Asian Herpetological Research 2015, 6(4): 257–290 ORIGINAL ARTICLE DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.140062

The Herpetofauna of Iran: Checklist of Taxonomy, Distribution and Conservation Status

Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO1*, Hanyeh GHAFFARI2*, Hadi FAHIMI1, Siamak BROOMAND1, Mahtab YAZDANIAN1, Elnaz NAJAFI MAJD3, Seyyed Saeed HOSSEINIAN YOUSEFKHANI4, Elham REZAZADEH4, Mahboubeh Sadat HOSSEINZADEH4, Reza NASRABADI5, Mehdi RAJABIZADEH6, Meysam MASHAYEKHI7, Alireza MOTESHAREI8, Alireza NADERI8 and Seyed Mahdi KAZEMI9

1 Pars Herpetologists Institute, 3th Floor, No. 24, Roodbar S.W alley, Mirdamad, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran 3 Department of Biology Faculty of Science Ege University, İzmir, Turkey 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 5 Department of Biology, Faculty of Scince, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran 6 Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran 7 Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University Science and Research, Tehran, Iran 8 Natural History Museum of Iran, Pardisan Nature Park, Department of the Environment, Tehran, Iran 9 Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

Abstract We present an annotated checklist for a total 241 reptiles and 22 amphibians including 5 frogs, 9 toads, 7 newts and salamanders, 1 crocodile, 1 worm lizard, 148 lizards, 79 snakes and 12 turtles and tortoises, includes the most scientific literature up to August 2014 and also based on several field surveys conducted in different Provinces of Iran from 2009 to 2014. We present an up-to-dated checklist of reptiles and amphibians in Iran. We provide a comprehensive listing of taxonomy, names, distribution and conservation status of all amphibians and reptiles of Iran. This checklist includes all recognized named taxa, English names for classes, orders, families, species, subspecies along with Persian names for species, including indication of native and introduced species. For the first time we report two non-native introduced reptiles from natural habitats of Iran. Of the total 22 species of amphibians in Iran, 6 (27.2%) are endemic and of the total 241 species of reptiles, 55 (22.8%) are endemic. Of the 22 amphibians species in Iran, 3 (13%) are Critically Endangered, 2 (9%) are Vulnerable and of the 241 reptile species 3 (1.2%) are Critically Endangered, 4 (1.6%) are Endangered and 10 (4.1%) are Vulnerable. Accordingly, this paper combines significant aspects of taxonomy, common names, conservation status and distribution of the Iranian herpetofauna.

Keywords Amphibians, Anura, Caudata, Reptiles, Crocodylia, Squamata, Testudines, Persian common name

1. Introduction * Corresponding authors: Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO, cofounder of Pars Herpetologists Institute, Tehran, Iran, with his research mainly focusing on Herpetology particularly amphibians ecology, biodiversity Iran is a vast country with the interface between three and conservation; and Dr. Hanyeh GHAFFARI, from the University of zoogeographic realms: Palearctic, Oriental (Indo- Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran, with her research focusing on ecology and conservation of pond turtles in the Middle East. malayan) and Afrotropical (Ethiopian) which caused high E-mail: [email protected] (Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO); diversity of habitats. The country was divided into 14 [email protected] (Hanyeh GHAFFARI) Received: 16 September 2014 Accepted: 2 June 2015 bioclimatic groups by Sabeti (1997) based on Emberger’s 258 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6 method. Six main watershed areas are identified in Iran and Eastern Iran Montane woodlands (7.5%), Caspian comprised of Central Iran (52%), Persian Gulf and Gulf Hyrcanian mixed forests (3.4%), Zagros Mountains of Oman (24%), Caspian Sea (11%), Orumiyeh Lake forest steppe (21.8%), Alborz Range forest steppe (4.3%) (3.4%), Eastern Iran (6.8%), Qareh Qom (2.8%). More and Eastern Anatolian montane steppe (4.6%). Aquatic than half of Iran is mountainous. The country includes ecoregions include Coral reefs, Mangrove forest and also a complex of mountain chains surrounding a series of Lakes and Rivers (Table 1, Figures 1, 2, 3). More than interior basins situated at 300 to 1500 meters (Anderson, twenty natural lakes and many artificial lakes exist inside 1999). the country. The main terrestrial ecoregions in Iran are as follows: The knowledge of Iranian herpetofauna traces back Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands to the 18th century (Anderson, 1872; Anderson, 1970, (0.1%), Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe (0.4%), 1974, 1999; Blanford, 1876; Baloutch and Kami, 1995; Badkhiz-Karabil semi-desert (0.1%), Caspian lowland Boulenger, 1899, 1908, 1920, 1921; Brandt, 1837; De desert (0.3%), Central Persian desert basins (34.7%), Filippi, 1863, 1864, 1865; Frynta et al., 1997; Lantz, Kopet Dagh semi-desert (0.4 %), Registan-North Pakistan 1918; Latifi, 1966, 1991; Linnaeus, 1758; Mertens, 1956, sandy desert (3%), South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and 1957; Murray, 1884; Nikolsky 1886, 1896, 1897, 1899, semi-desert (17.3%), Mesopotamian shrub desert (0.1%), 1903, 1907; Olivier, 1804; Procter, 1921; Schmidt, 1939, Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh (0.4%), Kopet 1955; Strauch, 1863; Wall, 1908; Werner, 1895, 1917; Dagh woodlands and forest steppe (1.6%), Kuh Rud Zaroudny, 1897). In recent years, several new species

Table 1 Biomes, Ecoregions, endemic and examples of amphibians and reptiles in each ecoregion.

Biome Ecoregion Endemic species Common Species Desert and Xeric Shrablands 21 Endemic Species in Iran range Diplometopon zarudnyi, Arabian Desert and East Sahero- Phrynocephalus ahvazicus Acanthodactylus schmidti, Scincus Arabian xeric shraublands scincus, Cerastes gasperettii Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe - Eremias intermedia, Eurylepis Badkhiz-Karabil semi-desert - taeniolatus Phrynocephalus helioscopus, Caspian lowland desert - Tenuidactylus turcmenicus Bunopus crassicaudus, Microgecko Phrynocephalus ornatus, Agamura latifi, Eremias andersoni, E. kavirensis, Central Persian desert basins persica, Rhinogecko misonnei, Ophiomorus maranjabensis, O. nuchalis, Pseudocerastes persicus, Spalerosophis microlepis, Kopet Dagh semi-desert - Trapelus sanguinolentus Calotes versicolor, Eremias Registan-North Pakistan sandy desert - acutirostris, Eryx johnii, Eristicophis macmahoni Cyrtopodion brevipes, C.golubevi, C. hormozganum, C. kiabii, C. kirmanense, Bufotes surdus, Trapelus persicus, Mediodactylus sagittiferum, Tropiocolotes South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and Stenodactylus affinis, Chalcides Terrestrial Biomesa Terrestrial naybandensis, Acanthodactylus khamirensis, semi-desert ocellatus, Pristurus rupestris, Asaccus iranicus, A. tangestanensis, Rhagerhis moilensis Ophiomorus streeti, Xerotyphlops wilsoni, Bungarus persicus

Flooded grasslands and savannas 1 Endemic Species in Iran range Mesopotamian shrub desert Acanthodactylus nilsoni Montane grasslands and shrublands 3 Endemic Species in Iran range Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh - Rafetus euphraticus Kopet Dagh woodlands and forest Eublepharis turcmenicus, Eremias Darevskia kopetdaghica steppe kopetdaghica,

Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran Montane Eremias lalezharica, Paralaudakia erythrogaster, woodlands Cyrtopodion sistanensis, P. microlepis, No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 259

(Continued Table 1)

Biome Ecoregion Endemic species Common Species Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest 25 Endemic Species in Iran range Bufo eichwaldi, Rana pseudodalmatina, Hyla orientalis, Lacerta strigata, Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests Iranodon gorganensis, I. persicus Darevskia Zamenis persicus caspica, D. kamii, D. steineri Bufotes luristanicus, Neurergus kaiseri, Phrynocephalus ananjevae, Cyrtopodion gastropholis, C. persepolense, Hemidactylus romeshkanicus, Mediodactylus aspratilis, Hyla savignyi, Neurergus derjugini, M. ilamensis, M. stevenandersoni, Salamandra infraimmaculata, Apathya yassujica, Eremias montanus, Eublepharis angramainyu, Zagros Mountains forest steppe E. nigrolateralis, Iranolacerta zagrosica, Mediodactylus heteropholis, Timon princeps, Asaccus andersoni, Timon kurdistanica, Telescopus A. granularis, A. kermanshahensis, A. tessellatus, kurdistanensis, A. nasrullahi, A.zagrosicus, Walterinnesia morgani Ophiomorus persicus, Eirenis rechingeri, Hierophis andreanus, Montivipera Terrestrial Biomes Terrestrial kuhrangica, Pseudocerastes urarachnoides, Temperate coniferous forest 5 Endemic Species in Iran range Darevskia defilippii, D. schaekeli, Eremias Alborz Range forest steppe Paralaudakia caucasia, Ablepharus papenfussi, Montivipera latifii, Vipera bivittatus, Gloydius halys ebneri Temperate grasslands, savannas, and 0 Endemic Species in Iran range shrublands Rana macrocnemis, Apathya Eastern Anatolian montane steppe - cappadocica, Eremias pleskei, E. suphani Marine Coral reefs - Genera: Hydrophis, Eretmochelys

Freshwater

Aquatic Mangrove forests - Genera: Hydrophis, Chelonia Genera: Iranodon, Neurergus, Lakes and Rivers - Pelophylax, Crocodylus,Natrix, Mauremys, Rafetus

Residential areas Cyrtopodion scabrum, Hemidactylus persicus, Tenuidactylus caspius Other have been described and new records published. As a common names for amphibians and reptiles. For example, result, the number of reptile species in Iran is increasing Eryx jayakari utilized as Jayakar’s Sand Boa, Khuzistani very rapidly, 31 new species have been added between Blind snake and Arabian Sand Boa in different references. 2000 to 2014 (Abtin et al., 2014; Ahmadzadeh et al., The fact is, in conservation using widely (beyond borders) 2011, 2013; Bostanchi et al., 2006; Fathinia et al., 2011; recognized common names is vital for unified protection Heidari et al., 2013; Kazemi et al., 2011; Krause et al., of threatened species (van Dijk et al., 2012) even between 2013; Litvinchuk et al., 2008; Melnikov et al., 2013, Provinces inside the country. 2014; Mozaffari and Parham, 2007; Mozaffari et al., Consequently, in this paper we have attempted to 2011; Nazarov and Rajabizadeh, 2007; Nazarov et al., integrate common names by using the category for 2010, 2012; Nilson et al., 2003; Rajabizadeh et al., 2011; scientific names by using following references: Anderson Rastegar-Pouyani et al., 2001, 2006; Torki, 2010, 2011a, (1999), Baloutch and Kami (1995), Beolens et al. (2011, 2011b; Torki et al., 2011a, 2011b; Werner, 2006). 2013), Latifi (1991), Firouz (2005), Frank and Ramus Whereas there is little agreement concerning common (1995) and Wrobel (2004). names of species, the most comprehensive references This checklist includes all recognized named taxa available in Iran (Anderson, 1999; Baloutch and Kami, (species and subspecies), English names for all classes, 1995; Latifi, 1991; Firouz, 2005) have applied different orders, families, species, subspecies along with Persian 260 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6 names for all species of amphibians and reptiles in Iran. reptiles and amphibians in Iran. Accordingly, this paper In this checklist conservation status (IUCN and CITES), combines significant aspects of taxonomy, common distributions in Iran for all taxa and endemic species is names, conservation status and distribution of Iranian presented. Also for the first time two exotic reptiles are herpetofauna. reported from natural habitats of Iran. Our purpose in publishing this checklist is to 2. Materials and Methods integrate all of the species published in the literature, record, taxonomic changes in family, genus, species The data in this study includes most scientific literature up and subspecies and present an up-to-date checklist of to August 2014 and also several field surveys in different

