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Home , Autosuggestion, Dave Elman, Hippolyte Bernheim, History of hypnosis, Hypnosurgery, Hypnotic induction

مجلة بابل الطبية- المجلد الحادي عشر-العدد الثاني- Medical Journal of Babylon-Vol. 11- No. 2 -2014 1024

Hypnosis and Clinical in the Treatment of Psychological and Psychosomatic Ailments

Wael Mustafa Abu Hassan

Department of Health Sciences, Allied Medical College, Arab American,

University of Jenin-AAUJ, West Bank, PALESTINE.

Review Article

Received 25 May 2014 Accepted 15 June 2014 Abstract This review on and clinical hypnotherapy in the treatment of psychological and psychosomatic ailments comes to shed the light on a topic since its inception is neglected in our Arab world, though historically and scientifically it had been evolved as it is the case of other clinical procedures. Tracing of the most significant efforts in the history of hypnotism, the nature of the phenomenon, its scope and process was of great importance to be addressed. Also, earlier, late and current evaluations of the subject from a scientific outlook were highlighted, where it was shown that hypnosis and hypnotherapy is a valid and reliable clinical tool in the treatment of many health problems. From here, it leads us to conclude that hypnosis and hypnotherapy is a significant clinical tool in medical practice; in past and at present. With hope that one day hypnosis and hypnotherapy will become a therapeutic choice for all who may need it; individuals, families and groups; for a healthy living, happiness and much better promising quality of life. Key words: hypnosis, clinical hypnotherapy, treatment, psychological and psychosomatic ailments. الخالصة تأتي هذه المراجعة حول التنويم المغناطيسي والعالج بالتنويم المغناطيسي االكلينيكي في معالجة االمراض النفسية والنفس جسدية إللقاء الضوء على موضوع منذ بداياته نراه متجاهل في عالمنا العربي، على الرغم من انطالقته العلمية والتاريخية الطويلة كغيره من الطرق اإلكلينيكية األخرى. استعراضأهم الجهود ذات الداللة في تاريخ التنويم المغناطيسي، وطبيعة تلك الظاهرة، مجاالتها وعملياتها، كان من أهم ما تطرق اليه. أيضا تم تسليط الضوء على تلك التقويمات العلمية للموضوع، المتقدمة منها والمتأخرة، والمعاصرة، ومن وجهة نظر علمية، والتي من خاللها تم الكشف عن حقيقة أن التنويم المغناطيسي والعالج بالتنويم المغناطيسي كأداة اكلينيكية ذا

مصداقية ووثوقيه معتبرة في معالجة العديد من المشكالت ال ّصحية. وفي نهاية االمر، خلصنا الى ان التنويم المغناطيسي والعالج بالتنويم المغناطيسي أداة اكلينيكية ذات داللة في المراس الطبية؛ في الماضي والحاضر. مع االمل في ان يكون التنويم المغناطيسي والعالج بالتنويم المغناطيسي يوما ما خياراعالجيا لكل من قد يحتاجون اليه؛ افرادا، واسرا وجماعات؛ وكله من اجل حياة صحية، وسعادة ونوعية حياة واعدة. ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ Introduction Romans.[3] Literally speaking, ypnosis as a technique for hypnotism is a state where to place an health issues that seems to individual in a -like status, though H have been originated with as we will see it is a different state of Budhism and other eastern meditative sleep. techniques of ancient India cultures, In the golden times of Islam [1] as it is the story of sleep temples in and Muslims, (Abu Ali Ibn ancient Egypt,[2] Greece and the Sina) (980-1037), the well known

