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Reference to the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours in the Syro-Malabar Church “

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Reference to the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours in the Syro-Malabar Church “ DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS „The Liturgical Year with Reference to the Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours in the Syro-Malabar Church “ verfasst von / submitted by Sibichen THOMAS angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktor der Theologie (Dr. theol.) Vienna, April 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 780 011 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Katholische Theologie field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Feulner TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGEMENTS.................................................................................. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. x Malayalam Transliteration Table .......................................................................... xii Syriac Transliteration Table ................................................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 State of Research ..................................................................................................... 2 Purpose and Methodology ...................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................... 5 Introduction to the Liturgical Year ..................................................................... 5 Part – I Schema and the Historical Context of the Study ................................. 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Historical Appraisal of the Origin of the Liturgical Year ............................. 8 1.2 Rhythm of Time and Year of the Church ...................................................... 9 1.2.1 Liturgical Year and Time ..................................................................... 10 1.2.2 Sense of the Sacredness of Time .......................................................... 10 1.3 Passover as the Center of the Liturgical Year ............................................. 11 1.4 Paschal Mystery: Source and Center of Church‟s Year .............................. 13 1.4.1 Qurbānā as the Commemoration of the Paschal Mystery ................... 16 1.4.2 The Qurbānā – a Sacramental Representation .................................... 19 1.4.3 The Purpose and the Sign–Activity of the Qurbānā ............................ 20 1.5 Christian Year Revolves Around Easter ..................................................... 21 1.5.1 The Council of Nicaea and Easter Date ............................................... 22 1.5.2 Sunday as a “Little Easter” .................................................................. 23 1.6 Functions of the Liturgical Year ................................................................. 24 1.6.1 Like the Rings on a Tree ...................................................................... 24 1.6.2 Progressive Development .................................................................... 25 1.7 Dialectical Relationship Between the “Already” and the “Not Yet” .......... 26 1.8 Is the Liturgical Year an Account of the Past or Chronology? ................... 26 1.9 Present study in the context of the Syro-Malabar Church .......................... 28 1.10 Historical Origin of the Liturgical Year in the East-Syrian Tradition ...... 36 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 37 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................. 39 Historical Development of the Syro-Malabar Church, the Missal and the Liturgy of the Hours ........................................................................................... 39 2.1 The Thomas Christians of India in and through the History ....................... 39 2.2 Some Patristic References to St Thomas .................................................... 41 2.2.1 Some Hints about St. Thomas from the Gospels ................................. 43 2.2.2 Thomas the Twin ................................................................................. 43 2.3 The “Thomite Churches” ............................................................................ 45 2.3.1 The Liturgical Tradition of the Church in Malabar ............................. 45 2.3.2 Life and Customs of the Thomas Christians ........................................ 45 2.4 Development of the Archdeaconate in the Malabar Church ....................... 46 2.4.1 Archdeacon in the Indian Church ........................................................ 47 2.4.2 Archdeacon the “Gate of India” ........................................................... 47 2.5 Pre-Diamper Period ..................................................................................... 48 2.5.1 Arrival of Vasco da Gama and the History from 1500 ........................ 49 2.5.2 The Portuguese in India ....................................................................... 50 ii 2.5.3 The Synod of Diamper ......................................................................... 50 2.5.4 Coonan Cross Oath .............................................................................. 51 2.6 Reunion Efforts ........................................................................................... 51 2.7 Malabar and Intervention of Austrian Imperial Court ................................ 53 2.8 The Division among the Thomas Christians ............................................... 54 2.8.1 The Presence of Carmelites .................................................................. 56 2.8.2 History from the beginning of 18th Century ......................................... 56 2.8.3 Founding of the Syro-Malabar Hierarchy ............................................ 58 2.8.4 Reforms in the Liturgy through the Synod of Diamper ....................... 59 2.9 Reforms and Changes in the Liturgy of the Malabar Church ..................... 59 2.9.1 Post-Diamper Period ............................................................................ 64 2.9.2 Francis Roz against the Synod of Diamper .......................................... 64 2.9.3 Reforms of Bishop Roz ........................................................................ 65 2.10 Ṭaksā printed in Rome in 1774 ................................................................. 66 2.10.1 Syriac Ṭaksā of 1960 .......................................................................... 67 2.10.2 Ṭaksā of 1962 to the Present Time ..................................................... 67 2.10.3 Ṭaksā of 1985 ..................................................................................... 70 2.10.4 Ṭaksā of 1989 ..................................................................................... 71 2.10.5 Structure of the Church and the Qurbānâ in the Ṭaksā ...................... 72 2.10.5.1 Structure of the Church ................................................................... 73 2.10.5.2 Structure of the Qurbānā ................................................................. 76 2.11 Origin of the Christian Liturgy of the Hours ............................................ 82 2.11.1 Divine Office as Liturgy .................................................................... 82 2.11.2 Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours .............................................. 84 2.11.3 Evolution of the Praying of the Hours in East-Syrian ....................... 86 2.11.4 Reform under Īšōʿ Yahb III (647–657) .............................................. 87 2.11.5 Divine Praises in the Syro-Malabar Church ...................................... 88 2.11.6 Structure and Schema of the Divine Praises ...................................... 89 2.11.6.1 Ramša .............................................................................................. 89 2.11.6.2 Lelyā ................................................................................................ 89 2.11.6.3 Ṣāprā ................................................................................................ 90 2.11.7 The Lectionary System in the Malabar Church ................................. 90 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 92 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................. 93 Eucharist and the Liturgy of the Hours in the Seasons of Liturgy ................ 93 Part II – Mysteries on Christ ............................................................................. 93 3.1 Weeks of Annunciation ............................................................................. 96 3.1.1 The Variable Prayers ............................................................................ 96 3.1.2 The Readings on Sundays of Annunciation-Nativity .......................... 98 3.1.3 The Theological Themes .................................................................... 100 3.1.3.1 Weeks of Joy, Hope and Interior Preparation ................................. 100 3.1.3.2 The Revelation of God .................................................................... 101 3.1.3.3 Fulfilment
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