Figure 1 Examples of ecoregion types in Iran. A: Badkhiz-Karabil semi-desert, Pol-Khatun, Khorasan Razavi Province; B: Caspian lowland desert, Sufikam No Hunting Area, Golestan Province; C: Central Persian desert basins, Kavir National Park, Semnan Province; D: Central Persian desert basins, Touran Biosphere Reserve, Semnan Province; E: Kopet Dag semi-desert, Khaled Nabi, Golestan Province; F: South Iran Nubo-Sindian desert and semi-desert, Beris, Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. Photos by Barbod Safaei-Mahroo. No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 261 provinces of Iran from 2009 to 2014. In field surveys we for species that specifically honor a person and species utilized three methods to identify and record amphibians including place name. We could not follow this rule in and reptiles: linear transects during day and night, road- some cases, such as with a few snake species. In these kill encounters and also opportunistic encounters. We cases, we used the most familiar local name. We used mainly used the category for scientific Latin names and current IUCN Red List conservation status for all species their translation into English and Persian, instead of the (IUCN, 2014), whereas there is scant information about most commonly used names. Thus, we present closest the status of reptiles Iran in Red List of IUCN, this issue common name to scientific name as widely recognized need more consideration. We include status listings name. We have attempted to use equivalent Latin name on CITES Appendices l, ll, lll, based on current listing

Figure 2 Examples of ecoregion types in Iran. A: Tigris-Euphrates alluvial salt marsh, Zavyeh, Khuzestan Province; B: Kuh Rud and Eastern Iran Montane woodlands, Nik-shahr, Sistan Va Baluchestan Province; C: Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests, Astara, Gilan Province; D: Zagros Mountains forest steppe, Dena Protected Area, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Province; E: Alborz Range forest steppe, Lar National Park, Tehran Province; F: Eastern Anatolian montane steppe, Ziveh, West Azarbaijan Province. Photos by Barbod Safaei-Mahroo. 262 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

(CITES, 2014). We also added non-native introduced Class: AMPHIBIA GRAY, 1825 / AMPHIBIANS species for the first time to the checklist of Iran based on Order: ANURA FISCHER von WALDHEIM, 1813 / field work by Hanyeh Ghaffari, Barbod Safaei Mahroo Frogs & Toads and Mahtab Yazdanian. Family: BUFONIDAE GRAY, 1825 / True Toads In this checklist, taxonomic categories are Genus: Bufo GARSAULT, 1764 alphabetically arranged and information for each species Bufo eichwaldi LITVINCHUK, BORKIN, SKORINOV is presented in the following format: genus name, species & ROSANOV, 2008 name, English name, Persian name or local name, Eichwald’s Toad, Vazaq-e Eichwald (P) conservation status and distribution. If species have IUCN: Vulnerable subspecies, the distribution is given to subspecies. The Distribution: Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. abbreviations used in this paper are; Persian name shown Genus: Bufotes RAFINESQUE, 1815 by (P), The (L) indicates local names, endemic species by Comment: Some researchers such as Frost et al., country shown by (E) and non-native introduced species (2006) and Dubois and Bour (2010) continue to use shown by (I). Pseudepidalea instead of Bufotes. Bufotes luristanicus (SCHMIDT, 1952) 3. Results Lorestan Earless Toad, Vazaq-e bi-goosh-e Lorestan (P) IUCN: Least Concern Herein, we present species accounts for a total 241 Distribution: Lorestan, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer reptiles and 22 amphibians (Table 2). Species of Ahmad and Fars Provinces. (E) amphibians and reptiles include 5 frogs, 9 toads, 7 newts Bufotes oblongus (NIKOLSKY, 1896) and salamanders, 1 Crocodile, 1 worm lizard, 148 lizards, Eastern Persian Toad, Vazaq-e Khavari (L) 79 snakes and 12 turtles and tortoises. Iran has 6 endemic IUCN: Least Concern amphibians (Table 1, Figure 4) and 55 endemic and 2 Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Sistan non-native introduced reptiles (Table 1, Figure 5) species. Va Baluchestan and Semnan Provinces.

Figure 3 Map of terrestrial ecoregions in Iran. Map designed using ARCGIS 9.3. Ecoregion shape file: WWF (Olson et al., 2001). No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 263

Figure 4 Total and endemic number of amphibians species in Iran (as of August 2014).

Figure 5 Total, endemic and exotic number of reptiles species in Iran (as of August 2014).

Bufotes surdus (BOULENGER, 1891) 1969) Iranian Earless Toad, Vazaq-e bi-goosh-e Irani (P) Ring-Spotted Earless Toad IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Fars Province. (E) B. s. annulatus (SCHMIDTLER & SCHMIDTLER, B. s. surdus (BOULENGER, 1891) 264 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6 Total Number Total 3 genera, 8 species 1 genus, species 1 genus, 2 species 1 genus, species 2 genera, 3 species 1 genus, 2 species 3 genera, 5 species 1 genus, species 1 genus, species 7 genera, 22 species 2 genera, species 1 genus, 3 species 12 genera, 40 species 9 genera, 48 species 1 genus, 10 species 7 genera, 17 species 2 genera, 4 species 1 genus, 2 species 1 family, 1 genus, species 1 family, 1 genus, species 1 family,

2 families, 4 genera, 7 species ,

5 families, 8 genera, 15 species , 9 families, 42 genera, 148 species Ophisops , Microgecko , 2 orders, 7 families, 12 genera, 22 species 3 orders, 26 families, 90 genera, 241 species 3 suborders, 19 families, 78 genera, 228 species Mesalina , Tropiocolotes , Mediodactylus , Lacerta , Scincus , Trapelus , Tenuidactylus , Hemidactylus , Iranolacerta , Ophiomorus , Phrynocephalus , Eremias , Stenodactylus , Eurylepis Cyrtopodion , , Uromastyx , Darevskia , Eumeces Paralaudakia , , Rhinogecko , Euphlyctis Saara Salamandra Pseudopus , Neurergus, Triturus Ablepharus Crossobamon , Apathya Calotes , Trachylepis Laudakia Chalcides Anguis Teratoscincus Bunopus , , Subfamily/Genus Bufo, Bufotes, Duttaphrynus DICROGLOSSINAE: Hyla Pelobates Pelophylax, Rana Iranodon PLEURODELINAE: SALAMANDRINAE: Crocodylus Diplometopon AGAMINAE: DRACONINAE: UROMASTYCINAE: ANGUINAE: Eublepharis Agamura Pseudoceramodactylus Acanthodactylus Timon Asaccus EUGONGYLINAE: MABUYINAE: SCINCINAE: Pristurus Varanus Family BUFONIDAE DICROGLOSSIDAE HYLIDAE PELOBATIDAE RANIDAE HYNOBIIDAE SALAMANDRIDAE CROCODYLIDAE TROGONOPHIIDAE AGAMIDAE ANGUIDAE EUBLEPHARIDAE GEKKONIDAE LACERTIDAE PHYLLODACTYLIDAE SCINCIDAE SPHAERODACTYLIDAE VARANIDAE Suborder AMPHISBAENIA SAURIA Order ANURA CAUDATA CROCODYLIA SQUMATA Systematic Hierarchical Order and Content of Suprageneric Categories used in this Checklist. Class AMPHIBIA REPTILIA Table 2 Table No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 265 (Continued Table 2) (Continued Table Total Number Total 15 genera, 37 species 4 genera, 12 species 1 genera, 6 species 2 genera, species 1 genus, 2 species 1 genus, 2 species 1 genus, 2 species 2 genera, 3 species 8 genera, 13 species 4 genera, species 1 genus, species 2 genus, species 1 genus, species 1 genus, 2 species 2 genus, species

, 6 families, 11 genera, 12 species 6 families, 11

9 families, 35 genera, 79 species , Vipera , Telescopus Hierophis , , Pseudocerastes , Hemorrhois , Spalerosophis , Montivipera , Elaphe , Eirenis , Rhynchocalamus , Macrovipera , Dolichophis , Platyceps , Rafetus , Eristicophis , Walterinnesia , Eretmochelys , Myriopholis Lepidochelys , Coronella Oligodon Naja Echis , , , , Trachemys

, Mauremys Hydrophis Pelodiscus Chelonia Caretta Boiga Gloydius Emys Cerastes Xerotyphlops , Bungarus Lytorhynchus , Subfamily/Genus COLUBRINAE: Lycodon Zamenis ELAPINAE: HYDROPHIINAE: Eryx LAMPROPHIINAE: Malpolon, Rhagerhis LEPTOTYPHLOPINAE: Natrix Psammophis Indotyphlops CROTALINAE: VIPERINAE: CARETTINAE: CHELONINAE: Dermochelys EMYDINAE: DEIROCHELYINAE: GEOEMYDINAE: Testudo TRIONYCHINAE: Family COLUBRIDAE ELAPIDAE ERYCIDAE LAMPROPHIIDAE LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE NATRICIDAE PSAMMOPHIIDAE TYPHLOPIDAE VIPERIDAE CHELONIIDAE DERMOCHELYIDAE EMYDIDAE GEOEMYDIDAE TESTUDINIDAE TRIONYCHIDAE Suborder SERPENTES CRYPTODIRA Order SQUMATA TESTUDINES Class 266 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Subfamily: HYLINAE RAFINESQUE, 1815 Fars and Bushehr Provinces. Genus: Hyla LAURENTI, 1768 Bufotes turanensis (HEMMER, SCHMIDTLER & Hyla orientalis BEDRIAGA, 1890 BÖHME, 1978) Oriental Tree Frog, Qoorbaqe derakhti-ye Khavari (P) Turan Toad, Vazaq-e Tooran (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Distribution: North Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Hyla savignyi AUDOUIN, 1827 Semnan and Tehran Provinces. Savigny’s Tree Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye derakhti-ye Savigny Bufotes variabilis (PALLAS, 1769) (P) Variable Toad, Vazaq-e rangarang (P) IUCN status: Least Concern IUCN: Data Deficient Distribution: Fars, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam, B. v. kermanensis (EISELT & SCHMIDTLER, 1971) Kermanshah, Kordestan, Hamedan, Markazi, Zanjan, Kerman Variable Toad Qom, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Distribution: Kerman, Esfahan, Yazd and Hormozgan Va Boyer Ahmad, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan and West Provinces. (E) Azarbaijan Provinces. Comment: Bufotes variabilis kavirensis (ANDRÉN Family: PELOBATIDAE BONAPARTE, 1850 / Spade- & NILSON, 1979) Synonymy with B. v. foot Toads kermanensis by Stöck, et al., (2001). Genus: Pelobates WAGLER, 1830 B. v. variabilis (PALLAS, 1769) Pelobates syriacus BOETTGER, 1889 Distribution: Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Syrian Spade-foot Toad, Vazaq-e bil-pay-e Soori (P) Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Ilam, IUCN: Least Concern Lorestan, Markazi, Esfahan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Gilan, Hamedan, Zanjan, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Ardabil, Mazandaran, Gilan, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran and Family: RANIDAE RAFINESQUE, 1814 / True Frogs Qom Provinces. Genus: Pelophylax FITZINGER, 1843 Genus: Duttaphrynus FROST, GRANT, FAIVOVICH, Pelophylax ridibundus (PALLAS, 1771) BAIN, HAAS, HADDAD, DE SÁ, CHANNING, Eurasian Marsh Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye mordabi-ye Orasia WILKINSON, DONNELLAN, RAXWORTHY, (P) CAMPBELL, BLOTTO, MOLER, DREWES, IUCN: Least Concern NUSSBAUM, LYNCH, GREEN & WHEELER, 2006 Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Duttaphrynus olivaceus (BLANFORD, 1874) Zanjan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Olive Toad, Vazaq-e zeytooni (P) Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer IUCN: Least Concern Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Qom, Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Markazi, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran, Gilan, Mazandaran, Kerman Provinces. Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Duttaphrynus stomaticus (LÜTKEN, 1864) Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Kerman and Hormozgan Indo-Gangetic (Marbled) Toad, Vazaq-e marmari (L) Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Rana LINNAEUS, 1758 / Wood Frogs Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Rana macrocnemis BOULENGER, 1885 North Khorasan Provinces. Long-Legged Wood Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye jangali-ye pa- Family: DICROGLOSSIDAE ANDERSON, 1871 / Fork- deraz (P) tongued Frogs IUCN: Least Concern Subfamily: DICROGLOSSINAE ANDERSON, 1871 Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Genus: Euphlyctis FITZINGER, 1843 Zanjan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Qazvin and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (SCHNEIDER, 1799) Mazandaran Provinces. Skittering Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye Baloochi (L) Rana pseudodalmatina EISELT & SCHMIDTLER, 1971 IUCN: Least Concern Hircanian Wood Frog, Qoorbaqe-ye jangali-ye Hirkani Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan and (L) Kerman Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Family: HYLIDAE RAFINESQUE, 1815 / Tree Frogs Distribution: Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan and Ardabil No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 267