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philosopher and physician of his time, coined the term "hypnotism" as an was the earliest medieval age to make abbreviation for "neuro-hypnotism," a distinction between natural sleep and meaning "sleep of the nerves,"[10] the state of hypnosis, where in “The where from here the man was taken by Book of Healing” (Kitab-ul-Shifaa) many as the first genuine (published in 1027), he referred to the “hypnotherapist” and the “father of phenomenon as “Al-Wahm Al-Amil” hypnotism.”[11] (the working illusion). From Contemporary to Braid, John Avicenna’s perspective, one could Elliotson (1791-1868), the President of create conditions in another person to the Royal Medical and Surgical make him or her accept the reality of Society of London performed hypnosis [4]. successfully about 1834 Hypnosis as a modern science while patients were under hypnosis. is documented in as far back as Also, within the same period of time, it the 18th century, where it was used as a was reported that James Esdaille (1808-1859) of , who is a medical tool in dealing with pain resolving troubles, and the Austrian famous British surgeon serving in physician Franz Anton Mesmer (1734- India, as conducted about 2,000 1815) was the first to become a famous operations (including amputations) in using a form of hypnosis referred to with patients under hypno-anaesthesia, as “” and later as without feeling any pain [12]. Post Braid contributions and “Mesmerism”[5]. True that within the same other British reputed figures, interest in period of time, we find the Swiss priest hypnotism was temporarily waned for Johann Joseph Gassner (1729-1779), a while, gradually to be shifted from to challenge “Mesmerism” and to judg Great Britain to neighboring countries, Mesmer’s method as curing through to France, , Austria, and Switzerland, where clinical and “exorcism” and Mesmer to confront Glassner’s religious beliefs in a medical research on the topic began to controversial scientific session before grow, reaching its peaks in 1880s on the Munich Academy of Sciences [6]. the hands of Auguste Ambrose Later, we find Pope Pius VI (1717- Liebeault, , Emile 1799) of Rome, to criticize Gassner’s Coue de la Châtaigneraie, and Jean- Martin Charcot[13]. views, where the later position becomes difficult; in the end to be At the , which is forbidden to conduct “exorcisms” or considered the most famous earlier see hypnotism as “exorcism”[7]. French hypnosis-centered school of Later as an interested fellow in , Auguste Ambrose the phenomenon, the Scottish surgeon Liebeault (1823-1904) and Hyppolyte Bernheim (1840-1919) where the first (1795-1860) was the first to publish a major book on hypnotism, to come out with the notion that named Neurypnology (1843), where he hypnosis is a normal phenomenon, and discussed hypnotism's historical as due their works to be documented in precursors in a series of specialized various languages[14]. varied articles [8]. Further, Braid was Based on such scientific efforts, hypnosis become an accepted the first to draw analogies between his own practices of hypnotism and other therapeutic medical tool in medical various forms of Hindu yoga science, where over the course of four and related ancient spiritual years, Bernheim alone utilized practices[9]. Braid was the one who hypnotic inductions in the case of

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about 5,000 patients, with a 75% In succession of Freud and observed success rate[15]. Breuer, Clark Hull (1884-1952) who Émile Coué (1857-1926) who studied was an eminent experimental on the hands of masters Liébeault and psychologist at Yale University, was Bernheim, entered the arena as a the first American to present his data psychologist and introduced a popular and observations on hypnosis, with a method of psychotherapy well based full description of the phenomenon in on [16]. His appreciated one of his revolutionary books, titled contributions made him to be seen by “Hypnosis and ”[21]. many medical critics as a second Hull attempts dispelled all Nancy School per se [17]. those misconceptions about hypnosis, In 1886, Jean-Martin Charcot and he did enough in comparing (1835-1893), who becomes later the subjects’ capacities while in hypnotic father of modern neurology in France, states with those in the awake states, was the first to present his findings on and much more [22]. the topic of hypnosis before the French Succeeding Hull, Milton Academy of Sciences; and albeit his Hyland Erickson (1901-1980) as a critical conclusions that hypnosis is a reputed American mental health manifestation of hysteria not a cure, professional (both psychologist and hypnosis continued to be accepted and psychiatrist) becomes a figure in what practiced as a therapeutic medical tool is denoted later as medical and clinical [18]. hypnosis [23-26]. From the 1880s the It is enough to know that examination of hypnosis passed from Erickson was the founding president of surgical doctors to mental health the American Society for Clinical professionals, and Charcot’s works led Hypnosis in addition of being an active the way for others, where his clinical fellow of the American Psychiatric observations and enlightening studies Association, the American continued by his pupils, particularly, Psychological Association, and the (1859-1947). Janet American Psychopathological becomes the first to describe the theory Association. He is well noted for his of dissociation; the splitting of mental distinguished approach to the aspects under hypnosis (or hysteria as unconscious mind as creative and it were seen) as well he is the one who solution-generating. Further, as a provoked interest in the subconscious clinical hypnotist, the man noted in mind and laid the framework for influencing plenty of psychological reintegration therapy in the case of therapeutic techniques and related dissociation and dissociated approaches, such as brief therapy, personalities [19]. strategic family therapy, family Another enlightened pupil from systems therapy, solution focused brief Vienna, (1856-1939), therapy, in addition to his excellent who learned at the hands of Charcot contributions to the establishment and himself, side by side with Janet, with emergence of Neuro-Linguistic some other medical reputed figures, Programming -NLP [27]. like close friend (1842- Not to proceed further beyond, 1925), we find them through hypnosis and hypnotherapy becomes a hypnotism, strongly contributed well established medical procedure all enough to psychology, psychotherapy, over, where it is thoroughly the science of mind and other related investigated, taught, learned and mental processes [20]. clinically practiced at psychology,

