Radio-Aids.Pdf

24 FEB06 RADIOAIDS 11

GENERALINFORMATION GEThNERAegLINFORMAenTION eral informationcontained on thefollowing pagesisprovidedfor useas‘quickreference’.It hasbeencompiledfromavarietyofsources.Additionalinformation canbefound elsewhereinthe Ra- dioAidssection.

FREQUENCY BANDS 108.0 -111.975 MHzILS localizer (on Radiofrequencieslie within arelativelynarrow odd-tenths plus twentieth range of the electro-magnetic spectrumbetweenap- frequencies,108.1,108.3 proximately10kHz and300 GHz. This rangeisdi- etc.) videdinto bands, more or less in accordance with thepropagation characteristics of the frequencies. 108.0 -111.975 MHzVOR (evententhsoreven Thesebands are: tenths plus atwentieth of MHz). VLFVeryLow Frequency 0-30 kHz 111.975 -117.975 VOR(even andodd LF LowFrequency 30 kHz-300 kHz MHz tenths of MHz). MF Medium Frequency 300 kHz-3MHz 328.6-335.4MHz ILSglideslope. HF HighFrequency 3MHz -30MHz VHF Very High 30 MHz-300 MHz* 960.0 -1215.0 MHzDME andTACAN. Frequency 1563.42 -1587.42 GPS UHF UltraHigh 300 MHz-3GHz* MHz Frequency SHFSuper High 3GHz -30GHz AIRBORNE STATIONS Frequency EHFExtremelyHigh 30 GHz-300GHz 410kHz International DF (outside Frequency continental USA). *200 MHz-3GHz is considered UHF in Aviation. 475kHz Workingfrequency exclusivelyfor aircraft on AllVHF markers (FAN TYPE, OUTER, INNER and seaflights desiringan ZONE)operateon75MHz (75,000 KHz), and are intermediatefrequency. tone modulatedasfollows: 500kHz International frequency FM FanMarker (100 3000Hz foraircraft andships over Watts) theseas. Transmission LFMLow-Powered Fan 3000Hz on this frequency (except Marker (5 Watts) forurgentand safety MM MiddleMarker 1300Hz messagesand signals) must ceasetwiceeach OM Outer Marker 400 Hz hour,for three minute ZStation Location 3000Hz periodsbeginningat15 Marker and45minutes past each hour. FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 3281 kHzLighter-than-aircraft. Frequency allocation is establishedtoprovide a clearchanneling between thevarious functionsper- formed by aeronautical navaidsand communica- tionsfacilities. Although ageneral allocationplanis recognized on aworld-widebasis, variations may occurwithin certainranges. Thelistingbelow is intended to providethat allocation most generally used by civiloperators. NAVIGATIONAIDS

190 -535 kHzNondirectional Radio Beacon (low power)and RadioRange (low power).

190 -1750kHz Non-directionalBeacon (standard).

Non-directional Marker Beacon. Beacon (standard).

108.0 -117.975MHz VORtestfacility (VOT).

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SECTION1.NAVIGATIONAIDS Informationabout RadioAidspublishedinthissection is extracted from theUnitedStatesFederal Avia- tion Administration’s (FAA) Aeronautical Info rmationManual (AIM). It is provided forreference useonly. Theinformationisgenerally applicable around theworld.Regionalvariationsmay exist.Within thesec- tion itself,additionalreferencesmay be made to U.S. FederalAviationRegulations (FARs). Relevant FARs canbeobtainedseparatelyfromJeppesen ,orthey areavailable directly from theU.S.FAA by mail or viathe internet.