Provinces. (E) Genus: Salamandra GARSAULT, 1764 Salamandra infraimmaculata (MARTENS, 1885) Order: CAUDATA SCOPOLI, 1777 / Salamanders & Spot-bellied Salamander, Samandar-e shekam-khaldar (P) Newts IUCN: Near Threatened Family: HYNOBIIDAE COPE, 1859 / Asian Salamanders Distribution: Kordestan and Kermanshah Provinces. Subfamily: HYNOBINAE COPE, 1859 Genus: Iranodon DUBIOS & RAFFAËLLI, 2012 (E) Class: REPTILIA LAURENTI, 1768 / REPTILES Comment: Nevertheless, Dubios and Raffaëlli (2012) Order: CROCODYLIA WERMUTH, 1953 / Crocodiles recognized Iranodon as new genus, whereas other Family: CROCODYLIDAE HAY, 1902 / True Crocodiles researchers consider Paradactylodon Risch, 1984 as a Genus: Crocodylus LAURENTI, 1768 valid name. Crocodylus palustris (LESSON, 1831) Iranodon gorganensis (CLERGUE-GAZEAU & Marsh Crocodile, Temsah-e talabi (P) THORN, 1979) IUCN: Vulnerable Gorgan Brook Salamander, Samandar-e jooybari-ye CITES: Appendix I Gorgan (P) C. p. palustris (LESSON, 1831) IUCN: Critically Endangered Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. Distribution: Golestan Province. (E) Order: SQUMATA OPPEL, 1811 Iranodon persicus (EISELT & STEINER, 1970) Suborder: AMPHISBAENIA GRAY, 1844/ Persian Brook Salamander, Samandar-e jooybari-ye Irani (P) Amphisbaenians IUCN: Near Threatened Family: TROGONOPHIDAE GRAY, 1865 / Spade- Distribution: Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan and Ardabil headed Worm Lizards Provinces. (E) Genus: Diplometopon NIKOLSKY, 1907 Family: SALAMANDRIDAE GOLDFUSS, 1820 / True Diplometopon zarudnyi NIKOLSKY, 1907 Salamanders & Newts Zarudny’s Worm Lizard, Kerm-soosmar-e Zarudny (P) Subfamily: PLEURODELINAE TSCHUDI, 1838 IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Neurergus COPE, 1862 / Mountain Newts Distribution: Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces. Neurergus crocatus COPE, 1862 Suborder: SAURIA MCCARTHNEY, 1822 / Lizards Azarbaijan Mountain Newt, Samandar-e koohestani-ye Family: AGAMIDAE SPIX, 1825 / Agamas Azarbaijan (L) Subfamily: AGAMINAE SPIX, 1825 IUCN: Vulnerable Genus: Laudakia GRAY, 1845 / Rock Agamas Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. Laudakia melanura BLYTH, 1854 Neurergus derjugini (NESTEROV, 1916) Black Rock Agama, Agama-ye sakhrei-ye siah (P) Derjugin’s (Kordestan) Mountain Newt, Samandar-e IUCN: Not Listed koohestani-ye Derjugin (P) L. m. lirata (BLANDORD, 1874) IUCN status: Critically Endangered Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman Distribution: Kordestan, Kermanshah and West provinces. Azarbaijan Provinces. Laudakia nupta (DE FILIPPI, 1843) Neurergus kaiseri SCHMIDT, 1952 Large-scaled Rock Agama, Agama-ye sakhrei-ye poolak- Kaiser’s (Lorestan) Mountain Newt, Samandar-e dorosht (L) koohestani-ye Kaiser (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Critically Endangered L. n. fusca (BLANFORD, 1876) CITES: Appendix I Yellow-headed Rock Agama, Agama-ye sakhrei-ye sar- Distribution: Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces. (E) zard (L) Genus: Triturus RAFINESQUE, 1815 / Crested Newts Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Triturus karelinii (STRAUCH, 1870) Kerman Provinces. (E) Karelin’s Crested Newt, Samandar-e tajdar-e Karelin (P) L. n. nupta (DE FILIPPI, 1843) IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Fars, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Distribution: Mazandaran, Gilan, East Azarbaijan and Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Hamedan, Kordestan, West Azarbaijan Provinces. Kermanshah, Yazd, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Subfamily: SALAMANDRINAE GOLDFUSS, 1820 Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Ilam, 268 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Lorestan, Bushehr, Khuzestan, Sistan Va Baluchestan and Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi and Kerman Provinces. Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. Genus: Paralaudakia BAIG, WAGNER, ANANJEVA & Phrynocephalus horvathi MÉHELY, 1894 BÖHME, 2012 Horváth’s Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Paralaudakia caucasia (EICHWALD, 1831) Horvath (P) Caucasian Agama, Agama-ye Qafqazi (P) IUCN: Critically Endangered IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Markazi, Provinces. Esfahan, Yazd, Semnan, Golestan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Phrynocephalus maculatus ANDERSON, 1872 North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Spotted Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, khaldar (P) Kermanshah, Zanjan, Hamedan and Fars Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Paralaudakia erythrogaster (NIKOLSKY, 1896) Ph. m. maculatus ANDERSON, 1872 Red-bellied Agama, Agama-ye shekam-sorkh (P) Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Fars, Esfahan, IUCN: Least Concern Kerman, Yazd, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan Distribution: Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. Provinces. Phrynocephalus mystaceus (PALLAS, 1776) Paralaudakia microlepis (BLANFORD, 1874) Secret Toad-headed Agama Small-scaled Agama, Agama-ye riz-poolak (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Ph. m. galli KRASSOWSKY, 1932 Distribution: Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Touran Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Sistan Va Baluchestan, Yazd, Fars, Esfahan, Chahar Tooran (L) Mahal Va Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Distribution: Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Provinces. Semnan Provinces. Genus: Phrynocephalus KAUP, 1825 / Toad-headed Phrynocephalus ornatus BOULENGER, 1887 Agamas Ornate Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Comment: Following Anderson (1999), the presence arasteh (P) of P. clarkorum ANDERSON & LEVITON, 1967, P. IUCN: Least Concern interscapularis LICHTENSTEIN, 1856, P. luteoguttatus Ph. o. vindumi GOLUBEV, 1998 BOULENGER, 1887 and P. raddei BOETTGER, 1888 Vindum’s Toad-headed Agama in Iran has not been confirmed and there are no reliable Distribution: Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan records from Iran. provinces. Phrynocephalus ahvazicus MELNIKOV, MELNIKOVA, Comment: Solovyeva et al., 2014 placed Ph. ornatus in NAZAROV, RAJABIZADEH, AL-JOHANY, AMR & new Subgenus Microphrynocephalus by genetical and ANANJEVA, 2014 morphological studies. Ahvaz Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Phrynocephalus persicus DE FILIPPI, 1863 Ahvaz (P) Persian Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye IUCN: Not Listed Parsi (P) Distribution: Khuzestan Province. (E) IUCN: Vulnerable Phrynocephalus ananjevae MELNIKOV, MELNIKOVA, Distribution: Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, Kordestan, NAZAROV & RAJABIZADEH, 2013 Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Markazi, Chahar Mahal Va Ananjeva’s Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Bakhtiari and Esfahan Provinces. Ananjeva (P) Phrynocephalus scutellatus (OLIVIER, 1807) IUCN: Not Listed Gray Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi-ye Distribution: Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Province. (E) khakestari (L) Phrynocephalus helioscopus (PALLAS, 1771) IUCN: Not Listed Sunwatcher Toad-headed Agama, Agama-ye sar-vazaqi- Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, ye khorshid-parast (P) Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, North Khorasan, IUCN: Least Concern Sistan Va Baluchestan, Markazi, Chahar Mahal Va Ph. h. helioscopus (PALLAS, 1771) Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Kerman and Hormozgan No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 269

Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Genus: Trapelus CUVIER, 1816 / Ground Agamas CITES: Appendix II Comment: The presence of T. megalonyx GÜNTHER, Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan, 1864 and T. rubrigularis BLANFORD 1875 is probable Tehran, Qom, Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman and Sistan Va in eastern border of Iran. Baluchestan Provinces. Trapelus agilis (OLIVIER, 1804) Saara loricata (BLANFORD, 1874) Agile Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye chabok (P) Armoured Spiny-tailed Agama, Agama-ye dom-tiqi-ye IUCN: Not Listed zerehdar (P) T. a. agilis (OLIVIER, 1804) IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Hamedan, CITES: Appendix II Kermanshah, Markazi, Qom, Esfahan, Fars, Yazd, Distribution: Bushehr, Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Ilam Semnan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Provinces. South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Genus: Uromastyx MERREM, 1820 / Mastigurs Hormozgan Provinces. Uromastyx aegyptia (FORSKÅL, 1775) T. a. khuzistanensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI 1999 Egyptian Mastigure, Soosmar-e khardom-e Mesri (P) Kuzestan Ground Agama IUCN: Vulnerable Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Kohgiluyeh CITES: Appendix II Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces. (E) U. a. microlepis BLANFORD, 1874 Trapelus persicus (BLANFORD, 1881) Small-scaled Mastigure Persian Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye Parsi (P) Distribution: Hormozgan, Bushehr and Fars Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Family: ANGUIDAE GRAY, 1825 / Lateral-fold Lizards Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Bushehr, Fars, Esfahan Subfamily: ANGUINAE GRAY, 1825 and Kerman Provinces. Genus: Anguis LINNAEUS, 1758 / Slow Worms Trapelus ruderatus (OLIVIER, 1804) Anguis colchica (NORDMANN, 1840) Horny-scaled Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye Colchican Slow Worm, Kalmareh (L) poolak-shakhi (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern A. c. orientalis ANDERSON, 1872 T. r. ruderatus (OLIVIER, 1804) Oriental Slow Worm Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Markazi, Distribution: Tehran, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Semnan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, Kerman, Lorestan, Genus: Pseudopus MERREM, 1820 / Glass Lizards Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan,Zanjan, Kordestan, East Pseudopus apodus (PALLAS, 1775) Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan and Ardabil Provinces. Legless Glass Lizard, Lusmar (L) Trapelus sanguinolentus (PALLAS, 1814) IUCN: Not Listed Steppe Agama Ground Agama, Agama-ye zamini-ye Distribution: Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Semnan, esteppi (L) Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardabil, West Azarbaijan, IUCN: Not Listed East Azarbaijan, Lorestan and Tehran Provinces. Distribution: Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and Family: EUBLEPHARIDAE BOULENGER, 1883 / Golestan Provinces. Eublepharids Subfamily: DRACONINAE FITZINGER, 1826 Genus: Eublepharis GRAY, 1827 / Leopard Geckos Genus: Calotes CUVIER, 1816 Eublepharis angramainyu ANDERSON & LEVITON, Calotes versicolor (DAUDIN, 1802) 1966 Indian Variable Lizard, Agama-ye rangarang (P) Angra Mainyu Leopard Gecko, Geko-ye palangi-ye IUCN: Not Listed Ahrimani (P) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. IUCN: Data Deficient Subfamily: UROMASTYCINAE THEOBOLD, 1868 Distribution: Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Genus: Saara GRAY, 1845 / Spiny-tailed Agamas Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Kerman Saara asmussi (STRAUCH, 1863) Provinces. Asmuss’s Spiny-tailed Agama, Agama-ye dom-tiqi-ye Eublepharis macularius (BLYTH, 1854) Asmuss (P) Spotted Leopard Gecko, Geko-ye palangi-ye khaldar (P) 270 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

