Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12528-5 — The Science of Consciousness Trevor A. Harley Index More Information INDEX absorption, 195 sensory habituation, 272–274 absorption score, 308, 376 types of, 272–283 access consciousness (A-consciousness), 16–17 See also sleep acetylcholine (ACh), 293, 294, 312, 318 Alzheimer’s disease, 104, 163, 195 activation-synthesis model, 316–317 anosognosia, 147–146 adaptation loss of autobiographical memory, 166 feature of complex systems, 85 sleep and, 300 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 346 sleep and dementia risk, 302 Adler, Alfred, 320 Amazon Robotics, 96–97 adrenaline, 294 Ambien, 297 Aeschylus, 263 amnesia, 163 agency anterograde amnesia, 166 sense of, 69 brain damage and, 166 agnosia, 227, 228 case of Clive Wearing, 166–169 AIM model of sleep and dreaming, 295–296 case of HM (Henry Molaison), 166 alcohol, 362 case of Jimmie G., 166 alexia, 227 caused by herpes simplex encephalitis, 166–169 alien hand syndrome, 73–74, 180, 255 dissociative amnesia, 174 aliens Korsakoff’s syndrome, 166 form and potential to develop intelligence, 113 retrograde amnesia, 166 forms of, 73–74 self and, 166–169 alkaloids, 352 source amnesia, 338 Allen, Paul, 99 amphetamine, 345–346 alpha waves, 243 amphetamine psychosis, 345–346 altered states of consciousness amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 262 attempts to detect psi, 391–393 anaesthesia cardiac arrest survivors, 280 history of, 248 circadian rhythms, 288–290 See also general anaesthesia comparison with normal state of consciousness, 269–270 anarchic hand syndrome, 73–74 definitions of, 269–270 anencephaly, 246 delirium, 283 animal consciousness, 18 dying brain hypothesis, 281 animal intelligence and, 110–114 encephalitis lethargica, 282–283 Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, 110 epilepsy, 278–279 evolution of consciousness, 120–124 ganzfeld technique, 273–274 identifying which animals are conscious, 108–109 life review experience (LRE), 279–280 implications for how we treat animals, 108–109 migraine, 277–278, 279 mirror test of self-recognition, 114–115 near-death experiences, 279–282 nature of consciousness in animal minds, 109–110 out-of-body experiences, 274–277 panpsychism, 124–126 problem of, 22, 408–409 prosocial behaviour, 119 psychonauts, 270–271 ritual behaviour, 119 restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST), 273 role of social intelligence, 120 romantic love (limerence), 283 social intelligence hypothesis, 119 sensory deprivation, 272–274 theory of mind, 117–119 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12528-5 — The Science of Consciousness Trevor A. Harley Index More Information INDEX 465 animal intelligence frame problem, 89 Alex the African grey parrot, 111 future of, 102–105 birds, 111–112 how smart computers are now, 89–91 brain structure and complexity, 110–114 LIDA (Learning Intelligent Distributed Agent), 92–93 dolphins and whales, 112, 113 Loebner Prize, 87 learning without neurons, 113–114 Mitsuku, 87 animal magnetism, 323, 324 Moore’s law, 90 animal minds, 109–117 MYCIN expert system, 82 anthropomorphism, 109 neural networks approach, 91 capacity for pain perception in animals, 116–117 potential threats from, 104–105 animals programs that play Go, 89–90 sleep, 287–288, 289 SHRDLU, 88–89 anomalistic psychology, 384 Siri, 87, 88 anomalous monism, 33 situated cognition, 93–94 anorexia, 191 technological singularity, 102–103 anosognosia, 145–147, 230 timeline of progress, 82–84 Alzheimer’s disease, 147–146 transhumanism, 103–104 Anton–Babinski syndrome, 145–146 Turing test, 86–88 dementia, 147–146 artificial life (A-life), 79–81 neglect, 146 autopoiesis, 80 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), 255 Boids simulation of flocking behaviour, 80–81, 210 anthropomorphism, 109 emergence, 81 antipsychotic medications, 141 flocking behaviour in birds, 80–81 anti-realism, 140 use of quantum computers for simulations, 81 antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), 68 ASCs. See altered states of consciousness Anton–Babinski syndrome, 145–146, 228 Aserinsky, Eugene, 290 archetypes (Jung), 151 Asimov, Isaac argument by analogy to the existence of other minds, 40 Three Laws of Robotics, 104–105 Aristotle, 33 asomatognosia, 146 artificial intelligence (AI), 11, 81–92 astonishing hypothesis, 241–242 Alexa, 87, 88 astral projection, 277 AlphaGo, 89–90 attention, 192–201 Assistant, 87 absorption, 195 background knowledge problem, 89 awareness and, 193–194 BLOCKSWORLD, 83, 88–89 cocktail party effect, 192–193 chatbots, 87–88 default mode network, 194–196 chess-playing computers, 84–86 mind-wandering, 194–196 computational correlates of consciousness, 91–92 visual attention, 194 connectionist approach, 91 attractor