1-1-1 GENERAL pilot when erroneousbearing information is a. Varioustypesofair navigation aids areinuse being displayed, thepilotshould continuously today, each serving aspecial purpose. These monitor theNDB’s identification. aids have varied owners and operators, namely: 1-1-3VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL theFederalAviation Administration (FAA),the military services, privateorganizations, individ- RANGE(VOR) ualstates and foreign governments.The FAA a. VORs operate within the108.0 to 117.95 MHz hasthe statutory authority to establish,operate, frequency bandand haveapower output nec- maintain air navigation facilities andtoprescribe essarytoprovidecoveragewithin their assigned standardsfor the operationofany of these aids operational servicevolume.They a re subjectto which areusedfor instrumentflight in federally line-of-sight restrictions, andthe rangevaries controlled airspace.These aids aretabulated in proportionally to thealtitudeofthe receiving theAirport/Facility Directory(A/FD). equipment. b. Pilots should be awareofthe possibilityof NOTE: Normal service ranges forthe various momentary erroneous indication soncockpit classesofVORsare giveninNavigational Aid displays when theprimary signalgenerator for (NAVAID) Service Volumes, paragraph1-1-8. aground-based navigationaltransmitter(for b. Most VORs areequipped forvoice transmis- example, aglideslope, VOR ,ornondirectional sion on theVOR frequency. VORs withoutvoice beacon)isinoperative. Pilots should disre- capability areindicatedbythe letter“W” (without gard any navigationindication,regardlessofits voice) included in the class designator (VORW). apparent validity, if theparticulartransmitter was c. Theonlypositivemethodofidentifying aVOR identifiedbyNOTAM or otherwise as unusable is by its MorseCodeidentification or by the or inoperative. recorded automatic voiceidentificationwhichis 1-1-2NONDIRECTIONAL RADIO always indicated by use of theword“VOR” fol- BEACON (NDB) lowing therange’s name.Re lianceondetermin- ingthe identification of an omnirange should a. Alow or medium frequencyradio beacontrans- neverbeplaced on listening to voicetransmis- mits nondirectional signals whereby thepilot sions by theFlightServic eStation (FSS) (or of an aircraft properlyequipped candetermine approach control facility)involved.Many FSSs bearingsand “home” on thestation.These remotely operateseveral omnirangeswith differ- facilities normally operateinafrequencyband entnames.Insomecases, none of theVORs of 190to535 kilohertz (kHz), according to have thenameofthe “parent” FSS. During peri- ICAO Annex10the frequency range forNDBs odsofmaintenance, thefacility mayradiatea is between190 and 1750 kHz, andtransmit T-E-S-Tcode acontinuouscarrier with either 400or1020 (– •••• –) or thecodemay be removed. hertz(Hz)modulation.All radiobeacons except thecompass locatorstransmit acontinuous d. Voice identification hasbeen added to numer- three-letter ide ntification in code except during ousVORs. Thetransmission consists of avoice voice transmissions. announcement,“AIRVILLE VOR” alternating with the usual MorseCodeidentification. b. When aradio beaco nisusedinconjunctionwith theInstrumentLanding System markers, it is e. Theeffectivenessof the VORdepends upon called aCompass Locator. proper useand adjustmentofbothgroundand airborne equipment. c. Voice transmissionsare made on radiobeacons unless the letter“W” (without voice)isincluded 1. Accuracy. Theaccuracy of course align- in theclass designator(HW). ment of theVOR is excellent,beinggener- ally plusorminus1d egree. d. Radio beacons aresubject to disturbances that mayresultinerro neousbearing information. 2. Roughness. On some VORs, minor Such disturbances result from such factors courseroughness may be observed,evi- as lightning, precipitationstatic, etc. At night, dencedbycourseneedleorbrief flag radio beaconsar evulnerabletointerference alarmactivity(some receiversare more from distant stations. Nearly alldisturbances susceptible to theseirregularities than which affect theAutomatic Direction Finder others).Atafewstations, usually in moun- (ADF) bearing a lsoaffectthe facility’siden- tainousterrain, thepilot mayoccasionally tification. Noisy identification usually occurs observe abrief cou rseneedle oscillation, when theADF needle is erratic. Voice, music or similartothe indication of “approaching erroneousid entification maybeheard when a station.” Pilotsflying over unfamiliarroutes steady false bearing is being displayed. Since arecautioned t obeonthe alertfor these ADFreceiversdonot have a“flag” to warn the