IUCN: Not Listed ankabooti (P) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan IUCN: Least Concern Provinces. Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Fars Eublepharis turcmenicus DAREVSKY, 1977 and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. Turkmenistan Leopard Gecko, Geko-ye palangi-ye Cyrtopodion brevipes (BLANFORD, 1874) Torkamani (P) Short-legged Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- IUCN: Least Concern khamide-ye pa-kootah (P) Distribution: North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi IUCN: Least Concern Provinces. Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Family: GEKKONIDAE GRAY, 1825 / Geckos Bushehr, Fars and Ilam Provinces. (E) Genus: Agamura BLANFORD, 1874 / Spider Geckos Cyrtopodion gastropholis (WERNER, 1917) Agamura persica (DUMÉRIL, 1856) Rough-belly Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- Persian Spider Gecko, Geko-ye ankabooti-ye Parsi (P) khamide-ye shekam-zebr (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Data Deficient Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Esfahan, Fars, Distribution: Fars, Bushehr, Khuzestan and Kohgiluyeh Kerman, Yazd, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces. (E) Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. Cyrtopodion golubevi NAZAROV, ANANJEVA & Genus: Bunopus BLANFORD, 1874 / Desert Geckos RADJABIZADEH, 2009 Bunopus crassicaudus NIKOLSKY, 1907 Golubev’s Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide- Thick-tailed Desert Gecko, Geko-ye dom-koloft-e biabani ye Golubev (P) (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Data Deficient Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E) Distribution: Qom, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Cyrtopodion hormozganum NAZAROV, Markazi, Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman, South Khorasan, BONDARENKO & RADJABIZADEH, 2012 Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces. (E) Hormozgan Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide- Bunopus tuberculatus BLANFORD, 1874 ye Hormozgan (P) Tuberculated Desert Gecko, Geko-ye zegildar-e biabani IUCN: Not Listed (P) Distribution: Hormozgan Province. (E) IUCN: Least Concern Cyrtopodion kachhense (STOLICZKA, 1872) Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Esfahan, Kachh Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, Fars, Bushehr, Kachh (P) Hormozgan, Kerman, Yazd, Sistan Va Baluchestan, IUCN: Not Listed South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Distribution: Bushehr Province. Provinces. Comment: There is only one unconfirmed report for Genus: Crossobamon BOETTGER, 1888 / Fringe-toed Cyrtopodion kachhense in 1913 from Iran (Rastegar- Geckos Pouyani et al., 2008). Crossobamon eversmanni (WIEGMANN, 1834) Cyrtopodion kiabii AHMADZADEH, FLECKS, TORKI Eversmann’s Fringe-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-sajafi- & BÖHME, 2011 ye Eversmann (P) Kiabi’s Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye IUCN: Not Listed Kiabi (P) C. e. eversmanni (WIEGMANN, 1834) IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E) Provinces. Cyrtopodion kirmanense (NIKOLSKY, 1900) C. e. lumsdeni (BOULENGER, 1887) Kerman Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye Lumsden’s Fringe-toed Geckos Kerman (P) Distribution: Semnan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Cyrtopodion FITZINGER, 1843 / Bent-toed Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman Geckos provinces. (E) Cyrtopodion agamuroides (NIKOLSKY, 1900) Cyrtopodion persepolense NAZAROV, ANANJEVA & Spider Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide-ye RADJABIZADEH, 2009 No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 271

Persepolis Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide- Iranian Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-motevaset-e ye Perspolis (P) Irani (L) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Data Deficient Distribution: Fars province. (E) Distribution: Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Cyrtopodion scabrum (HEYDEN, 1827) Lorestan, Hamedan and Kermanshah Provinces. (E) Rough-tail Bent-toed gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamide- Mediodactylus heterocercum (BLANFORD, 1874) ye dom-zebr (P) Blanford’s Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- IUCN: Least Concern motevaset-e Blanford (L) Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Qom, Markazi, IUCN: Least Concern Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer M. h. heterocercum (BLANFORD, 1874) Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Distribution: Hamedan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamedan, Kordestan, Gilan, East Lorestan, Markazi and Esfahan Provinces. Azarbaijan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Mediodactylus heteropholis (MINTON, ANDERSON & South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. ANDERSON, 1970) Cyrtopodion sistanensis NAZAROV & RAJABIZADEH, Iraqui Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-motevaset-e 2007 Araqi (L) Sistan Bent-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-khamideh-ye IUCN: Data Deficient Sistan (P) Distribution: Ilam, Lorestan and Kermanshah Province. IUCN: Least Concern Mediodactylus ilamensis (FATHINIA, KARAMIANI, Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E) DARVISHNIA, HEIDARI & RASTEGAR-POUYANI, Genus: Hemidactylus OKEN, 1817 2011) Hemidactylus flaviviridis RÜPPELL, 1835 Ilam Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-motevaset-e Yellow-bellied House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Ilam (P) shekam-zard (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Ilam Province. (E) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Mediodactylus russowii (STRAUCH, 1887) Bushehr, Fars and Khuzestan Provinces. Transcaspian Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- Hemidactylus persicus ANDERSON, 1872 motevaset-e mavaraye Khazar (P) Persian House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Parsi (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Not Listed M. r. zarudnayi (NIKOLSKY, 1899) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Zarudny’s Middle-toed Gecko Fars, Bushehr, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Khorasan Razavi and Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Lorestan and Ilam Semnan Provinces. Provinces. Mediodactylus sagittiferum (NIKOLSKY, 1900) Comment: Based on Šmíd et al., (2013), deep level Jaz Murian Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- of intraspecific differentiation exsit within the Iranian motevaset-e Jazmoorian (P) populations. IUCN: Data Deficient Hemidactylus robustus HEYDEN, 1827 Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Robust House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Farbeh (P) Hormozgan Provinces. (E) IUCN: Not Listed Mediodactylus spinicauda (STRAUCH, 1887) Distribution: Lorestan, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan Thorny-tailed Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- Va Baluchestan Provinces. motevaset-e dom-khardar (P) Hemidactylus romeshkanicus TORKI, 2011 IUCN: Least Concern Romeshkan House Gecko, Geko-ye khanegi-ye Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Golestan, South Romeshkan (P) Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Mediodactylus stevenandersoni (TORKI, 2011) Distribution: Lorestan Province. (E) Steven Anderson’s Middle-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- Genus: Mediodactylus SZCZERBAK & GOLUBEV, motevaset-e Steven Anderson (P) 1977 / Middle-toed Geckos IUCN: Not Listed Mediodactylus aspratilis (ANDERSON, 1973) Distribution: Lorestan and Markazi Provinces. (E) 272 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Comment: Based on Sadeghi and Torki (2011), M. Iranian Comb-fingered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-shaneh-e stevenandersoni is probably occurs in Kermanshah and Irani (L) Ilam provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Microgecko NIKOLSKY, 1907 / Tiny Geckos Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr, Ilam and Hormozgan Microgecko helenae (NIKOLSKY, 1907) Provinces. Helen’s Tiny Gecko, Geko-ye koochak-e Helen (P) Stenodactylus arabicus (HAAS, 1957) IUCN: Data Deficient Arabian Comb-fingered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- M. h. helenae (NIKOLSKY, 1907) shaneh-e Arabi (P) Distribution: Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va IUCN: Least Concern Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr and Kerman Provinces. (E) Distribution: Khuzestan Province. M. h. fasciatus (SCHMIDTLER & SCHMIDTLER, Stenodactylus doriae (BLANFORD, 1874) 1972) Doria’s Comb-fingered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-shaneh-e Schmidtler’s Tiny Gecko Doria (P) Distribution: Kermanshah and Lorestan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Microgecko latifi (LEVITON & ANDERSON, 1972) Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan Latifi’s Tiny Gecko, Geko-ye koochak-e Latifi (P) Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Tenuidactylus SZCZERBAK & GOLUBEV, 1984 Distribution: Kerman, Fars, Esfahan, Yazd, Qom and / Thin-toed Geckos Markazi Provinces. (E) Tenuidactylus caspius (EICHWALD, 1831) Microgecko persicus (NIKOLSKY, 1903) Caspian Thin-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-nazok-e Persian Tiny Gecko, Geko-ye koochak-e Parsi (P) Khazari (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern M. p. bakhtiari MINTON, ANDERSON & ANDERSON, T. c. caspius (EICHWALD, 1831) 1972 Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Bakhtiari’s Tiny Gecko Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Ardabil, Gilan, Distribution: Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan, Golestan, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran and Qom Bushehr and Fars Provinces. (E) Provinces. M. p. persicus (NIKOLSKY, 1903) Tenuidactylus longipes (NIKOLSKY, 1896) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Long-legged Thin-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-nazok-e Fars and Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Provinces. pa-deraz (P) Genus: Pseudoceramodactylus HAAS, 1957 IUCN: Not Listed Pseudoceramodactylus khobarensis HAAS, 1957 T. l. longipes (NIKOLSKY, 1896) Khobar Short-fingered Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-kootah-e Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Khobar (P) Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Comment: T. l. microlepis (LANTZ 1918) is probably Distribution: Hormozgan Province. occurring in eastern border of Iran (Anderson 1999; Genus: Rhinogecko DE WITTE, 1973 / Swollen-nose Shafiei Baftiet al., 2010). Geckos Tenuidactylus turcmenicus (SZCZERBAK, 1978) Comment: Based on Anderson (1999), occurrence of Turkmen Thin-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-nazok-e Rhinogecko femoralis SMITH, 1933 in Southeastern Torkamani (P) border of Iran is almost certain, but not confirmed. IUCN: Not Listed Rhinogecko misonnei DE WITTE, 1973 Distribution: Golestan Province. Misonne’s Swollen-nose Gecko, Geko-ye bini-kargadani- Genus: Tropiocolotes PETERS, 1880 ye Misonne (P) Tropiocolotes naybandensis KRAUSE, IUCN: Least Concern AHMADZADEH, MOAZENI, WAGNER & WILMS, Distribution: Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan and South 2013 Khorasan Provinces. Nayband Dwarf Gecko, Geko-ye kootoleh-ye Nayband Genus: Stenodactylus FITZINGER, 1826 / Comb- (P) fingered Geckos IUCN: Not Listed Stenodactylus affinis (MURRAY, 1884) Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E) No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 273

Tropiocolotes cf. steudneri (PETERS, 1869) Acanthodactylus schmidti HAAS, 1957 Steudner’s Dwarf Gecko, Geko-ye kootoleh-ye Steudner Schmidt’s Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye (P) Schmidt (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Hormozgan, Fars and Bushehr Provinces. Distribution: Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad Family: LACERTIDAE BONAPARTE, 1831 / Typical and Bushehr Provinces. Lizards Genus: Apathya MEHELY, 1907 Genus: Acanthodactylus FITZINGER, 1834 / Fringe- Apathya cappadocica (WERNER, 1902) toed Lizards Anatolian Lizard, Soosmar-e Anatoli (P) Acanthodactylus blanfordii BOULENGER, 1918 IUCN: Least Concern Blanford’s Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye A. c. urmiana (LANTZ & SUCHOW 1934) Blanford (P) Urmia Anatolian Lizard IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan and Ilam Provinces. and South Khorasan Provinces. A. c. muhtari (Eiselt, 1979) Acanthodactylus boskianus (DAUDIN, 1802) Muhtar’s Anatolian Lizard Bosc’s Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Distribution: Kordestan Province. Bosc (P) Apathya yassujica (NILSON, RASTEGAR-POUYANI, IUCN: Not Listed RASTEGAR-POUYANI & ANDRÉN, 2003) A. b. euphraticus BOULENGER, 1919 Yasuj Lizard, Soosmar-e Yasooj (P) Euphrates Fringe-toed Lizard IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Kermanshah and Ilam Provinces. Distribution: Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad and Chahar (NTHER, 1864 Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces. (EـAcanthodactylus cantoris G Cantor’s Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Genus: Darevskia ARRIBAS, 1997 / Darevski’s Lizards Cantor (P) Darevskia caspica AHMADZADEH, FLECKS, IUCN: Not Listed CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME, HARRIS, Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. FREITAS & RÖDDER, 2013 Acanthodactylus grandis BOULENGER, 1909 Caspian Sea Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye daryay-e- Giant Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye Khazar (P) bozorg (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Mazandaran Province. (E) Distribution: Khuzestan and Bushehr Provinces. Darevskia chlorogaster (BOULENGER, 1908) Acanthodactylus khamirensis HEIDARI, RASTEGAR- Green-bellied Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye shekam- POUYANI, RASTEGAR-POUYANI & RAJABIZADEH, sabz (L) 2013 IUCN: Least Concern Khamir Port Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh- Distribution: Ardabil, Gilan and Mazandaran Provinces. ye Bandar-e-Khamir (P) Darevskia defilippii (CAMERANO, 1877) IUCN: Not Listed De Filippi’s Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye De Filippi Distribution: Hormozgan Province. (E) (P) Acanthodactylus micropholis BLANFORD, 1874 IUCN: Least Concern Small-scaled Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh- Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran and Gilan ye riz-poolak (P) Provinces. (E) IUCN: Not Listed Darevskia kamii AHMADZADEH, FLECKS, Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖ HME, Kerman, Fars and Bushehr Provinces. HARRIS,FREITAS & RÖDDER, 2013 Acanthodactylus nilsoni RASTEGAR-POUYANI, 1998 Kami’s Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Kami (P) Nilson’s Fringe-toed Lizard, Soosmar-e pa-sharabeh-ye IUCN: Not Listed Nilson (P) Distribution: Golestan Province. (E) IUCN: Data Deficient Darevskia kopetdaghica AHMADZADEH, FLECKS, Distribution: Kermanshah Province. (E) CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME, HARRIS, 274 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