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psychiatry, and neurology schools, When it comes to scope, hypnosis and faculties, departments and units of hypnotherapy originally founded to health care settings and medicine. treat and cure psychological, Hypnotherapy: Nature, Scope and psychosomatic, psycho-neurological Process and psychosocial related symptoms Primarily speaking, hypnot- and syndromes. Within that scope, herapy is the use of hypnosis in building good habits (i.e., taking psychotherapy by licensed prompt action, exercising regularly, psychotherapists [28]. Also, it is the improving study habits), removing bad use of the same by sergeants, habits (i.e., stop smoking, nail biting, obstetricians, pediatricians, general emotional overeating, setting goals and medicine practitioners, psychiatrists, following a plan of action, eliminating and dentists [29 30]. negative self-talk and replacing it with Referring to the British helpful self communication, Psychological Society, “the term eliminating unnecessary fears and phobias (i.e., flying, public speaking, ‘hypnosis’ denotes an interaction between one person, the ‘hypnotist’, test taking, improving performance and another person or people, the (i.e., sports, music, acting, speaking, ‘subject’ or ‘subjects.’ In this sales, shifting perspective and attitude interaction, the hypnotist attempts to to help a client move ahead (i.e., from influence the subjects’ perceptions, what's wrong to what's right, from problem to solution, from worry to feelings, thinking and behavior by asking them to concentrate on ideas action, from what can't be done to what and images that may evoke the can, teaching self-help tools and intended effects. The verbal techniques (i.e., self-hypnosis, communications that the hypnotist uses teaching corporate seminars (i.e., stress to achieve these effects are termed management, creating excellence, teaching personal growth seminars, ‘.’ Suggestions differ from everyday kinds of instructions in that healing emotional pain, enhancing they imply that a ‘successful’ response physical healing, creative problem is experienced by the subject as having solving, locating and removing a quality of involuntariness or limiting decisions or negative beliefs, effortlessness”[31]. locating and releasing blocks that prevent any of the above), pain When it comes to hypnotherapy and related forms, we find that modern management, childbirth preparation, hypnotherapy in clinical practice has working with suicidal depression, and been used in a variety of therapeutic working with most psychologically forms, such as the traditional labeled disorders[41]. hypnotherapy [32], self-hypnosis [33], As a form of psychotherapy and clinical therapeutic technique, cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy or clinical hypnosis combined with some hypnosis is used to create a kind of elements of cognitive-behavioral unconscious changes in the patient therapy [34], analytical hypnotherapy through creating and directing new or what is know as "hypnoanalysis" thoughts, feelings and responses. As [35], form [36 37], Dave cited by Richard J D’Souza; who is a senior hypnotherapist at Clinical Elman hypno method,[38] and the Ericksonian hypnotherapy, including Hypnotherapy Cardiff: “hypnosis is the well established NLP formulae [39 sometimes referred to as an “altered 40]. state of consciousness” in which an individual(s) can experience an

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increased receptiveness and Also, when it comes to scripts, we find responsiveness to their inner them varied from A to Z [44]. Even to experiential perceptions. It is a state of reach such a hypno state , self- heightened suggestibility in which a hypnosis is possible; a state in which a therapist can use suggestions to subject listens to either an audio or a influence the patients’ unconscious video taped induction formula or plays mind while their conscious mind the role of a hypnotist and a receptive remains relaxed [42]. And of course, subject successively [45 46]. all is undertaken within a subject inner is a world while he or she is under necessary step to lead the subject to hypnosis. enter a state of increased suggestibility, When it comes to induction, the a state during which his or her critical process should be undertaken by a well faculties are reduced and become more trained and licensed hypnotist to susceptible to accept the commands of establish the needed state of the hypnotist [47, 48]. The state hereby unconsciousness or all those necessary is known as a ""[49]. When it conditions required for hypnosis to comes to the necessary components to take place [43]. The formula in core, induce such a trance state, simply, we usually is a specific peculiar “sleep find it residing in motivation, command or any related demand,” concentration, imagination and though induction methods could vary. as the figure 1 shows.

Figure 1 shows the necessary needed components for inducing a hypnotic trance within subjects.