TABLE1-1-5 GPSIFR EquipmentClasses/Categories TSO-C129 Int. Nav Sys. Equipment Nonprecision RAIM to Prov.RAIM OceanicEnroute Terminal Class Approach Capable Equiv. Class A -GPS sensor andnavigation capability. A1 yesyes yesyes yes A2 yesyes yesyes no Class B -GPS sensor data to an integrate dnavigation system (i.e.FMS,multi-sensor navigation system, etc.). B1 yesyes yesyes yes B2 yesyes yesyes no B3 yesyes yesyes yes B4 yesyes yesyes no Class C -GPS sensordatatoanintegratednavigationsystem (asinClass B) which provides enhanced guidancetoanautopilot,orflight director, to reduce flighttech. errors.Limited to 14 CFRPart121 or equivalentcriteria. C1 yesyes yesyes yes C2 yesyes yesyes no C3 yesyes yesyes yes C4 yesyes yesyes no

TABLE1-1-6 GPSApproval Required/AuthorizedUse Installation Operational Equipment IFR IFR IFR Oceanic In Lieu of ADF Approval Approval Type1 Enroute 2 Terminal2 Approach3 Remote and/or DME 3 Required Required Hand held4 X 5 VFRPanel X Mount 4 IFREnroute XXXX X and Terminal IFR XXXX XX Oceanic/ Remote IFR XXXXX X Enroute, Terminal, and Approach

1 To determineequipment approvalsand limitations,refer to theAFM,AFM supplements, or pilotguides. 2 Requiresverification of datafor correctnessifdatabaseisexpired. 3 Requirescurrentdatabase. 4 VFRand hand-heldGPS systemsare not authorizedfor IFRnavigation, instrument approaches, or as aprimary instrument flight reference. During IFRoperations they maybeconsidered only an aidtosituational awareness. 5 Hand-heldreceivers require no approval. However, anyaircraftmodificationtosupportthe hand-held receiver;i.e., installation of an external antennaorapermanentmountingbracket,doesrequireapproval. 3. TheGPS Approach OverlayProgram is containedinthe current onboard naviga- an authorizationfor pilots to use GPS tion database areauthorized. The navi- avionics underIFR forflying designated gation database maycontain information nonprecision instrumentapproachpro- aboutnonoverlayapproach procedures cedures, except LOC, LDA, andsimpli- that is intended to be used to enhance fied directional facility (SDF)procedures. position orientation,generally by providing Theseproceduresare now identifiedby amap,while flying these approachesusing thenameofthe procedureand “orGPS” conventional NAVAIDs. This approach (e.g., VOR/DMEorGPS RWY15).Other information should not be confusedwith a previous typesofoverlayshave eitherbeen GPSoverlay approach(seethe receiver convertedtothis format or replacedwith stand-aloneprocedures. Only approaches

DIRECTION FINDING PROCEDURES InDIRECTfoION FIrmNDING PRatOCEDioURES nabout Direction FindingProcedurespublishedinthissectionisextractedfromICAOAn- nex10. It is provided forreferenceuse only. Theinformation is generallyapplicable around theworld. Regional variations mayexist.