FREITAS & RÖDDER, 2013 Eremias arguta (PALLAS, 1773) Kopet-Dagh Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Kopeh- Bright Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Barragh (P) Daq (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Semnan, Distribution: North Khorasan Province. Ardabil and East Azarbaijan Provinces. Darevskia praticola (EVERSMANN, 1834) Eremias fasciata BLANFORD, 1874 Meadow Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye alafzar (P) Narrow-banded Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye IUCN: Near Threatened navar-dar (P) Distribution: Ardabil and Gilan Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Darevskia raddei (BOETTGER, 1892) Distribution: Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Radde’s Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Radde (P) Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Semnan, IUCN: Least Concern Yazd and Qom Provinces. D. r. raddei (BOETTGER, 1892) Eremias grammica (LICHTENSTEIN, 1823) Distribution: East Azarbaijan and Ardabil Provinces. Reticulate Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye shatranji D. r. chaldoranensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI, (P) KARAMIANI, ORAEI, KHOSRAWANI & RASTEGAR- IUCN: Not Listed POUYANI, 2011 Distribution: South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Chaldoran Rock Lizard Provinces. Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. (E) Eremias intermedia (STRAUCH, 1876) D. r. vanensis (EISELT, SCHMIDTLER & DAREWSKY, Medial Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye miyani (P) 1993) IUCN: Not Listed Lake Van Rock Lizard Distribution: Khorasan Razavi Province. Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. Eremias kavirensis MOZAFFARI & PARHAM, 2007 Darevskia schaekeli AHMADZADEH, FLECKS, Kavir Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Kavir (P) CARRETERO, MOZAFFARI, BÖHME, HARRIS, IUCN: Least Concern FREITAS, RÖDDER, 2013 Distribution: Esfahan Province. (E) Schäkel’s Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Schakel (P) Eremias kopetdaghica SZCZERBAK, 1972 IUCN: Not Listed Kopet Dagh Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Distribution: Tehran, Mazandaran and Golestan Kopeh-Daq (P) Provinces. (E) IUCN: Not Listed Darevskia steineri (EISELT, 1995) Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan and Steiner’s Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Steiner (P) Khorasan Razavi Provinces. IUCN: Data Deficient Eremias lalezharica MORAVEC, 1994 Distribution: Golestan Province. (E) Lalehzar Racerunner, Lacerta-ye davandeh-ye Lalehzar Darevskia valentini (BOETTGER, 1892) (L) Valentin’s Rock Lizard, Soosmar-e sangi-ye Valentin (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Kerman Province. (E) Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. Eremias lineolata (NIKOLSKY, 1896) Genus: Eremias FITZINGER, 1834 / Desert Lacertas Striped Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye rah-rah (P) Eremias acutirostris (BOULENGER, 1887) IUCN: Not Listed Point-snouted Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Distribution: South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North poozeh-nok-tiz (P) Khorasan and Semnan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Eremias montana RASTEGAR-POUYANI & Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and South Khorasan RASTEGAR-POUYANI, 2001 Provinces. Mountain Racerunner, Lacerta-ye davandeh-ye koohestan Eremias andersoni DAREVSKY & SZCZERBAK, 1978 (P) Anderson’s Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye IUCN: Least Concern Anderson (P) Distribution: Kermanshah, Kordestan and Qazvin IUCN: Least Concern Provinces. (E) Distribution: Semnan, Qom and Esfahan Provinces. (E) Eremias nigrocellata NIKOLSKY, 1896 No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 275

Black-ocellated Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Iranolacerta brandtii (DE FILIPPI, 1863) khaldar (P) Brandt’s Iranian Lacerta, Lacerta-ye Irani-ye Brandt (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Data Deficient Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan and Semnan Kordestan, Gilan and Esfahan Provinces. Provinces. Comment: Šmíd et al., (2014) assumed that I. b. Eremias nigrolateralis RASTEGAR-POUYANI & esfahanica (NILSON, N. RASTEGAR-POUYANI, E. NILSON, 1998 RASTEGAR-POUYANI & ANDRÉN, 2003) is younger Black-sided Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye synonym of I. b. brandtii (DE FILIPPI, 1863). pahloo-siah (P) Iranolacerta zagrosica (RASTEGAR-POUYANI & IUCN: Least Concern NILSON, 1998) Distribution: Fars Province. (E) Zagros Iranian Lacerta, Lacerta-ye Irani-ye Zagros (P) Eremias papenfussi MOZAFFARI, AHMADZADEH & IUCN: Least Concern PARHAM, 2011 Distribution: Esfahan, Lorestan and Chahar Mahal Va Papenfuss’s Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Bakhtiari Provinces. (E) Papenfuss (P) Genus: Lacerta LINNAEUS, 1758 / Lacertas IUCN: Not Listed Comment: Ahmadzadeh et al., (2011) assumed that Distribution: Tehran, Alborz and Qazvin Provinces. (E) Lacerta mostoufii BALOUTCH, 1976 is a nomen dubium. Eremias persica BLANFORD, 1874 Lacerta media LANTZ & CYRÉN, 1920 Persian Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Parsi (P) Three-lined Lacerta, Lacerta-ye se-khatti (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Qom, Esfahan, L. m. media LANTZ & CYRÉN, 1920 Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Markazi, Zanjan, Semnan, Distribution: Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Fars and Yazd Provinces. Esfahan Provinces. Eremias pleskei NIKOLSKY, 1905 Lacerta strigata EICHWALD, 1831 Pleske’s Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Pleske (P) Caspian Green Lacerta, Lacerta-ye sabz-e-Khazari (L) IUCN: Critically Endangered IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijan Distribution: Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Ardabil and Provinces. East Azarbaijan Provinces. Eremias strauchi KESSLER, 1878 Genus: Mesalina GRAY, 1838 / Sand Lizards Strauch’s Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Strauch Mesalina brevirostris BLANFORD, 1874 (P) Short-snouted Sand Lizard, Soosmar-e rigzar-e poozeh- IUCN: Least Concern kootah (P) Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil IUCN: Least Concern and Kordestan Provinces. M. b. brevirostris BLANFORD, 1874 Eremias suphani BAŞOĞLU & HELLMICH, 1968 Distribution: Hormozgan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Suphan Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye Soophan Provinces. (P) M. b. fieldi (HAAS & WERNER, 1969) IUCN: Least Concern Field Sand Lizard Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam and Bushehr Provinces. Eremias velox (PALLAS, 1771) Mesalina watsonana (STOLICZKA, 1872) Rapid Desert Lacerta, Lacerta-ye biabani-ye chabok (P) Watson’s Sand Lizard, Soosmar-e rigzar-e Watson (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed E. v. velox (PALLAS, 1771) Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Markazi, Qom, Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Markazi, Qazvin, Qom, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Gilan, Semnan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Semnan, Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces. North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Genus: Iranolacerta ARNOLD, ARRIBAS & Yazd, Kerman and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. CARRANZA, 2007 / Iranian Lacertas Genus: Ophisops MÉNÉTRIES, 1832 / Snake-eyed 276 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Lizards AVCI & KUMLUTAS, 2011 Ophisops elegans MÉNÉTRIES, 1832 Iranian Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Irani Elegant Snake-eyed Lizard, Soosmar-e mar-cheshm-e (P) ziba (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E) Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Semnan, Qazvin, Zanjan, Asaccus kermanshahensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, 1996 Kermanshah, Hamedan, Ilam, Lorestan, Khuzestan, Kermanshah Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Fars, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Kermanshah (P) Ahmad, Markazi, Qom, Esfahan, Yazd, Kerman and IUCN: Least Concern Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. Distribution: Kermanshah Province. (E) Genus: Timon TSCHUDI, 1836 Asaccus kurdistanensis RASTEGAR-POUYANI, Timon kurdistanica SUCHOW, 1936 NILSON & FAIZI, 2006 Kurdistan Lacerta, Lacerta-ye Kordestan (P) Kurdistan Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye IUCN: Not Listed Kordestan (P) Distribution: Kordestan and Kermanshah Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Timon princeps (BLANFORD, 1874) Distribution: Kordestan and Kermanshah Provinces. (E) Prince Lacerta, Lacerta-ye perans (P) Asaccus nasrullahi WERNER, 2006 IUCN: Least Concern Nasrullah’s Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Distribution: Ilam, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Nasrollah (P) Ahmad, Lorestan, Esfahan and Fars Provinces. (E) IUCN: Least Concern Family: PHYLLODACTYLIDAE GAMBLE, BAUER, Distribution: Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces. (E) GREENBAUM & JACKMAN, 2008 / Leaf-toed Geckos Asaccus tangestanensis TORKI, AHMADZADEH, Genus: Asaccus DIXON & ANDERSON, 1973 / Leaf- ILGAZ, AVCI & KUMLUTAS, 2011 toed Geckos Tangestan Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Asaccus andersoni TORKI, FATHINIA, ROSTAMI, Tangestan (P) GHARZI & NAZARI-SERENJEH, 2011 IUCN: Not Listed Anderson’s Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E) Anderson (P) Asaccus zagrosicus TORKI, AHMADZADEH, ILGAZ, IUCN: Not Listed AVCI & KUMLUTAS, 2011 Distribution: Ilam Province. (E) Zagros Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Asaccus elisae (WERNER, 1895) Zagros (P) Elisa’s Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Elisa IUCN: Not Listed (P) Distribution: Lorestan Province. (E) IUCN: Least Concern Family: SCINCIDAE OPPEL, 1811 / Skinks Distribution: Kermanshah, Ilam, Lorestan, Khuzestan, Subfamily: EUGONGYLINAE WELCH, 1982 Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Bushehr Genus: Ablepharus FITZINGER, 1823 / Snake-eyed Provinces. Skinks Asaccus granularis TORKI, 2010 Ablepharus bivittatus (MENETRIES, 1832) Granular-scaled Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht- Two-streaked Snake-eyed Skink, Skink-e mar-cheshm-e bargi-ye poolak-gerd (P) do-khatti (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Lorestan and Khuzestan Provinces. (E) Distribution: East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Kordestan, Asaccus griseonotus DIXON & ANDERSON, 1973 Kermanshah, Qazvin, Tehran, Mazandaran, Semnan and Gray-marked Leaf-toed Gecko, Geko-ye angosht-bargi-ye Fars Provinces. khakestari (P) Ablepharus pannonicus FITZINGER, 1823 IUCN: Least Concern Asian Snake-eyed Skink, Skink-e mar-cheshm-e Asiayi Distribution: Kermanshah, Lorestan and Khuzestan (L) Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Asaccus iranicus TORKI, AHMADZADEH, ILGAZ, Distribution: Semnan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 277

Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Hormozgan Provinces. Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Genus: Eurylepis BLYTH, 1854 / Mole Skinks Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Kerman, Eurylepis taeniolatus BLYTH, 1854 South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. Ribbon-sided Mole Skink, Skink-e haffar-e pahloo- Subfamily: MABUYINAE MITTLEMAN, 1952 khaldar (P) Genus: Trachylepis FITZINGER, 1843 / Grass Skinks IUCN: Not Listed Trachylepis aurata (LINNAEUS, 1758) E. t. parthianicus (SZCZERBAK, 1990) Golden Grass Skink, Skink-e alafzar-e talayi (P) Parthian Mole Skink IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Khorasan Razavi and Semnan Provinces. T. a. transcaucasica (CHERNOV, 1926) Genus: Ophiomorus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON, 1839 / Transcaucasian Grass Skink Snake Skinks Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Comment: Following Ananjeva et al. (2006) presence of Zanjan, Qazvin, Markazi, Alborz, Tehran, Qom, Esfahan, Ophiomorus chernovi ANDERSON & LEVITON, 1966 Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, in northeastern of Iran is probable. Kordestan, Semnan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Ophiomorus blanfordii BOULENGER, 1887 Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. Blanford’s Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Blanford Trachylepis septemtaeniata (REUSS, 1834) (P) Southern Grass Skink, Skink-e alafzar-e jonoobi (L) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. Distribution: Qom, Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Chahar Ophiomorus brevipes (BLANFORD, 1874) Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Short-legged Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e pa-kootah Bushehr, Fars, Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces. (P) Trachylepis vittata (OLIVIER, 1804) IUCN: Not Listed Bridled Grass Skink, Skink-e alafzar-e ramook (P) Distribution: Semnan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, IUCN: Least Concern Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Hormozgan Distribution: Kermanshah and Ilam Provinces. Provinces. Subfamily: SCINCINAE GRAY, 1825 Ophiomorus maranjabensis KAZEMI, FARHADI Genus: Chalcides LAURENTI, 1768 / Cylindrical Skinks QOMI, KAMI & ANDERSON, 2011 (L, 1775) Maranjab Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Maranjab (PإChalcides ocellatus (FORSK Ocellated Cylindrical Skink, Skink-e khal-cheshmi (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Esfahan Province. (E) C. o. ocellatus (FORSKÅL, 1775) Ophiomorus nuchalis NILSON & ANDRÉN, 1978 Distribution: Bushehr, Hormozgan and Sistan Va Plateau Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e falat (L) Baluchestan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Eumeces WIEGMANN, 1834 / Long-legged Distribution: Semnan, Tehran, Esfahan, Qom and Yazd Skinks Provinces. (E) Eumeces schneideri (DAUDIN, 1802) Ophiomorus persicus (STEINDACHNER, 1867) Schneider’s Long-legged Skink, Skink-e pa-boland-e Persian Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Parsi (P) Schneider (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Fars and Kerman Provinces. (E) E. s. princeps (EICHWALD, 1839) Ophiomorus streeti ANDERSON & LEVITON, 1966 Prince Long-legged Skink Street’s Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e Street (P) Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, IUCN: Least Concern Zanjan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh Va Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E) Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Kerman,Yazd, Gilan, Qazvin, Alborz, Ophiomorus tridactylus (BLYTH, 1853) Tehran, Qom, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan, North Three-toed Snake Skink, Skink-e mar-shekl-e se-angoshti Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces. (P) E. s. zarudnyi NIKOLSKY, 1900 IUCN: Not Listed Zarudny’s Long-legged Skink Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Distribution: South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan and Hormozgan Provinces. 278 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Genus: Scincus LAURENTI, 1768 / Sandfishes Varanus bengalensis (DAUDIN, 1802) Scincus mitranus ANDERSON, 1871 Bengal Monitor, Bozmajeh-ye Bangal (P) Mitra’s Sandfish, Mahi-ye shenzar-e Mitra (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Least Concern CITES: Appendix I Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. V. b. bengalensis (DAUDIN, 1802) Scincus scincus (LINNAEUS, 1758) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman and Common Sandfish, Mahi-ye shenzar-e mamooli (P) Hormozgan Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Varanus griseus (DAUDIN, 1803) S. s. conirostris BLANFORD, 1881 Gray Desert Monitor, Bozmajeh-ye biabani-ye khakestari Cone-snouted Sandfish (P) Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Kerman IUCN: Not Listed Provinces. CITES: Appendix I Family: SPHAERODACTYLIDAE GAMBLE, BAUER, V. g. griseus (DAUDIN, 1803) GREENBAUM & JACKMAN, 2008 / Plate-fingered Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Bushehr and Genus: Pristurus RÜPPELL, 1835 Fars Provinces. Pristurus rupestris BLANFORD, 1874 V. g. caspius (EICHWALD, 1831) Blanford’s Rock Gecko, Geko-ye sanglakh-e Blanford (L) Caspian Desert Monitor IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Markazi, Esfahan, P. r. rupestris SCHMIDT, 1952 Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Distribution: Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Bushehr Ahmad, Fars, Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, and Fars Provinces. Kerman, Yazd, Semnan, North Khorasan, Khorasan P. r. iranicus BLANFORD, 1874 Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces. Iranian Rock Gecko Suborder: SERPENTES LINNAEUS, 1758 / Snakes Distribution: Bushehr Province. (E) Family: COLUBRIDAE OPPEL, 1811 / Typical Snakes Genus: Teratoscincus STRAUCH, 1863 / Plate-tailed Subfamily: COLUBRINAE OPPEL, 1811 Geckos Genus: Boiga FITZINGER, 1826 Teratoscincus bedriagai NIKOLSKY, 1900 Boiga trigonata (SCHNEIDER, 1802) Bedraiga’s Plate-tailed Gecko, Geko-ye dom-pakh-e Indian Cat Snake, Gorbeh mar-e Hendi (P) Bedraiga (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Not Listed B. t. melanocephala (ANNANDALE, 1904) Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Black-headed Cat Snake Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Provinces. South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan and Teratoscincus scincus (SCHLEGEL, 1858) Semnan Provinces. Common Plate-tailed Gecko, Geko-ye dom-pakh-e Genus: Coronella LAURENTI, 1768 mamooli (P) Coronella austriaca LAURENTI, 1768 IUCN: Not Listed Austrian Smooth Snake, Mar-e baraq-e Otrishi (P) T. s. keyserlingii (STRAUCH, 1863) IUCN: Not Listed Keyserling’s Plate-tailed Gecko C. a. austriaca LAURENTI, 1768 Distribution: Qom, Semnan, Esfahan, Yazd, Fars, Distribution: Alboz, Tehran, West Azarbaijan, Gilan, Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan Va Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Baluchestan and Hormozgan Provinces. Genus: Dolichophis GISTEL, 1868 / Whip Snakes Teratoscincus microlepis NIKOLSKY, 1899 Dolichophis caspius (GMELIN, 1789) Small-scaled Plate-tailed Gecko, Geko-ye dom-pakh-e Caspian Whip Snake, Mar-e shalaqi-ye Khazar (P) riz-poolak (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed D. c. caspius GMELIN, 1789 Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Kerman Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Provinces. Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Tehran, Family: VARANIDAE GRAY, 1827 / Monitors Qazvin, Zanjan and Hamedan Provinces. Genus: Varanus MERREM, 1820 Dolichophis jugularis (LINNAEUS, 1758) No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 279

Large Whip Snake, Mar-e shalaqi-ye bozorg (P) Zanjan, Markazi, Gilan, Tehran, North Khorasan and IUCN: Least Concern Khorasan Razavi Provinces. D. j. jugularis (LINNAEUS, 1758) Eirenis (Pediophis) punctatolineatus (BOETTGER, Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, 1892) Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Dotted Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye khaldar (P) Razavi, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, IUCN: Least Concern Markazi, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, E. (P.) p. condoni (BOULENGER, 1920) Lorestan, Esfahan and Khuzestan Provinces. Condon’s Dwarf Snake Dolichophis schmidti (NIKOLSKY, 1909) Distribution: Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Schmidt’s Whip Snake, Mar-e shalaqi-ye Schmidt (P) Bushehr, Hormozgan and Kerman Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern E. (P.) p. punctatolineatus (BOETTGER, 1892) Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Distribution: Markazi, Esfahan, Fars, Khuzestan, Ilam, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Lorestan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, West Azarbaijan, East Razavi, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan and Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Qazvin, Tehran, Semnan, Khuzestan Provinces. Gilan and North Khorasan Provinces. Genus: Eirenis JAN, 1863 / Dwarf Snakes Eirenis (Pediophis ?) rechingeri EISELT, 1971 Comment: Rajabizadeh et al., (2012) described Eirenis Rechinger’s Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye Rechinger (Pediophis) kermanensis as a new species, but because (P) morphology of this new species is very similar to E. IUCN: Data Deficient medus, Mahlow et al., (2013) suggested more specimens Distribution: Fars Province. (E) must be collected and further studies should be carried Comment: Mahlow et al., (2013) followed the recent out. authors and placed Eirenis rechingeri into the subgenus Based on Gholamhosseini et al., (2009) and Mahlow Pediophis. et al., (2013) Eirenis (Eoseirenis) decemlineatus Subgenus: Pseudocyclophis BOETTGER, 1888 (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854) has not been Eirenis (Pseudocyclophis) persicus (ANDERSON, 1872) recorded in Iran. Persian Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye Parsi (P) Subgenus: Eirenis JAN, 1863 IUCN: Not Listed Eirenis (Eirenis) modestus (MARTIN, 1838) Comment: Based on Ananjeva et al., (2006) and Mild Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye aram (P) Gholamifard et al., (2012) Eirenis Pseudocyclophis IUCN: Least Concern nigrofasciatus (NIKOSLKY, 1907) dosen’t have E. (E.) m. modestus (MARTIN, 1838) taxonomic value. Distribution: Markazi, Zanjan and Golestan Provinces. E. (P.) p. persicus (ANDERSON, 1872) Subgenus: Pediophis FITZINGER, 1843 Distribution: Bushehr, Fars, Hormozgan, Kerman, Eirenis (Pediophis) collaris (MÉNÉTRIES, 1832) Khuzestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Markazi, Tehran, Collared Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye toq-dar (P) Mazandaran and North Khorasan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Elaphe FITZINGER, 1833 E. (P.) c. collaris (MÉNÉTRIES, 1832) Comment: Although some researchers continue to use Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Markazi, Qazvin, Zanjan, Elaphe, the Iranian species have been placed by others Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, in Zamenis Wagler, 1830, reserving Elaphe for the North Hamedan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, Esfahan, American species. Bushehr and Fars Provinces. Elaphe dione (PALLAS, 1773) Eirenis (Pediophis) coronella (SCHLEGEL, 1837) Dione’s Rat Snake, Mar-e mooshkhar-e Dione (P) Crowned Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye taj-dar (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Mazandaran, Semnan, Golestan, Gilan and E. (P.) c. coronella (SCHLEGEL, 1837) West Azarbaijan Provinces. Distribution: Khuzestan and Gilan Provinces. Elaphe sauromates (PALLAS, 1811) Eirenis (Pediophis) medus (CHERNOV, 1940) Four-lined Rat Snake, Mar-e mooshkhar-e char-khati (P) Striped Dwarf Snake, Mar-e kootoleh-ye rah-rah (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Tehran, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan, Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan 280 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6 and West Azarbaijan Provinces. Ridgeway (P) Genus: Hemorrhois BOIE, 1826 IUCN: Least Concern Hemorrhois nummifer (REUSS, 1834) Distribution: Khuzestan, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Coin-marked Snake, Mar-e khal-sekeh-ee (P) Kerman, Esfahan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Markazi, IUCN: Not Listed Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan, Distribution: Zanjan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Markazi, Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Khorasan Genus: Oligodon BOIE, 1826 / Kukri Snakes Razavi and Fars Provinces. Oligodon taeniolatus (JERDON, 1853) Hemorrhois ravergieri (MÉNÉTRIES, 1832) Striped Kukri Snake, Mar-e rah rah (P) Ravergier’s Snake, Mar-e Ravergier (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Not Listed O. t. taeniolatus (JERDON, 1853) Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Distribution: Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Zanjan and West Azarbaijan Provinces. Kermanshah, Hamedan, Markazi, Lorestan, Ilam, Genus: Platyceps BLYTH, 1826 Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Platyceps karelini (BRANDT, 1838) Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kerman, Esfahan, Qom, Semnan, Karelin’s Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e Karelin (P) Mazandaran, Gilan, Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan IUCN: Not Listed Razavi and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. P. k. chesneii (MARTIN, 1838) Genus: Hierophis FITZINGER, 1843 Chesney’s Flat-headed Snake Hierophis andreanus (WERNER, 1917) Distribution: Fars, Esfahan, Bushehr, Lorestan, Khuzestan Andrea’s Racer, Mar-e Andrea (P) and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern P. k. karelini (BRANDT, 1838) Distribution: Fars, Bushehr, Kerman, Lorestan, Markazi, Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Khuzestan, Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces. (E) Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan, Genus: Lycodon BOIE, 1826 Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran, Qom, Esfahan and Yazd Lycodon striatus (SHAW, 1802) Provinces. Barred Wolf Snake, Mar-e gorgi-ye rah-rah (P) Platyceps najadum (EICHWALD, 1831) IUCN: Not Listed Slender Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e peikani (P) L. s. bicolor (NIKOLSKY 1903) IUCN: Least Concern Bicolored Wolf Snake P. n. najadum (EICHWALD, 1831) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan and Hormozgan Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Provinces. Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Genus: Lytorhynchus PETERS, 1862 / Leafnose Snakes Kermanshah, Ilam, Hamedan, Markazi, Esfahan, Lytorhynchus diadema (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & Bushehr, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh Va DUMÉRIL, 1854) Boyer Ahmad, Lorestan, Qom, Semnan, Mazandaran, Diadem Leafnose Snake, Mar-e bini-bargi-ye taj-almasi Gilan, Golestan, North Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi (P) Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern P. n. schmidtleri (SCHÄTTI and MCCARTHY, 2001) L. d. gaddi (NIKOLSKY, 1907) Schmidtler’s Flat-headed Snake Gadd’s Leafnose Snake Distribution: Fars, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Distribution: Khuzestan, Ilam, Bushehr, Hormozgan and Ahmad and Kerman Provinces. (E) Kerman Provinces. Platyceps rhodorachis (JAN, 1865) Lytorhynchus maynardi ALCOCK & FINN, 1897 Braid Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e qeytani (P) Maynard’s Leafnose Snake, Mar-e bini-bargi-ye Maynard IUCN: Not Listed (P) P. r. ladacensis (ANDERSON, 1871) IUCN: Least Concern Ladak Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e dasty (L) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Lytorhynchus ridgewayi BOULENGER, 1887 Qazvin, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Ridgeway’s Leafnose Snake, Mar-e bini-bargi-ye Lorestan, Khuzestan, Markazi, Qom, Tehran, Alborz, No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 281