In early hypnotic literatures, course, not to forget the Ericksonian hypnosis induction was a gradual styles and patterns [53]. drawn-out process, where, methods As it is shown in figure 2 such as progressive muscle relaxation below, hypnosis takes place usually in were designed to relax the hypnotic four main stages, starting with subjects into a state of inner focus and initiation stage (i.e., the readiness, the hypnotist would be better able to relaxation and sleep command stage), influence them, and as a consequence, trance (i.e., the dizziness, heaviness, create effects and changes at their irresistibility and receptive stage), subconscious level [50]. Modern suggestibility stage (i.e., full alternatives include ’s suggestion upon subjects), and ending induction techniques, where he uses up with intended therapeutic many different handshake methods to consequences stage (i.e., the hypnotize subjects in a short period of prospected therapeutic changes and time (i.e., 1-4 minutes) [51, 52]. Of solutions).

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Figure 2 shows the process of inducing hypnosis in its major four stages.

Earlier Evaluations and Related consulted several experts on the Findings subject from various fields, including In 1892, the British Medical the eminent neurologist Prof. W. Association (BMA) commissioned a Russell Brain, the 1st Baron Brain, and team of doctors to undertake and the psychoanalyst Wilfred Bion. After evaluate the nature as well as the two years of thorough investigation, its medical effects of hypnosis and final report was published, with full hypnotherapy. Completing such emphasis to consider uses of historical medical investigation of hypnotism, its relation to medical hypnotism and related outcomes, the practice in the present day, the committee reported a full satisfaction advisability of giving encouragement of the genuineness of the hypnotic to research into its nature and state. Furthermore, the committee application, and the lines upon which members were of the opinion that as a such research might be organized [56]. therapeutic agent, hypnotism is On the basis of its study and frequently effective in relieving pain, investigative research findings, the procuring sleep, and alleviating many subcommittee was satisfied that functional ailments [54] hypnotism is of value and may be the From here then after, it could treatment of choice in some cases of so be said that medical practice of called psychosomatic disorders and hypnosis and hypnotherapy had psychoneurosis. Also, it may be of subsequently been approved by the value for revealing unrecognized BMA, where such a recognition was motives and conflicts in such first established in 1892, to be strongly conditions. And as a treatment, in the reinforced later in 1955 [55]. opinion of the investigating In 1955 efforts, the Psychological subcommittee it has proved its ability Medicine Group of the BMA to remove symptoms and to alter commissioned a subcommittee, led by morbid habits of thought and behavior, Prof. T. Ferguson Rodger, to deliver a (…). second, and more comprehensive In addition to the treatment of report on hypnosis. The subcommittee psychiatric disabilities, it was found

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that there is a place for hypnotism in 1999, published a clinical review on the production of or the current medical research findings analgesia for surgical and dental of hypnosis, hypnotherapy and operations, and in suitable subjects it is relaxation therapies. Concisely, to an effective method of relieving pain summarize some of their findings, it in childbirth without altering the was concluded that they are: normal course of labor. As Alexander 1. effective for panic disorders and Kennedy put it, it was concluded: “that insomnia, particularly when integrated the use of hypnosis has a recognized into a package of cognitive therapy place in the medical armamentarium (including, for example, sleep and is a useful technique in the hygiene), treatment of certain illnesses when 2. effective enough, mainly with employed by qualified medical and cognitive behavioral therapy for dental personnel.”[57] conditions such as phobia, obesity, and All such reputed findings, anxiety, crossed the Atlantic Ocean to be 3. enough supporting the use of many followed by the American Medical relaxation techniques for treating both Association (AMA), where AMA fully acute and chronic pain, acknowledged hypnosis as a valuable 4. of great value in asthma and in tool in medical treatments, particularly, irritable bowel syndrome, and in 1958, where the AMA 5. enough effective for the treatment of commissioned a similar step on cancer related anxiety, pain, nausea, hypnosis and hypnotherapy in the US, and vomiting, particularly in children which fully led to the endorsement of [60]. the 1955 BMA report.[58] Further Research Works and Later on, particularly in 1995, Further Findings the US National Institutes of Health In 2001, the Professional (NIH), initiated a Technology Affairs Board of the British Assessment Conference that compiled Psychological Society (BPS) an official statement entitled: commissioned a working group of “Integration of behavioral & relaxation expert psychologists to publish a report approaches into the treatment of entitled “The Nature of Hypnosis,” chronic pain and insomnia,” which is with the purpose to provide a truly an extensive report that includes a considerable statement about hypnosis statement on the existing research in and important issues concerning its relation to hypnosis and hypnotherapy application and practice in a range of for chronic pain. contexts, notably for clinical purposes, It was concluded that: “the forensic investigations, academic evidence supporting the effectiveness research works, entertainment and of hypnosis in alleviating chronic pain training. At the end, the report came associated with cancer seems strong.” out and provided a brief summary of In addition, the panel was presented the nature of hypnosis and current with other data suggesting the scientific research findings on the effectiveness of hypnosis in other subject. The most significant issue was chronic pain conditions, which include that: “hypnosis is a valid subject for irritable bowel syndrome, oral scientific study and research and a mucositis, temporomandibular proven therapeutic medium,” and disorders and tension headaches[59]. regarding hypnosis therapeutic uses Further distinguished works, and related research outcomes, the the British Medical Journal (BMJ) in report came out with the a fact that

