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John-E.-Woods.-300-Yillik-Turk-İmparatorlugu AKKOYUNLULAH .John E. WOODS Akkoyunlular- Th;: Aqquyunlu Cl an, Confcdcralion Empirc/lnccleme ©Tlirkiye'de Yayın Hakkı-Milliyet Yayın A.Ş. 1. Baskı Ekim 19931SBN 975-506-124-x/Milliycl Yayınları-162 Yazan: John E. WOODS Ingilizceden Türkçeye Çeviren: Sibel ÖZI3UDUN Ek Yazılar ve Açıklamalar: Ncedel SAKAOGLU Yayın Yt>ncımcni: Yalvaç URAL Yayıniatan Sorumlu Müdlir: Hikmet AL Tl NKA YNAK Kapak Düzeni: Ertan GÖKEMRE Kapak Resmi: Mustafa DELIOGLU tarafından 1632 yılında basılan "Res Turciae" adlı eserden yararlanılarak yapılınwır. Bu resimde Uzun Hasan Bey, Baıılılar'ın ıahayyül eııiği tarzda bir Hıristiyan dostu olarak ve Müslüman­ hükümdar kimliğini akla getirmeyecek kıyafeıte gösıerilmi�tir. Dizgi: Hayriye KA YMAZ Dlizclıi: Süleyman GÜL Basıldığı Yer: Milliyel Yayın A.Ş. Kefeliköy Cad. No: 35 80890 Bliylikdcre-ISTANBUL 4 JOllN E. WOODS AKKOYUNLULAR Yiiznl Türk-İran Sivaseti Uzcriııe Bir lııcelcıne Aşiret,15. Konfederasyon,. imparatorluk Tiirk •. ,.,,. c.·,in·ıı: Silwl ÖZBUDUN Ek Yazılar � .• : Aı,:.ıklaıııalar: Necdet SAKAOGLU İÇİNDEKİLER Önsöz .......... ........... ....................................... ......... ...................... l I BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ................................................................. .. AKKOYUNLU TARİHİ: TEMALAR VE KAYNAKLAR ....... 13 Giriş Akkoyunlu Toplumsal ve Siyasal Yapısının Kat<lloğu .................... ............. ... .. ............ ........................... ... .. 19 Akkoyunlu Tarihinin Kaynaklan ................................................30 I. Bölüınün Notları ....... ... ... ......... ........ ........ ...... .. ......................55 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM AŞİRETTEN BEYLİGE .................... ............ .................... ......... 67 14./18. Yüzyılın Ortalarına dek Bayındırlılar ........... ........... ......67 İlk Soy ve lik lç Savaş ....................... .. ... ..... ............ ................73 Beyliğin Kuruluşu ............................... ........ ........ ......... ........... .... 83 Kara Osman'ın Başarısı . .............. ............ ....... ........ ............ .......96 II. Böli.iıni.inNotları .... ............. ............. ........... ............ ....... .... 1 O 1 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM BÜYÜK İÇ SAVAŞ .................... ... ... ... .................... ................ 123 Ali'nin lkame Eınirliği.� ............................................................ l24 Hamza'nın Yükselişi ......................................... , ....................... l 3 l Cihangir'in Hükümdarlığı ......................................................... l 36 Uzun Hasan'ın Ayaklanması .................... ....................... ......... 143 III. Böli.iınün Notları ... .............. .... ........................... ...... ..... ..... .. 152 7 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM BEYLİ KTEN lMPARATORLUGA .......................................... 163 Beyliğin Restorasyonu ......... ........... , ......................................... 164 Büyük Fetihler ........................................................................... l 73 Akkoyunlu Imparatorluğunun Kurumsallaşması ...................... I 78 Başkent Sonrası .......... ..... ..................... .......... ........................... 199 IV. Bölümi.inNotl arı ..................... ................. ..................... .......204 BEŞİNCi BÖLÜM DURAKLAMA VE ÇÖKÜŞ ................. .......... ......................... 23 l Üçüncü Iç Savaş ..... ...... .......................... .... ....... ........................232 Yakub'un Bağımsız Yönetimi ......... .. ............ ................. ...........237 Konfedere Aşiretlerin Savaşları ...... ..........................................252 ÜçlüPaylaşım ve İsmail Safevi'nin Yükselişi ............. ........ .....265 V. Bölüınün Notları .... ....................... ...... ......................... .........27 1 ALTINCI BÖLÜM SAFEVI DÖNEMI ... .................. ............. .......... ...... .................299 EKLER A. Akkoyunlu Soyağacı ........... ................ ..................... ........ ... 307 Ek A'nın Notları ................................. ....................................... 321 B. Akkoyunlu Konfedere Aşiretleri ........ ........ ......... ............... ..325 Ek B'nin Notları ..................................... .............. ............ ..........346 C. Akkoyunlu Soyağacı Tabloları .. ....................... ................... .352 YEDiNCİ BÖLÜM TÜRKÇE ÇEVİRlYE EK YA ZILAR ............ ...........................363 I. Fuzullnin Akkoyunlu Sultan Murad'a lthaf Ettiği Leyla ve Mecnun'un Bayındır Beyleri Nüshası (N. Sakaoğlu) ............................................ ................... ....... ......365 2. Uzun Hasan, Sultan Yakub ve Şah lsmail Dönemlerinin Aydınlar Zümresi (N. Sakaoğlu) ........................382 8 3. Anadolu'da Akkoyunlu Mimarisinden Günümüze Kalan Eserler ....... ...... ......... ... .... : ............. :... ......39 l 4. Akkoyunlu Mimarisi İçin Genel Bir Değerlendirme (Prof. Dr. M. Sözen) .............. ........ ......... ...... ....395 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................403 RESİM, ŞEKİL VE HARİTALAR Resimler l. Akkoyunlu Hükümdan Hasan Bey ........ .. ........ .... ..... ..... .... 22 2. Sultan Yakub . ....... ........ .......... .......... ............ ................ .... 23 3. Fatih Mehmed ve Akkoyunlu Tutsaklar, Başkent'te ...............66 4. Sultan Yakub ve Sarayı ..... .. ........... ....... .......... ..... ...... ..... ...230 5. Alme Kulak Muharebesi ... ...... .. ......... .. ..... ........ ... .... ...257 Şekiller l. Akkoyunlu tmparatorluk Sisteminin Şematik Temsili..... .. 24 2. Soydaş "A" ve "5" Hanelerini Eleyen Aşiret Veraset Sisteıni ... .............. ........ ..... ......................... ......... ......... ... ..... ..29 3. Çağdaş ve Birbirine Yakın Aniatı Kaynakları .... ... ........ ........38 4. 15./9. Yüzyıl Memh1k Aniatı Kaynakları .............. ......... ..... .41 5. l:S./9. Yüzyıl Timurl Aniatı Kaynakları .......... ....... ...... ...... .46 6. tık Soy ve tık lç Savaş .,.......... , .............................................82 7. tkinci Soy .. ................... ................ .................... ... .............. l 00 8. tkinci ya da Büyük lç Savaş····· ·· ···· ········· ··········- ·· ·· ··· ······· ··· l 25 9. Uzun Hasan Soyunun Birinci Tertibi .. ........................... 168 lO. Uzun Hasan imparatorluk Soyu Tertibi .. ......... ............ ....... 175 l 1. Kara Osmanilerin Çöküşü .... ........ .... ....................... ......... 266 9 Haritalar ı. 14./18. Yüzyılın Ikinci Yarısında Merkezi Islam Toprakları 2. Doğu Anadolu'da Boylar ve Ticaret 3. Doğu Anadolu'da Siyasal Bölünmeler, Yak!. 13901792 4. Ilk Akkoyunlu Beyliği 1435/839 5. Hamza'nın Yükselişi 1438-1444/84 1-848 6. Akkoyunlu Beyliği 145 11855 7. Ikinci ya da Ye ni Beyliği · 8. Beylikten lmparatorluğa 9. Akkoyunlu lınparatorluğu, 1490/855 10. Üçlü Paylaşım ı I. Ye ni Yönetim Yak!. 1514/920 Türkçe Çcviriyc Yapılan Ekieric İlgili Fotoğraflar 1. "Mühr-i Bayındır" ..................................................................379 2. Akkoyunlu Aınbleıni .... .................... ............................ � .......380 3. "Leyla vü Mecnun"daki aslan figürü ....... ....... ....... ...........38 1 4. Akkoyunlu Padişahlan Yazınası . ..... .... .. .... ..... ..... ......390 , . lO ÖNSÖZ Bu monografi, 1974 yılında Princeton Üniversitesi Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Bölümü'ne sunulan doktora tezinin, aldığım önerite­ rin ışığında ve daha kapsamlı bir çerçevede. yeniden kaleme alın­ mış son biçimidir. Çalışma, okurların önerileri ve bu denemenin özgün taslağının hazırlandığı sıralarda elimde olmayan basılı ve basılı olmayan malzemenin gözden geçirilmesi doğrultusunda ye­ niden hazırlanmıştır. Ne yazık ki, Faruk Sümer'in önemli araştır­ ması Safe vi Devleti'nin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türk­ lerinin Rolü (Ankara, 1976) adlı bu kitap hasılınasının nihai aşa­ masında elime geçtiğinden bu son araştırınayı bu monografıye da­ hil edemedim. Anadolu'dan lran'a göç edip 16/10. yüzyıl boyunca Kızılbaş askeri gücünün asli dayanaklarını oluşturan Türk aşiretle; rinin yazgısıyla ilgilenenler, son derece değerli bilgiler bulacaklar­ dır. Benzer şekilde, M.Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu'nun, Osmanlılar'ın Ak­ koyunlu kuzeybatı sınırını denetim altına alma yolundaki çabaları­ nı içeren Osmanlılar'ın Kafkas Elleri'ni Fethi (Ankara, 1 976) de, yararlanamayacağım kadar geç geçti elime. Her birinin adını ana­ mayacak kadar çok birey ve kuruma şükran borçlu olmama karşın, gerek tezin yazılışı, gerekse baskıya hazırlanışı sürecinde bana ö­ zel yardımları dokunanların adını burada anmak istiyorum. IIkin ve öncelikli olarak -pek çok şeyin yanı sıra- Türk tarihini kavrama çabalarımda, ilk esin, cesaret ve rehberliği sağlayan hocam ve dostum Princeton Üniversitesi'nden Martin B. Dickson'a teşekkür ll borçluyum. Metni okuyaı·ak genel ve özgül alanlarda birçok değerli eleştiride bulunan Chicago Üniversitesi'ndeki hocalarım ve dostla­ rım William McNeil! ve Halil lnalcık'a da şükran borçluyum. Hata ve atlamaların sorumluluğu, kuşkusuz bana aittir. İncelemenin bü­ yük bölümünün dayandığı basılmamış arşiv belgelerinin çoğu, Eco­ le Pratique des Hautes Etudes ve Chicago Üniversitesi'nden Alexandre Bennigsen tarafından sağlanmıştır. Benzer şekilde, Toronto Üniversitesi'nden Roger M. Savory, önemli basılmamış an­ latı kaynaklarının mikrofilmlerini kullanımıma sundu. Haritalar Chicago Üniversitesi Coğrafya Bölümü'nden Christopher Müller­ Wille tarafından çizildi, dizin böl�mü Palrpira Johnson tarafından hazırlandı. Çalışmalarımı
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