Semnan,Yazd, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Distribution: Fars, Kerman, Esfahan, Qom, Markazi, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Hamedan, Lorestan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Khuzestan and Ilam Khorasan Razavi and North Khorasan Provinces. Provinces. (E) P. r. rhodorachis (JAN, 1865) Genus: Telescopus WAGLER, 1830 Distribution: Zanjan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Telescopus fallax FLEISCHMANN, 1831 Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars, Kohgiluyeh European Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e Oroopayi (L) Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Esfahan, IUCN: Least Concern Qom, Markazi, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran, North Khorasan, T. f. iberus EICHWALD, 1831 Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Iberian Tiger-Snake Kerman, Hormozgan and Sistan Va Baluchestan Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Provinces. Kordestan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Hamedan, Markazi, Esfahan, Platyceps ventrimaculatus (GRAY, 1834) Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan Spotted Flat-headed Snake, Mar-e sartakht-e Pahloo- and Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. khaldar (P) Telescopus nigriceps (AHL, 1924) IUCN: Not Listed Black-headed Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e sar-siah (P) P. v. ventrimaculatus (GRAY, 1834) IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Tehran, Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Esfahan, Distribution: Kermanshah Province. Fars, Bushehr, Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, South Telescopus rhinopoma (BLANFORD, 1874) Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Golestan, Kordestan and Iranian Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e Irani (L) Khuzestan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Rhynchocalamus GÜNTHER, 1864 Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus (JAN, 1862) South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Black-Headed Snake, Mar-e sar-siah (P) Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Esfahan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer IUCN: Least Concern Ahmad, Fars and Bushehr Provinces. R. m. satunini NIKOLSKY, 1899 Telescopus tessellatus (WALL, 1908) Stunin’s Black-Headed Snake Checkered Tiger-Snake, Babr mar-e shatranji (P) Distribution: Markazi, Lorestan, Khuzestan and Bushehr IUCN: Least Concern Provinces. T. t. martini (SCHMIDT, 1939) Genus: Spalerosophis JAN, 1843 Martin’s Tiger Snake Spalerosophis diadema (SCHLEGEL, 1837) Distribution: Tehran, Markazi, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Diadem Snake, Mar-e tajdar (P) Hamedan, Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed T. t. tessellatus (WALL, 1908) S. d. cliffordii (SCHLEGEL, 1837) Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Esfahan Provinces. Clifford’s Diadem Snake (E) Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Hamedan, Genus: Zamenis WAGLER, 1830 Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars, Hormozgan, Zamenis hohenackeri (STRAUCH, 1873) Kerman, Sistan Va Baluchestan, Yazd, South Khorasan, Hohenacker’s Rat Snake, Mar-e moosh-khar-e Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, Golestan, Semnan, Hohenacker (P) Qom, Markazi and Esfahan Provinces. IUCN: Least Concern Comment: Based on Schätti et al., (2009) populations Distribution: East Azarbaijan and Chahar Mahal Va from Southwest Iran and possibly more western lowland Bakhtiari Provinces. areas are S. d. cliffordii and those from the Iranian Plateau Zamenis longissimus (LAURENTI, 1768) are S. diadema.Schätti et al., (2009). Long Rat Snake, Mar-e moosh-khar-e deraz (P) Suggested S. d. schirasianus (JAN, 1863) is a valid IUCN: Least Concern subspecies whereas, Baig and Masroor (2008) placed it in Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Zanjan, Hamedan, the junior synonymy of S. diadema. Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Spalerosophis microlepis JAN, 1865 Zamenis persicus (WERNER, 1913) Small-scaled Diadem Snake, Mar-e tajdar-e riz-poolak (P) Persian Rat Snake, Mar-e moosh-khar-e Parsi (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Data Deficient 282 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, IUCN: Least Concern Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Family: ELAPIDAE BOIE, 1827 / Cobras Hydrophis schistosus (DAUDIN, 1803) Subfamily: ELAPINAE BOIE, 1827 Beaked Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi nok deraz (P) Genus: Bungarus DAUDIN, 1803 IUCN: Least Concern Bungarus persicus ABTIN, NILSON, MOBARAKI, Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. HOSSEINI, DEHGANNEJHAD, 2014 Hydrophis spiralis (SHAW, 1802) Persian Krait, Kobray-e Parsi (P) Yellow Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi zard (L) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. (E) Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Genus: Naja LAURENTI, 1768 Hydrophis viperinus (SCHMIDT, 1852) Naja (Naja) oxiana (EICHWALD, 1831) Viperine Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi afee-shekl (P) Central Asian Cobra, Kobray-e Asia-ye Miyaneh (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Data Deficient Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. CITES: Appendix II Family: ERYCIDAE BONAPARTE, 1831 Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan, Genus: Eryx DAUDIN, 1803 / Sand Boas Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Sistan Va Eryx elegans (GRAY, 1849) Baluchestan Provinces. Elegant Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye ziba (P) Genus: Walterinnesia LATASTE, 1887 IUCN: Not Listed Walterinnesia morgani (MOCQUARD, 1905) CITES: Appendix II Morgan’s Black Cobra, Kobray-e siah-e Morgan (P) Distribution: Khuzestan, East Azarbaijan, West IUCN: Not Listed Azarbaijan, Ardabil, North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi CITES: Appendix II and South Khorasan Provinces. Distribution: Fars, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Khuzestan, Ilam Eryx jaculus (LINNAEUS, 1758) and Kermanshah Provinces. Javelin Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye nayzeyi (P) Subfamily: HYDROPHIINAE SMITH, 1926 / Sea IUCN: Not Listed Snakes CITES: Appendix II Genus: Hydrophis LATRIELLE, 1802 E. j. turcicus (OLIVIER, 1801) Hydrophis curtus (SHAW, 1802) Turkish Sand Boa Short Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi kootah (P) Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, IUCN: Least Concern Kordestan, Zanjan, Hamedan, Qazvin, Alborz, Tehran, Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Hydrophis cyanocinctus (DAUDIN, 1803) Qom, Semnan, Esfahan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Kerman, Sistan Annulated Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi halqe-dar (P) Va Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, North IUCN: Least Concern Khorasan, Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces. Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. E. j. familiaris EICHWALD, 1831 Hydrophis gracilis (SHAW, 1802) Familiar Sand Boa Small-headed Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi sar-koochak (P) Distribution: Fars Province. IUCN: Least Concern Comment: Gholamifard et al., (2012) reported collect Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Eryx jaculus familiaris from Fars Province. Hydrophis lapemoides (GRAY, 1849) Eryx jayakari BOULENGER, 1888 Persian Gulf Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi Kahlij-e Fars (L) Jayakar’s Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye Jayakar (P) IUCN: Least Concern IUCN: Least Concern Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. CITES: Appendix II Hydrophis ornatus (GRAY, 1842) Distribution: Khuzestan and Bushehr Provinces. Ornate Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi arasteh (P) Eryx johnii (RUSSELL, 1801) IUCN: Least Concern John’s Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye John (P) Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. IUCN: Not Listed Hydrophis platurus (LINNAEUS, 1766) CITES: Appendix II Yellow-bellied Sea Snake, Mar-e daryayi shekam-zard (L) Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 283

Eryx miliaris (PALLAS, 1773) Subfamily: LEPTOTYPHLOPINAE Dwarf Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye kootoleh (L) Genus: Myriopholis HEDGES, ADALSTEINSSON & IUCN: Not Listed BRANCH, 2009 CITES: Appendix II Myriopholis blanfordi (BOULENGER, 1890) Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Blanford’s Countless-Scaled Snake, Mar-e kermi-shekl-e Kordestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Hamedan, Qazvin, Blanford (P) Esfahan, Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan, IUCN: Not Listed Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Khuzestan Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. Provinces. Myriopholis macrorhyncha (JAN, 1860) Comment: Based on morphological work, Eskandarzadeh Beaked Countless-Scaled Snake, Mar-e kermi-shekl-e et al. (2013) reported 2 specimens of Eryx sp. from nok-dar (L) Khorasan Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Eryx tataricus (LICHTENSTEIN, 1823) Distribution: Khuzestan, Lorestan, Ilam, Kermanshah, Tartar Sand Boa, Boa-ye sheni-ye Tatari (P) West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Qazvin, Alborz, IUCN: Not Listed Tehran, Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces. CITES: Appendix II Family: NATRICIDAE BONAPARTE, 1838 E. t. tataricus (LICHTENSTEIN, 1823) Genus: Natrix LAURENTI, 1768 / Water Snakes Distribution: Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Natrix natrix (LINNAEUS, 1758) Kordestan, Zanjan, Qazvin, Hamedan, Markazi, European Water Snake, Mar-e abi-ye Oroopayi (L) Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Golestan, IUCN: Lower risk/Least Concern Gilan, North Khorasan and Sistan Va Baluchestan N. n. persa (PALLAS, 1814) Provinces. Persian Water Snake E. t. vittatus CHERNOV, 1959 Distribution: Mazandaran, Golestan, Gilan, Ardabil, Striped Sand Boa Zanjan, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Markazi, Distribution: North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and Semnan and Tehran Provinces. South Khorasan Provinces. Natrix tessellata (LAURENTI, 1768) Family: LAMPROPHIIDAE FITZINGER, 1843 Tessellated Water Snake, Mar-e abi-ye shatranji (P) Subfamily: LAMPROPHIINAE FITZINGER, 1843 IUCN: Least Concern Genus: Malpolon FITZINGER, 1826 Distribution: Tehran,Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, Malpolon insignitus (GEOFFROY DE ST-HILAIRE, Ardabil, East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan,Kordestan, 1827) Kermanshah, Hamedan, Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Eastern Montpellier Snake, Yaleh mar (L) Fars, Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va IUCN: Not Listed Bakhtiari, Esfahan, Qom, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, M. i. fuscus (FLEISCHMANN, 1831) North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan and Dark Montpellier Snake Sistan Va Baluchestan Provinces. Distribution: East Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Family: PSAMMOPHIIDAE BONAPARTE, 1845 Zanjan, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, Genus: Psammophis FITZINGER, 1826 Lorestan, Markazi, Esfahan, Yazd, Qom, Semnan, Qazvin, Psammophis lineolatus (BRANDT, 1836) Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Khorasan Ribbon Sand Racer, Tir mar-e rah-rah (P) razavi and Hormozgan Provinces. IUCN: Not Listed Comment: Based on Carranza et al. (2006) and Sindaco Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, North Khorasan, et al. (2013) M. monspessulanus (HERMANN, 1804) Khorasan Razavi, South Khorasan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, distributed in west of Mediterranean Sea. Kerman, Fars, Esfahan, Markazi, Lorestan and Khuzestan Genus: Rhagerhis PETERS, 1862 Provinces. Rhagerhis moilensis (REUSS, 1834) Psammophis schokari (FORSKÅL, 1775) Moila Snake, Talheh mar (L) Schokari Sand Racer, Tir mar-e biabani (L) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: Khuzestan, Bushehr and Ilam Provinces. Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Family: LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE STEJNEGER, 1892 / Fars, Esfahan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Yazd, Semnan, Slender Blind Snakes Qom, Markazi, Tehran, Ilam, North Khorasan, Khorasan 284 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Razavi, South Khorasan, Mazandaran and Khuzestan Razavi, South Khorasan, Semnan, Yazd, Kerman, Fars, Provinces. Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Bushehr, Hormozgan, Sistan Family: TYPHLOPIDAE MERREM, 1820 / Blind Va Baluchestan, and Khuzestan Provinces. Snakes Comment: Based on molecular technic and morphology Genus: Indotyphlops HEDGES, MARION, LIPP, Pook et al., (2009) placed Echis multisquamatus MARIN &VIADAL, 2014 CHERLIN, 1981 in the synonymy of E. carinatus. Indotyphlops braminus (DAUDIN, 1803) Genus: Eristicophis ALCOCK & FINN, 1896 Brahminy Blind Snake, Koor-mar-e Berahman (P) Eristicophis macmahoni ALCOCK & FINN, 1897 IUCN: Not Listed McMahon’s Desert Viper, Afee biabani-ye McMahon (P) Distribution: Hormozgan Province. IUCN: Not Listed Genus: Xerotyphlops HEDGES, MARION, LIPP, Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan Province. MARIN & VIDAL, 2014 Genus: Macrovipera REUSS, 1927 Xerotyphlops vermicularis (MERREM, 1820) Macrovipera lebetina (LINNAEUS, 1758) Vormiform Blind Snake, Mar-e kermi shekl (P) Levantine Viper, Gorzeh mar (L) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Not Listed Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, M. l. cernovi (CHIKIN & SZCZERBAK, 1992) Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Cernov’s Viper Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Markazi, Esfahan, Qom, Distribution: Kerman, Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, Semnan, Golestan, North and Semnan Provinces. Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Kerman, Fars and Yazd M. l. obtusa (DWIGUBSKY, 1832) Provinces. Blunt Viper Xerotyphlops wilsoni (WALL, 1908) Distribution: West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Wilson’s Blind Snake, Mar-e kermi shekl Wilson (P) Qazvin, Gilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Alborz, Tehran, IUCN: Data Deficient Semnan, Qom, Markazi, Zanjan, Hamedan, Kordestan, Distribution: Khuzestan Province. (E) Kermanshah, Lorestan, Ilam, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh Va Family: VIPERIDAE LAURENTI, 1768 / Vipers Boyer Ahmad, Fars and Esfahan Provinces. Subfamily: CROTALINAE OPPEL, 1811 / Pit Vipers Genus: Montivipera NILSON, TUNIYEV, ANDRÉN, Genus: Gloydius HOGE ET ROMANO-HOGE, 1981 ORLOV, JOGER & HERRMANN, 1999 Gloydius halys (PALLAS, 1776) Montivipera albicornuta (NILSON & ANDRÉN, 1985) Halys Pit Viper Zanjan Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-e Zanjan (P) IUCN: Not Listed IUCN: Vulnerable G. h. caucasicus (NIKOLSKY, 1916) Distribution: Zanjan, Qazvin, Gilan, West Azarbaijan, Caucasian Pit Viper, Afee hofredar-e Qafqazi (P) East Azarbaijan, Kordestan and Hamedan Provinces. Distribution: Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Gilan, Montivipera kuhrangica RAJABIZADEH, NILSON & Mazandaran, Golestan, North Khorasan and Khorasan KAMI, 2011 Razavi Provinces. Kuhrang Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-e Koohrang Subfamily: VIPERINAE OPPEL, 1811 / Old World vipers (P) Genus: Cerastes LAURENTI, 1768 IUCN: Not Listed Cerastes gasperettii LEVITON & ANDERSON, 1967 Distribution: Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Province. (E) Gasperetti’s Horned Viper, Afee shakhdar-e Gasperetti (P) Montivipera latifii (MERTENS, DAREWSKY & IUCN: Least Concern KLEMMER, 1967) C. g. gasperettii LEVITON & ANDERSON, 1967 Latifi’s Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-ye Latifi (P) Distribution: Khuzestan and Ilam Provinces. IUCN: Endangered Genus: Echis MERREM, 1820 Distribution: Tehran, Alborz and Mazandaran Provinces. Echis carinatus (SCHNEIDER, 1801) (E) Carinate Saw-scaled Viper, Afee poolak areh-ee (P) Montivipera raddei (BOETTGER, 1890) IUCN: Not Listed Radde’s Mountain Viper, Afee koohestani-ye Radde (P) E. c. sochureki STEMMLER, 1969 IUCN: Near Threatened Sochurek’s Saw-scaled Viper M. r. raddei (BOETTGER, 1890) Distribution: Golestan, North Khorasan, Khorasan Distribution: West Azarbaijan Province. No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 285

