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Hypnosis and Clinical Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Psychological and Psychosomatic Ailments

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Hypnosis and Clinical Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Psychological and Psychosomatic Ailments مجلة بابل الطبية- المجلد الحادي عشر-العدد الثاني- Medical Journal of Babylon-Vol. 11- No. 2 -2014 1024 Hypnosis and Clinical Hypnotherapy in the Treatment of Psychological and Psychosomatic Ailments Wael Mustafa Abu Hassan Department of Health Sciences, Allied Medical College, Arab American, University of Jenin-AAUJ, West Bank, PALESTINE. Review Article Received 25 May 2014 Accepted 15 June 2014 Abstract This review on hypnosis and clinical hypnotherapy in the treatment of psychological and psychosomatic ailments comes to shed the light on a topic since its inception is neglected in our Arab world, though historically and scientifically it had been evolved as it is the case of other clinical procedures. Tracing of the most significant efforts in the history of hypnotism, the nature of the phenomenon, its scope and process was of great importance to be addressed. Also, earlier, late and current evaluations of the subject from a scientific outlook were highlighted, where it was shown that hypnosis and hypnotherapy is a valid and reliable clinical tool in the treatment of many health problems. From here, it leads us to conclude that hypnosis and hypnotherapy is a significant clinical tool in medical practice; in past and at present. With hope that one day hypnosis and hypnotherapy will become a therapeutic choice for all who may need it; individuals, families and groups; for a healthy living, happiness and much better promising quality of life. Key words: hypnosis, clinical hypnotherapy, treatment, psychological and psychosomatic ailments. الخﻻصة تأتي هذه المراجعة حول التنويم المغناطيسي والعﻻج بالتنويم المغناطيسي اﻻكلينيكي في معالجة اﻻمراض النفسية والنفس جسدية ﻹلقاء الضوء على موضوع منذ بداياته نراه متجاهل في عالمنا العربي، على الرغم من انطﻻقته العلمية والتاريخية الطويلة كغيره من الطرق اﻹكلينيكية اﻷخرى. استعراض أهم الجهود ذات الدﻻلة في تاريخ التنويم المغناطيسي، وطبيعة تلك الظاهرة، مجاﻻتها وعملياتها، كان من أهم ما تطرق اليه. أيضا تم تسليط الضوء على تلك التقويمات العلمية للموضوع، المتقدمة منها والمتأخرة، والمعاصرة، ومن وجهة نظر علمية، والتي من خﻻلها تم الكشف عن حقيقة أن التنويم المغناطيسي والعﻻج بالتنويم المغناطيسي كأداة اكلينيكية ذا مصداقية ووثوقيه معتبرة في معالجة العديد من المشكﻻت ال ّصحية. وفي نهاية اﻻمر، خلصنا الى ان التنويم المغناطيسي والعﻻج بالتنويم المغناطيسي أداة اكلينيكية ذات دﻻلة في المراس الطبية؛ في الماضي والحاضر. مع اﻻمل في ان يكون التنويم المغناطيسي والعﻻج بالتنويم المغناطيسي يوما ما خيارا عﻻجيا لكل من قد يحتاجون اليه؛ افرادا، واسرا وجماعات؛ وكله من اجل حياة صحية، وسعادة ونوعية حياة واعدة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Introduction Romans.[3] Literally speaking, ypnosis as a technique for hypnotism is a state where to place an health issues that seems to individual in a sleep-like status, though H have been originated with as we will see it is a different state of Budhism and other eastern meditative sleep. techniques of ancient India cultures, In the golden times of Islam [1] as it is the story of sleep temples in and Muslims, Avicenna (Abu Ali Ibn ancient Egypt,[2] Greece and the Sina) (980-1037), the well known I مجلة بابل الطبية- المجلد الحادي عشر-العدد الثاني- Medical Journal of Babylon-Vol. 11- No. 2 -2014 1024 philosopher and physician of his time, coined the term "hypnotism" as an was the earliest medieval age to make abbreviation for "neuro-hypnotism," a distinction between natural sleep and meaning "sleep of the nerves,"[10] the state of hypnosis, where in “The where from here the man was taken by Book of Healing” (Kitab-ul-Shifaa) many as the first genuine (published in 1027), he referred to the “hypnotherapist” and the “father of phenomenon as “Al-Wahm Al-Amil” hypnotism.”[11] (the working illusion). From Contemporary to Braid, John Avicenna’s perspective, one could Elliotson (1791-1868), the President of create conditions in another person to the Royal Medical and Surgical make him or her accept the reality of Society of London performed hypnosis [4]. successfully about 1834 surgeries Hypnosis as a modern science while patients were under hypnosis. is documented in Paris as far back as Also, within the same period of time, it the 18th century, where it was used as a was reported that James Esdaille (1808-1859) of Scotland, who is a medical tool in dealing with pain resolving troubles, and the Austrian famous British surgeon serving in physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734- India, as