networks, 91 consciousness in a disembodied AI, 93–94 auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), 190 deep learning, 91 autistic spectrum disorder, 195 defining intelligence, 102–103 autobiographical memory disembodied AI, 92–94 continuity of the self, 165 distinction between intelligence and consciousness, 102– infantile amnesia, 165 103 loss in Alzheimer’s disease, 166 early AI models of psychology, 88–89 recency effect, 165 ELIZA, 87 role of episodic memory, 166 embodied cognition, 93–94 autonoetic consciousness, 157, 203, 204 enactivism, 93–94 autopoiesis, 192–201 expert systems, 82 autoscopic hallucination, 176 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12528-5 — The Science of Consciousness Trevor A. Harley Index More Information 466 INDEX autoscopy, 176–177, 274 intelligence of, 111–112 Awakenings (Sacks), 283 Bispectral Index Scale (BIS), 250 awareness bistable figures, 221 attention and, 193–194 black body radiation, 213 consciousness and, 12 Blackmore, Susan, 182, 281 ayahuasca, 354, 362, 363 Blaine, David, 61 blindsight, 227–229 Baars, Bernard, 132, 197–198 Block, Ned, 16–17, 48 babies Boids simulation of flocking behaviour, 80–81, 210 experience of pain, 40–41 Bostrom, Nick, 140 Balint’s syndrome, 233–234 Bourne, Ansel, 174 Barber, Theodore X., 327 Brahmanism, 400 barbiturates, 294, 297 Braid, James, 324 Bauby, Jean-Dominique, 261–262 brain Beatle mania, 144 attempts to build an artificial brain, 11 The Beatles, 357, 358 augmentation, 11 Beau the miniature poodle, 52 building a brain, 98–102 capacity to feel pain, 116 circuits involved in the neuronal workspace model, dreaming, 306 200–201 level of awareness, 108 computed tomography (CT) scan, 240 model of the world, 202 computerised axial tomography (CAT) scan, 240 perception of the world, 14 damage caused by herpes simplex encephalitis, 167–168 behaviourism, 21 electrocorticography, beliefs, 138–147 electroencephalography (EEG), 240 anosognosia, 145–147 evolutionary development, 244–245 anti-realism, 140 functional imaging, 240 deceiving devils, 140 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 240 delusions, 141–147 imaging and mind reading, 242 denial, 145–147 imaging the living brain, 240 element of uncertainty in, 138–139 incomplete brains, 246–247 reliability of, 139–141 interfaces with computers, 101–102 scepticism, 140 language processing in Broca’s area, 190 simulations, 140 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 240 solipsism, 140 magnetoencephalography (MEG), 240 supernatural beliefs, 378 mapping of neurons and connections, 99 belladonna, 350–351 neuroprosthesis, 101–102 Bem, Daryl, 394–395 optogenetics, 240 Bennett, John, 373 part-brain emulation, 100–101 benzodiazepines, 294, 297 positron-emission tomography (PET), 240 Berger, Hans, 242, 243 regions involved in the default mode network, 196–197 Berkeley, Bishop, 32 relationship to the mind, 28–29 beta waves, 21 role of gamma waves, 232–233 betel (areca) nut, 362 search for the seat of consciousness, 4 bicameral mind, 123–124 structure and functions of neurons, 46–47 binaural beats, 275 studying the living brain, 240 binding problem of perception, 22, 231–235, 408 thalamo-cortical resonance, 233 Balint’s syndrome, 233–234 transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 240 microconsciousness, 234 whole brain emulation, 100 role of gamma waves, 232–233 See also neural correlates of consciousness; visual awareness, 234–235 neuroscience birds brain imaging, 10 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-12528-5 — The Science of Consciousness Trevor A. Harley Index More Information INDEX 467 development of, 9 panpsychism, 125 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 9 probability of living in a simulated universe, 140 brain in a vat (thought experiment), 220 change blindness, 132 brain waves, 242–244 chaos alpha waves, 243 feature of complex systems, 209 beta waves, 243 Charcot, Jean-Martin delta waves, 244 use of hypnosis to treat hysteria, 324–325 gamma waves, 232–233, 243 chatbots, 87–88 infra-slow waves, 244 chess-playing computers, 84–86 P300 wave, 199, 244 algorithmic approach, 85 ponto-geniculo-occipital waves (PGO waves), 291 AlphaZero, 85–86 theta waves, 243 Deep Blue, 84–85, 86 brainstem structures Deep Fritz, 85 role in sleep, 291–293 Deep Thought, 84 Bremer, Frédéric, 291–292 use of heuristics, 85 Brentano, Franz, 16, 162 Chesterton, G.K., 373 Breuer, Joseph, 324 chimpanzees Brown, Derren, 61 metacognition studies, 205 Bruneri–Canella case, 174–175 prosocial behaviour, 119 Buddhism, 378–380 ritual behaviour, 119 meditation, 132 teaching language to, 121 reincarnation, 400 theory of mind, 117–119 self as illusion, 159 chloroform, 247, 248 Zen Buddhism, 380–381 choline, 311–312 bufotenin, 350 Chomsky, Noam, 21, 52,