N, 1986) IUCN: EndangeredةM. r. kurdestanica (NILSON & ANDR Kordestan Mountain Viper CITES: Appendix I Distribution: West Azarbaijan, Kordestan, Zanjan and C. c. gigas DERANIYAGALA, 1933 Hamedan Provinces. Pacific Loggerhead Sea Turtle Comment: Stümpel and Joger (2009) by using molecular Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. techniques expressed Montivipera wagneri (Nilson & Genus: Lepidochelys FITZINGER, 1843 Andrén, 1984) has not been recorded from Iran. Lepidochelys olivacea (ESCHSCHOLTZ, 1829) Genus: Pseudocerastes BOULENGER, 1896 Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e daryayi-ye zeytuni- Comment: Based on Fathinia et al., (2014) Pseudocerastes ye Ridley (P) fieldi SCHMIDT, 1930 has not been recorded from Iran. IUCN: Vulnerable Former records reported by (Bostanchi et al., 2006; CITES: Appendix I Gholamifard and Esmaeili, 2010) could be P. persicus. Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Pseudocerastes persicus (DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & Subfamily: CHELONINAE OPPEL, 1811 DUMÉRIL, 1854) Genus: Chelonia BRONGNIART, 1800 Persian False Horned Viper, Afee shakhdar-e Parsi (P) Chelonia mydas (LINNAEUS, 1758) IUCN: Least Concern Green Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e daryayi-ye sabz (L) Distribution: Hormozgan, Sistan Va Baluchestan, IUCN: Endangered Kerman, Yazd, South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, CITES: Appendix I North Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, Qom, Markazi, C. m. japonica (THUNBERG, 1787) Zanjan, Esfahan, Fars, Kermanshah, Ilam and Khuzestan Japanese Green Sea Turtle Provinces. Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Pseudocerastes urarachnoides BOSTANCHI, Genus: Eretmochelys FITZINGER, 1843 ANDERSON, KAMI & PAPENFUSS, 2006 Eretmochelys imbricata (LINNAEUS, 1766) Spider-tailed False Horned Viper, Afee shakhdar-e dom- Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e daryayi-ye poozeh ankabooti (P) oqabi (L) IUCN: Data Deficient IUCN: Critically Endangered Distribution: Ilam, Khuzestan and Kermanshah Provinces. CITES: Appendix I (E) E. i. bissa (RÜPPELL, 1835) Genus: Vipera LAURENTI, 1768 Pacific Hawksbill Sea Turtle Subgenus: Acridophaga REUSS, 1927 Distribution: Sea of Oman and Persian Gulf. Vipera (Acridophaga) ebneri KNÖPFLER & Family: DERMOCHELYIDAE BLAINVILLE, 1816 / SOCHUREK, 1955 Leatherback Turtles Ebner’s Viper, Afee Ebner (P) Genus: Dermochelys BLAINVILLE, 1816 IUCN: Vulnerable Dermochelys coriacea (VANDELLI, 1761) Distribution: Tehran, Alborz, Mazandaran, Zanjan, Leatherback Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e charmi (P) Ardabil, East Azarbaijan and West Azarbaijan Provinces. IUCN: Vulnerable (E) CITES: Appendix I Vipera (Acridophaga) eriwanensis (REUSS, 1933) D. c. schlegelii (GARMAN, 1884) Yerevan Viper, Afee Iravan (P) Pacific Leatherback Sea Turtle IUCN: Vulnerable Distribution: Oman and Persian Gulfs Distribution: Ardabil and East Azarbaijan Provinces. Family: EMYDIDAE GRAY, 1825 / New World Pond Order: TESTUDINES BATSCH, 1788 / Turtles, Tortoises Turtles & Terrapins Subfamily: EMYDINAE RAFINESQUE, 1815 Suborder: CRYPTODIRA COPE, 1868 / Hidden-necked Genus: Emys DUMÉRIL, 1806 Turtles Emys orbicularis (LINNAEUS, 1758) Family: CHELONIIDAE OPPEL, 1811 / Marine Turtles European Pond Turtle, Lakposht-e berkeyi-ye Oroopayi Subfamily: CARETTINAE GRAY, 1825 (L) Genus: Caretta RAFINESQUE, 1814 IUCN: Lower risk/Near Threatened Caretta caretta (LINNAEUS, 1758) E. o. persica EICHWALD, 1831 Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Lakposht-e Daryaye Sorkh (L) Persian Pond Turtle 286 Asian Herpetological Research Vol. 6

Distribution: Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan and Ardabil Distribution: Ardabil, East Azarbaijan and West Provinces. Azarbaijan Provinces. Comment: Currently Emys orbicularis distribution has T. g. zarudnyi NIKOLSKY, 1896 expanded into other provinces of Iran such as Tehran and Zarudni’s Spur-thighed Tortoise Alborz, caused by selling in Nowruz ceremonies. Distribution: Sistan Va Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman, Subfamily: DEIROCHELYINAE AGASSIZ, 1857 Yazd, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan Provinces. Genus: Trachemys AGASSIZ, 1857 Comment: Based on Mashkaryan et al., (2013) T. Trachemys scripta (SCHOEPFF, 1792) graeca subspecies from other provinces (Tehran, Alborz, Common Slider, Lakposht-e goosh qermez (P) Markazi, Qom, Esfahan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Distribution: H. Ghaffari, B. Safaei-Mahroo and M. Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal Va Yazdanyan have observed Trachemys scripta from Bakhtiari, Fars and Hamedan) are still unrecognized. Also Shoormast Lake, 5km West of Shirgah, Mazandaran see Parham et al., (2006). Province and Mamloo Dam Lake, Tehran Province. This Testudo horsfieldii GRAY, 1844 is the first Record of this exotic species from Iran. (I) Horsfield’s Tortoise, Lakposht Horsfield (P) Family: GEOEMYDIDAE THEOBALD, 1868 / Old IUCN: Vulnerable World pond Turtles CITES: Appendix II Subfamily: GEOEMYDINAE THEOBALD, 1868 T. h. horsfieldii GRAY, 1844 Genus: Mauremys GRAY, 1869 Distribution: South Khorasan Province. Mauremys caspica (GMELIN, 1774) T. h. rustamovi CHKHIKVADZE, AMIRANSHVILI & Caspian Turtle, Lakposht-e berkeyi-ye Khazari (P) ATAEV, 1990 IUCN: Not Listed Rustamov’s Tortoise M. c. caspica (GMELIN, 1774) Distribution: Golestan, Semnan, Khorasan Razavi and Distribution: Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Ardabil, East North Khorasan Provinces. Azarbaijan, West Azarbaijan, Kermanshah and Kordestan Family: TRIONYCHIDAE FITZINGER, 1826 / Soft- Provinces. shell Turtles M. c. siebenrocki WISCHUF & FRITZ, 1997 Subfamily: TRIONYCHINAE GRAY, 1825 Siebenrock’s Caspian Turtle Genus: Pelodiscus FITZINGER, 1835 Distribution: Bushehr, Khuzestan, Ilam, Lorestan, Fars Pelodiscus sinensis (WIEGMANN, 1835) and Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari Provinces. Chinese Soft-shell Turtle, Lakposht-e lak-narm-e Chini M. c. ventrimaculata WISCHUF & FRITZ, 1996 (P) Spot-bellied Caspian Turtle Distribution: Two adult Pelodiscus sinensis were Distribution: Fars and Esfahan Provinces. (E) captured in 2011, from fish pools in Miankaleh Wildlife Comment: But based on results of Vambeger et al., (2012) refuge, Mazandaran Province. (I) and Fritz et al., (2007) that analysied microsatellite loci, Genus: Rafetus GRAY, 1864 mtDNA (cyt b) and nDNA (C-mos) sequences, they did Rafetus euphraticus (DAUDIN, 1802) not support the validity of three morphologically defined Euphrates Soft-shell Turtle, Lakposht-e lak-narm-e Foraty subspecies and concluded the subspecies should no longer (P) be recognized. IUCN: Endangered Family: TESTUDINIDAE BATSCH, 1788 / Tortoises Distribution: Khuzestan and Lorestan Provinces. Genus: Testudo LINNAEUS, 1758 Comment: Department of Environment of Lorestan Testudo graeca LINNAEUS, 1758 Province in 2012, reported existence of one adult Rafetus Spur-thighed Tortoise, Lakposht-e mehmizdar (P) euphraticus from Cham-mehr, 28 km West of Pol-e IUCN: Vulnerable dokhtar, Lorestan Province. CITES: Appendix II T. g. boxtoni BOULENGER, 1921 4. Discussion Buxton’s Spur-thighed Tortoise Distribution: Gilan, Qazvin, Zanjan, Ardabil and East Gholamifard et al., (2012) and Rastegar-Pouyani Azarbaijan Provinces. et al., (2008) listed 215 species of Reptiles in Iran. The T. g. armeniaca CHKHIKVADZE & BAKRADZE, 1991 number of reptiles recorded from Iran now stands at 241 Armenian Spur-thighed Tortoise species. In addition, Baloutch and Kami (1995) listed 22 No. 4 Barbod SAFAEI-MAHROO et al. The Herpetofauna of IRAN 287 species of amphibians and Rastegar-Pouyani et al., (2008) Speciation Patterns in Iranian Rock Lizards Uncovered by recorded 20 species from Iran. The number of recognized Integrative Taxonomy. Plos One, 8(12): e80563 amphibians is 22 species. Ananjeva N. B., Orlov N. L., Khalikov R. G., Darevsky I. S., Ryabov S. A., Barabanov A. V. 2006. The Reptiles of Northern Among 263 amphibian and reptile species of Iran, 108 Eurasia: Taxonomic Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status. 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