ICAOAERONAUTICAL of servicethatisdesired by the use of theappropri- TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDS ate phrase. —ANNEX 10 6.2.5 In radiotelephony,anaircraftstation whichrequests abearing shallend thetransmission 6.2DIRECTION FINDING by repeating its call sign.Ifthe transmissionhas INTRODUCTORY NOTES been too shortfor the direction-finding stationtoob- tainabearing,the aircraftshall give alonger trans- 1. Direction-findingstations work either singly or in mission fortwo periodsofthe approximatelyten sec- groups of twoormorestations under thedirec- onds, or alternativelyprovide such other signalsas tion of amaindirection-finding station. mayberequestedbythe direction-finding station. 2. Adirection-findingstation workingalone can 6.2.5.1 In radiotelephony,anaircraft station only determine the directionofanaircraftinrela- whichrequests abearing shallend thetransmission tion to itself. by repeating its call sign.Ifthe transmissionhas been too shortfor the direction-finding stationtoob- 6.2.1 Recommendation —Adirection-finding tainabearing,the aircraftshall give alonger trans- station workingalone shouldgivethe following, as mission fortwo periodsofthe approximatelyten sec- requested: onds, or alternativelyprovide such other signalsas 1. true bearing of the aircraft, usingthe appropriate mayberequestedbythe direction-finding station. phrase; 2. true heading to be steered by the aircraft, withno NOTE:CertaintypesofVHF/DFstationsrequire the wind, to headfor thedirection-finding station us- provision of amodulated signal (voice transmission) ingthe appropriate phrase; in ordertotakeabearing. 3. magneticbearing of the aircraft, usingthe appro- 6.2.6 When adirection-findingstation is not priate phrase; satisfiedwithits observation,itshallrequest the air- 4. magneticheading to be steered by the aircraft, craft station to repeat thetransmission. withnowind, to make forthe station using appro- 6.2.7 When aheading or bearinghas been re- priate phrase. quested,the direction-finding station shall advise the 6.2.2 Recommendation —Whendirec- aircraft station in thefollowingform: tion-finding stations work as anetwork to determine 1. theappropriate phrase; theposition of an aircraft, thebearing taken by each 2. bearingorheadingindegreesinrelationtothe station shouldbesentimmediately to thestation direction-finding station,sentasthree figures; controlling thedirection-finding networktoenable theposition of theaircraft to be determined. 3. classofbearing; 4. time of observation, if necessary. 6.2.2.1Recommendation —The station controllingthe network should,onrequest, give the 6.2.8 When apositionhas beenrequested, the aircraftits positioninone of thefollowingways: direction-findingcontrol station, afterplotting allsi- 1. position in relation to apoint of reference or in multaneousobservations, shall determine theob- latitude and longitude, usingthe appropriate servedposition of theaircraftand shall advise the phrase; aircraft station in thefollowingform: 2. true bearingofthe aircraft in relation to thedirec- 1. theappropriate phrase; tion-findingstation or other specified pointusing 2. theposition; the appropriatephrase,and itsdistancefromthe 3. classofposition; direction-findingstation or point,using theappropriate phrase; 4. time of observation. 3. magneticheadingtosteer withnowind, to make 6.2.9 As soon as the aircraft stationhas re- forthe direction-finding station or otherspecified ceivedthe bearing, heading or position it shallre- pointusing theappropriate phrase,and itsdis- peatbackthe message forconfirmation,orcorrec- tancefromthe direction-findingstation or point, tion. using theappropriate phrase. 6.2.10 When positionsare givenbybearing or 6.2.3 Aircraft stations shallnormallymakere- heading anddistancefromaknownpoint other than questfor bearings,coursesorpositions, to theaero- the station making the report, the reference point nautical station responsible, or to thestationcontrol- shallanaerodrome, prominent town or geographic lingthe direction-findingnetwork. feature. An aerodrome shallbegiven in preference to otherplaces. When alarge city or townisusedas 6.2.4 To requestabearing,heading or position, areference place, thebearing or heading, andthe theaircraft station shallcallthe aeronautical station distance givenshallbemeasuredfromits center. or thedirection-finding controlstationonthe listen- ingfrequency. Theaircraftshall then specify thetype

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NAVIGATION AIDS LEGEND LEGNAVIGATION AIDS END

The listings are in alphabetical sequence by country.The followinginformation is provided:

Name Official name (followedbylocationname,when different thannavaid name). IdentIdentifier. Freq. Frequency.VOR ghost frequency forTACAN or DME. Class The following codes are used:

