers he witnessed on the sea-front in Worthing in 1915.3 Knud Merrild, who lived close to Lawrence for the winter of 1922–3, was adamant that Lawrence showed no signs of homosexuality whatever.4 In the novel Women in Love, Birkin engages in the well-known incident of wrestling with Gerald Crich, but this appears to be the closest they get to the formation of a physical relationship. When it comes to the matter of anal intercourse, on the other hand, the evidence is different—and is often concerned with sexual activity between men and women. In the sequence initiated by The Rainbow, 1 L WPA (cf. L WPC 223). ‘George’ was based on his friend Alan Chambers (though he thought George Saxton had a ‘far finer soul’ than Alan (ibid. xx). 2 In his biography of the years 1912–22, Mark Kinkead-Weekes argues against the theory that Lawrence had a homosexual relationship with William Henry Hocking in Cornwall: the whole discussion (TE 378–81) repays attention. 3 L CL II 331. 4 L Merrild 257–8. 233 234 Appendix Ursula Brangwen, who is repelled by the lesbian approaches of her teacher, is apparently introduced to anal intercourse by her lover Rupert Birkin in Women in Love, the point being repeated when Constance Chatterley indulges in her night of passion with Oliver Mellors. When Rupert mourns the death of Gerald it seems that he is bewail- ing the loss not of a homosexual partner but of a man who might in some way have complemented what his wife was able to give him, compensating for her inability to provide him with intellectual stimu- lus. One of the problems in reading Women in Love, however, is to know exactly what Lawrence means by certain terms. It is evident that Gudrun tires of Gerald’s obtuseness and tediousness, for instance, but what is it she is gaining from encouraging Loerke’s indulgence in ‘per- versity’? Homosexuality does not come into it, it seems, but her delight in him seems to spring from participating in various games, largely of his devising, which she is enabled to regard as ‘corrupt’. The argument seems to be that in a degenerate civilization the best one can do is to play along with its corruption.5 Frieda Lawrence, who may well have shown opposition to Lawrence’s advocacy of anal intercourse, as indicated by her threat to tell Lawrence’s friends about ‘your things’ in the course of one of their quarrels,6 may have talked about Lawrence to Murry during the journey they took together in 1923, in the course of which she proposed that they become lovers. If it is to be supposed that she revealed to him both Lawrence’s cultivation of anal intercourse and his current impotence, much that Murry put in his later book Son of Woman is explained, including Murry’s statement that Lawrence hated women and the suggestion that he had always suffered from impotence—an idea that Frieda vigorously denied, saying ‘I should know!’ Questions about Lawrence’s private life extended to his political sym- pathies and those of his wife. The fact that he had married a German woman related to a well-known German flying ace helped to fuel the suspicion that covertly he had strong Nazi sympathies. Such suspicions gained support when it was discovered that Frieda had copied into a notebook a passage describing how when German soldiers confronted 5 Middleton Murry, who was puzzled when Lawrence indicated that he and Katharine Mansfield were the originals of Gerald Crich and Gudrun Brangwen, was probably unaware of the ‘Prologue’ to the novel, which might have clarified matters by suggesting that his friend’s emotions towards him were affectionate rather than physical. 6 See Luhan 79. Appendix 235 their first encounter with death in the First World War their initial fear had been overcome by hearing a neighbouring company singing words with the refrain ‘Deutschland, Deutschland uber alles’. Since the passage in question was from Hitler’s Mein Kampf in an English transla- tion, and since Frieda defended that book, arguing that it was, despite assumptions to the contrary, lucid and forceful, it was not difficult to go on to accuse her of having nursed Nazi sympathies throughout the period. It was a charge that she indignantly rejected when contemporar- ies raised it; she denied even more emphatically that such views could be ascribed to her husband, though it was voiced by contemporaries such as Bertrand Russell, who claimed that Lawrence had ‘developed the whole