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“enough studies have now Jacobson (s) for accumulated to suggest that the the reduction of osteoarthritis pain, inclusion of hypnotic procedures may where participants reporting pain from be beneficial in the management and hip or knee osteoarthritis were treatment of a wide range of conditions randomly assigned to one of the and problems encountered in the following conditions: (a) hypnosis (i.e. practice of medicine, psychiatry and standardized eight-session hypnosis psychotherapy.”[61] treatment); (b) relaxation (i.e. Then, the working group standardized eight sessions of (within the same report) provided an Jacobson's relaxation treatment); (c) overview of some of the most control (i.e. waiting list). Overall, significant contemporary research results show that the two experimental findings on the efficacy of clinical groups had a lower level of subjective hypnotherapy, and they were as it pain comparatively to the control follows: group and that the level of subjective 1. there is convincing evidence that pain decreased within time. hypnotic procedures are effective in Furthermore, an interaction effect the management and relief of both between group treatment and time acute and chronic pain and in assisting measurement was also observed in in the alleviation of pain, discomfort which beneficial effects of treatment and distress due to medical and dental appeared more rapidly for the hypnosis procedures and childbirth, group. Results also show that hypnosis 2. hypnosis and the practice of self- and relaxation are effective in reducing hypnosis may significantly reduce the amount of analgesic medication general anxiety, tension and stress in a taken by participants [62]. manner similar to other relaxation and In 2003, a meta-analysis study self-regulation procedures, on the efficacy of clinical 3. likewise, hypnotic treatment may hypnotherapy was published by assist in insomnia in the same way as Flammer and Bongartz (two eminent other relaxation methods, German researchers from the 4. there is encouraging evidence university of Konstanz - Germany), demonstrating the beneficial effects of where they examined a huge body of hypnotherapeutic procedures in data related to psychosomatic illnesses, alleviating the symptoms of a range of test anxiety, smoking cessation and complaints that fall under the heading pain control during orthodox medical psychosomatic illness, including: treatments. tension headaches and migraine; In their investigation, Flammer asthma; gastrointestinal complaints and Bongartz considered a total of 444 such as irritable bowel syndrome; studies on hypnotherapy published warts; and possibly other skin prior to 2002, by selecting the most complaints such as eczema, psoriasis suitable research designs for meta- and urticaria, and analysis through narrowing their focus 5. there is evidence from several merely on 57 controlled trials. The studies that inclusion of clinical surprising outcomes though the hypnosis in a weight reduction procedures were rigorous, showed that program(s) may significantly enhance on average hypnotherapy achieved at positive outcome(s). least 64% success compared to 37% In 2002 a study was set to improvement among untreated control investigate the effectiveness of groups. Conclusively, it means that Erickson’s hypnosis style(s) and hypnotherapy is enough effective.