VORV TACAN (channels 17-59 and70-126)T TACAN (channels 1-16 and 60-69) M DME D Terminal Class T HighAltitude Class H LowAltitude Class L Class Unrestricted U 1 Notco-locatedVOR andTACAN or DME N

NDB (2000 wattsormore) HH NDB (50 -1999watts)H NDB (Less than 50 watts) HM Used as LOM HO Used as ILSbackcourse locator HC Locator(no class specified) HL Marine Beacon M

Voice capability: ScheduledWeatherBroadcast B No Voice on navaid frequency W (omitted on TACAN and DME facilities) Automatic Transcribed WeatherBroadcast A

EXAMPLE: (H)VORDME VDH (H)VORTACVTHWN1 (H)TACAN TH (T)VOR VTW (HH) NDB (2000 watts or more) HH

1. Theletter “N” indicatesthat theVOR and TACAN or DME facility areseparated by at least 6seconds(one tenthofaminute)ofeither longitude or latitude. The TACAN (T) or DME (D) facilityclass code is included with theVOR listingand theINS coordinates shownare forthe VORfacility. On thelineimmediately belowthis listing the TACANorDME facility informationislisted withthe TACAN or DME coordinates.Tofurther highlight thedifference in coordinatesTACAN or DME identifier is offset belowthe VORidentifier.

INSCoordinates In avionics keyboarding format,latitudeand longitude in degrees,minutes andtenths of minutes. VAR/StnDecl Magnetic variation/station declination. Elev.Station elevation, shownonly forthosenavaids with DME capability andifthis information is officially publishedbyState authority.

AUSTRALIA–BROADCASTSTATIONS Aviation authorities do notissue NOTAMfor broadcaststations. It is possiblethatthe information listed maybeinaccurate. Thestationidentification isthe generallocationofthe receptionareaand is not necessarily thesiteofthe transmitter. Coordinatesshown apply to position of transmitter. Note that thedatum used is notWGS84 butAustralian Geodetic Datum1966(AGD66).CAUTION:Aconsiderable number of stations relaybroadcasts.

STATION IDENT FREQ (KHZ) PSN LATLONGPOWER AUSTRALIANCAPITALTERRITORY Canberra 2CN 666 S351309E1490721 5k Canberra 2RN 846 S351309E1490721 10k Canberra 1008 S351315E1490658 300 Canberra 2CA 1053 S351320E1490853 5k Canberra 1RPH 1125 S351300E1490700 2k Canberra 2CC 1206 S351309E1490721 5k Canberra 2PB 1440 S351309E1490721 2k NEWSOUTH WALES Albury 1296 S360322E1465748 540 Albury 2AY 1494 S360322E1465748 2k Armidale 2RN 720 S302951E1513949 50 Armidale 2AD 1134 S303248E1513607 2k Bathurst 2BS 1503 S332222E1493209 5k Bega 2EC 765 S364441E1495616 4k Bega 2BA 810 S364247E1494910 10k Bourke 2WEB 585 S300609E1455851 5k Bowral 2ST/T 1215 S342935E1502354 350 Broken Hill 2BH 567 S315625E1412636 500 Broken Hill 2NB 999 S315548E1412906 2k Byrock 2BY 657 S303904E1462533 10k Cobar2DU/T 972 S313101E1455007 300 CoffsHarbour2CS 639 S302819E1530153 5k Cooma 2XL 918 S361423E1490856 2k Cooma2CP 1602 S361345E1490808 50 Corowa 2CO 675 S355726E1462505 10k Cumnock2CR 549 S325607E1484237 50k Deniliquin 2QN 1521 S353737E1445442 2k Dubbo2DU 1251 S321621E1484032 2k Glen Innes2GL 819 S294731E1514552 10k Gosford 801 S331944E1512753 5k Goulburn 2RN 1098 S344450E1494144 200 Goulburn2GN 1368 S344449E1494145 2k Grafton 2NR 738 S292937E1530651 50k Grafton2GF 1206 S294001E1525857 5k Griffith 2RG 963 S341948E1460757 5k Gunnedah2MO 1080 S305910E1501241 2k Inverell 2NZ 1188 S294627E1511330 2k Kempsey 2MC 531 S310629E1524956 5k Kempsey2KP 684 S310027E1525650 10k Lismore2LM 900 S284557E1532131 5k Lithgow 2LT 900 S332423E1500600 5k Lithgow (City)2LG 1395 S332923E1500935 200 Moree2VM 1530 S292908E1495326 2k Mudgee 2MG 1449 S323459E1493411 5k Murwillumbah 2ML 720 S281439E1533037 400 Murwillumbah 2MW 972 S281939E1533029 5k