conducted about 2,000 1815) was the first to become a famous operations (including amputations) in using a form of hypnosis referred to with patients under hypno-anaesthesia, as “animal magnetism” and later as without feeling any pain [12]. Post Braid contributions and “Mesmerism”[5]. True that within the same other British reputed figures, interest in period of time, we find the Swiss priest hypnotism was temporarily waned for Johann Joseph Gassner (1729-1779), a while, gradually to be shifted from to challenge “Mesmerism” and to judg Great Britain to neighboring countries, Mesmer’s method as curing through to France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, where clinical and “exorcism” and Mesmer to confront Glassner’s religious beliefs in a medical research on the topic began to controversial scientific session before grow, reaching its peaks in 1880s on the Munich Academy of Sciences [6]. the hands of Auguste Ambrose Later, we find Pope Pius VI (1717- Liebeault, Hippolyte Bernheim, Emile 1799) of Rome, to criticize Gassner’s Coue de la Châtaigneraie, and Jean- Martin Charcot[13]. views, where the later position becomes difficult; in the end to be At the Nancy school, which is forbidden to conduct “exorcisms” or considered the most famous earlier see hypnotism as “exorcism”[7]. French hypnosis-centered school of Later as an interested fellow in psychotherapy, Auguste Ambrose the phenomenon, the Scottish surgeon Liebeault (1823-1904) and Hyppolyte Bernheim (1840-1919) where the first James Braid (1795-1860) was the first to publish a major book on hypnotism, to come out with the notion that named Neurypnology (1843), where he hypnosis is a normal phenomenon, and discussed hypnotism's historical as due their works to be documented in precursors in a series of specialized various languages[14]. varied articles [8]. Further, Braid was Based on such scientific efforts, hypnosis become an accepted the first to draw analogies between his own practices of hypnotism and other therapeutic medical tool in medical various forms of Hindu yoga science, where over the course of four meditation and related ancient spiritual years, Bernheim alone utilized practices[9]. Braid was the one who hypnotic inductions in the case of II مجلة بابل الطبية- المجلد الحادي عشر-العدد الثاني- Medical Journal of Babylon-Vol. 11- No. 2 -2014 1024 about 5,000 patients, with a 75% In succession of Freud and observed success rate[15]. Breuer, Clark Hull (1884-1952) who Émile Coué (1857-1926) who studied was an eminent experimental on the hands of masters Liébeault and psychologist at Yale University, was Bernheim, entered the arena as a the first American to present his data psychologist and introduced a popular and observations on hypnosis, with a method of psychotherapy well based full description of the phenomenon in on autosuggestion[16]. His appreciated one of his revolutionary books, titled contributions made him to be seen by “Hypnosis and Suggestibility”[21]. many medical critics as a second Hull attempts dispelled all Nancy School per se [17]. those misconceptions about hypnosis, In 1886, Jean-Martin Charcot and he did enough in comparing (1835-1893), who becomes later the subjects’ capacities while in hypnotic father of modern neurology in France, states with those in the awake states, was the first to present his findings on and much more [22]. the topic of hypnosis before the French Succeeding Hull, Milton Academy of Sciences; and albeit his Hyland Erickson (1901-1980) as a critical conclusions that hypnosis is a reputed American mental health manifestation of hysteria not a cure, professional (both psychologist and hypnosis continued to be accepted and psychiatrist) becomes a figure in what practiced as a therapeutic medical tool is denoted later as medical and clinical [18]. hypnosis [23-26]. From the 1880s the It is enough to know that examination of hypnosis passed from Erickson was the founding president of surgical doctors to mental health the American Society for Clinical professionals, and Charcot’s works led Hypnosis in addition of being an active the way for others, where his clinical fellow of the American Psychiatric observations and enlightening studies Association, the American continued by his pupils, particularly, Psychological Association, and the Pierre Janet (1859-1947). Janet American Psychopathological becomes the first to describe the theory Association. He is well noted for his of dissociation; the splitting of mental distinguished approach to the aspects under hypnosis (or hysteria as unconscious mind as creative and it were seen) as well he is the one who solution-generating. Further,
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