philosophy of Fascism before the politicians thought of it’. In response to such assertions Frieda’s defence was firm: [Lawrence] was neither a Fascist nor a Communist nor any other ‘ist’. His belief in the blood was a very different affair from the Nazi ‘Aryan’ theory for instance. It was the very opposite. It was not a theory but a living experience with Lawrence—an experience that made him love, not hate.7 7 See Frieda’s article in the Virginia Quarterly Review xvi (1940) pp. 127–9. The extract quoted, along with other relevant material, are discussed by Janet Byrne in her life of Frieda Lawrence, A Genius for Living: N.Y. Harper Collins 1995 pp. 388–90. Select Bibliography Works by D. H. Lawrence Aaron’s Rod, London: Secker, 1922 Apocalypse, London: Heinemann, 1931 The Boy in the Bush, London: Secker, 1924 Complete Short Stories, London: Heinemann, 1955 Fantasia of the Unconscious, London: Secker, 1920 Kangaroo, London: Secker, 1923 Lady Chatterley’s Lover, Florence: Orioli, 1928 (first issue) Letters, ed. J. T. Boulton et al., 8 vols., Cambridge, 1979–2001 The Lost Girl, London: Secker, 1920 Mornings in Mexico, London: Secker, 1927 ‘Paul Morel’ (Cambridge Edition, first version of Sons and Lovers) Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers, ed E. D. McDonald, London: Heinemann, 1936 Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence, eds. Warren Roberts and Harry T. Moore, London: Heinemann, 1968 The Plumed Serpent, London: Secker, 1926 The Poems, ed. Christopher Pollnitz (Cambridge Edition) 2 vols out of 3, Cambridge, 2013 Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious, London: Heinemann, 1923 ‘Quetzalcoatl’ (Cambridge Edition, first version of The Plumed Serpent) The Rainbow, London: Methuen, 1915 Sea and Sardinia, London: Secker, 1921 Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth, 1913 Studies in Classic American Literature, London: Secker, 1923 Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays (Cambridge Edition, ed. Bruce Steele), Cambridge, 1985 The Trespasser, London: Duckworth, 1912 Twilight in Italy, London: Duckworth, 1916 The White Peacock, London: Secker, 1911 Women in Love, London: Secker, 1921 D. H. Lawrence, further critical and biographical studies Aldington, Richard, Portrait of a Genius, But . , London: Heinemann, 1950 Bell, Michael, D. H. Lawrence: Language and Being, Cambridge University Press, 1991 Black, Michael, D. H. Lawrence: The Early Fiction, Cambridge University Press, 1966 Brett, Dorothy, Lawrence and Brett: A Friendship (with introduction, prologue and epilogue by William Manchester) Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press 2006 236 Select Bibliography 237 Carswell, Catherine, The Savage Pilgrimage: a Narrative of D. H. Lawrence, London: Secker, 1932 Clarke, Colin, River of Dissolution: D. H. Lawrence and English Romanticism London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969 Daleski, H. M., The Forked Flame: A Study of D. H. Lawrence, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987 Delavenay, Emile, D. H. Lawrence: The Man and his Work, The Formative Years, 1885–1919, London: William Heinemann, 1972 D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, ed. Edward Nehls, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 3 Volumes, 1957 A D. H. Lawrence Handbook (ed. Keith Sagar) Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982 Ellis, David, D. H. Lawrence: Dying Game, 1922–1930 (The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence Volume III), Cambridge, 1998 ‘E.T.’ [Jessie Chambers], D. H. Lawrence: A Personal Record, London: Jonathan Cape, 1935 Fernihough, Anne, D. H. Lawrence: Aesthetics and Ideology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 Hough, Graham, The Dark Sun: A Study of D. H. Lawrence, London: Duckworth, 1956 Kinkead-Weekes, Mark, D. H. Lawrence: Triumph to Exile, 1912–1922 (The Cambridge Biography of D. H. Lawrence Volume II) Cambridge, 1996 Lawrence, Frieda, (ed. E. W. Tedlock) The Memoirs and Correspondence, London: Heinemann, 1936 Leavis, F. R., D. H. Lawrence: Novelist, London: Chatto and Windus, 1955 Littlewood, J. C. F. (ed. William Sherwood), D. H. Lawrence: the Major Phase, Studies in Tradition and Renewal, Denton, Harleston: Brynmill, 2002 Luhan, Mabel Dodge, Lorenzo in Taos, London: Secker, 1933 Merrild, Knud, With D.
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