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NAVAID LIMITATIONS –AUSTRALIA This listing provides only thosenavaids (VOR, DME, TACAN, NDB) whererange and/or navaidlimitations areapplicable.Navaidsare sequenced by theirofficialnames.Citynames areincludedinparentheses when different than thenavaidname. Distancesare nautical miles. Bearingsand radialsare from the navaid.

LOCATION LOCATION IDENTNAVAIDLIMITATIONS IDENTNAVAIDLIMITATIONS Adelaide,SA Birdsville, QLD AD NDB Range: 130HJ/85HN BDVNDB Range: 40 Albany,WA Blackall, QLD ABA NDB Range: 100HJ/60HN, over water BCK NDB Range: 40 200HJ/110HN. Bolinda (Melbourne),VIC Albury, NSW BOL NDB Range: 40HJ/30HN AY NDB Range: 65 Bordertown,SA AliceSprings,NT BOR NDB Range: 100HJ/75HN AS NDB Range: 110HJ/90HN Borroloola, NT Amberley,QLD BRLNDB Range: 100 AMBNDB Range: 180HJ/85HN Boulia,QLD Andamooka, SA BOU NDB Range: 75 AMKNDB Range: 45 Bourke,NSW Archerfield (Brisbane),QLD BKE NDB Range: 45 AF NDB Range: 30, excessivebearing Bowen, QLD fluctuationsbetween 180°- BWNNDB Range: 35 200°. Brewarrina,NSW Armidale, NSW BRWNDB Range: 55 ARM NDB Range: 35 Broken Hill,NSW AyersRock, NT BHINDB Range: 150HJ/85HN AYENDB Range: 100 BHI Bagot (Darwin),NT VORScalloping mayoccur on final Rwy 05. BGT NDB Range: 50 Bromelton,QLD Bairnsdale, VIC BMLNDB Range: 50 BNS NDB Range: 35 Broome, WA BalgoHill, WA BRMNDB Range: 60,overwater110. BGO NDB Range: 70 Bundaberg,QLD Ballarat,VIC BUD NDB Range: 65HJ/60HN BLTNDB Range: 30 Burketown, QLD Ballidu, WA BKT NDB Range: 70 BIUNDB Range: 70 Busselton, WA Ballina, NSW BLNNDB Range: 50 BNANDB Range: 25;Not suitable for Cairns,QLD navigation in sector 300°-340°. CS NDB Range: 50,overwater Bankstown (Sydney),NSW 160HJ/110HN. BK NDB Range: 40 Calga, NSW Barcaldine,QLD CAA NDB Range: 15,excessivebearing BAR NDB Range: 40 fluctuations in sector170°- Barrow Island, WA 030°. BWXNDB Range: 75 Camden,NSW Bathurst,NSW CN NDB Range: 35,reduced to 15 in BTHNDB Range: 30 sector 270° -310°. Bendigo,VIC Camooweal, QLD BDG NDBRange:60 CMW NDB Range: 80HJ/65HN Bindook,NSW Canberra,ACT BIKNDB Range: 50, reducedto20below CB NDB Range: 40 FL120insectors 300° -020° and080° -130°.

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