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Expansion of their meta- effective in the management such a analysis to include the other non- case, where over half of the trials (i.e., randomized trials, also, produced 10 of 18) showed a significant benefits enough reliable results. When all other [66] 133 studies were included and were With the adoption of the analyzed on the basis of previous concept of Neuroplasticity in medical outcomes (a step in which providing sciences, hypnotherapy is being extra data for over 6,000 patients), the acknowledged as a method to affect findings suggested an average and enhance the brain’s neural improvement in 27% of untreated pathways[67]. patients over the term of the studies In 2007, another meta-analysis compared with a 74% success rate by Cochrane Collaboration group among those who received found that the therapeutic effect of hypnotherapy treatments [63] hypnotherapy was "superior to that of In 2004, on the basis of a a waiting list control or usual medical literature search of scientific articles management, for abdominal pain and cataloged in CINAHL, PUBMED, the composite primary irritable bowel Cochrane Library, and AMED syndrome and related symptoms, in the databases relating to the effectiveness short term in patients who fail standard of 13 non-pharmacologic methods medical therapy;" with no harmful (hypnosis is one of them) used to side-effects[68]. relieve pain and reduce suffering in For further research findings, labor among women, it was found that searching in many databases, such as there is adequate evidence of benefit in the Pubmed, Medline, Dynamed and reducing pain for continuous labor the PsycINFO and many others, the support, baths, intradermal water status of hypnosis and hypnotherapy as blocks, and maternal movement and a significant clinical procedure found positioning. Hypnotherapy in addition to be in favor of the treatment of many to acupuncture, massage, and psychological and psychosomatic transcutaneous electrical nerve ailments. stimulation were promising, though In many of such research further investigations are needed. All works, hypnosis and hypnotherapy the methods studied had evidence of found to be useful in the treatment of widespread satisfaction among a many conditions, such as pains in majority of users [64]. children and adolescents,[69, 70] In contrary, in 2005, in another depressions[71], sexuality problems meta analysis study conducted by the [72], post traumatic stress disorders Cochrane Collaboration, to find no [73,74], asthma [75], obstetrics, labor evidence that hypnotherapy as more and delivery and preterm labor issues successful than other therapies, though [76], cardiovascular responses, [77] the study was restricted to following fibromyalgia pains [78], dental pains the issue of smoking cessation, it was [79], psychosomatic disorders, [80] found that no hypnotic treatment in sleep disorders [81], pain and pain achieving cessation of smoking for at management [82, 83], chronic pains, least six months [65]. headaches and migraine [84,85], When it comes to irritable bowel postoperative pains,86 bowel diseases syndrome, Wilson, Maddison, Roberts, and gastrointestinal related disorders Greenfield, & Singh (2006) published [87-90], conversion disorders [91], and one of their systematic reviews few to mention. suggesting that hypnotherapy is

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To end up with pointing to one and psychosomatic syndromes and of those thorough promising research related signs and symptoms. Hence, findings, Jensen and Patterson we may conclude that hypnosis and (February-March 2014) in one of their hypnotherapy is an effective valid and most recent works emphasized on the reliable clinical tool to be used as a fact that empirical support for hypnosis natural medical procedure in health for chronic pain management and settings; in tackling, managing and related stuff has flourished over the curing of many health problems. past two decades, where many clinical trials showed hypnosis as an effective Recommendations technique for reducing chronic pain On the basis of such findings, and related psychological and strongly the first recommendation that psychosocial factors, although jumps in mind is that time had come outcomes vary between individuals. In for many clinicians in our Arab World brief, they showed that findings of to learn all necessary skills vis-à-vis such clinical trials simply indicate that hypnosis and hypnotherapy. Medical hypnotic treatments have a number of staff across the Arab World, positive effects beyond any pain particularly, psychologists and control procedures; where such psychiatrists are in front of those to be scientific research results as many introduced to hypnosis and researchers see it, have an important hypnotherapy. In addition, physicians implications for how clinicians can of all specialties and paramedical help their clients experience maximum health professionals are not to be benefits from hypnosis and those excluded. treatments that include hypnotic To add more, teaching of components [92]. hypnotism should be incorporated in medical and health science curricula in Summary and Conclusions all university medical schools, From the previous tracing faculties of allied medical and health and hypnotic sciences, concerned departments and works, the precise outlook on its units. Though hypnosis and nature, scope and process with hypnotherapy is a well established reference to well reputed published choice in Western medicine since more works on the subject, it becomes clear than 200 years, we may say to our that hypnosis and clinical medical officials, to start introducing, hypnotherapy is not a myth rather a endorsing and incorporating such natural phenomenon which goes back medical endeavor though late, much to ancient times and well established better than not to. scientific endeavors. It is a phenomenon that was observed and References used cross millennia and centuries 1 Akira O. Eastern meditative until investigated thoroughly in techniques and hypnosis: a new modern times and validated by synthesis. Am J Clin Hypn. October concerned and authorized medical 2003;46(2):97-108. bodies, like the BMA, AMA, NIH and 2 Okasha A. Egyptian contribution to the BPA. When it comes to its the concept of mental health. East. efficacy, it was found through many Mediterr. Health J. May researches that hypnosis and 2001;7(3):377-380. hypnotherapy is a working clinical tool 3 British Society for Clinical in the treatment of many psychological Hypnosis. Clinical hypnosis. Available

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