24 FEB06 RADIOAIDS 11 GENERALINFORMATION ThGENERAegLINFORMAenTION eral informationcontained on thefollowing pagesisprovidedfor useas‘quickreference’.It hasbeencompiledfromavarietyofsources.Additionalinformation canbefound elsewhereinthe Ra- dioAidssection. FREQUENCY BANDS 108.0 -111.975 MHzILS localizer (on Radiofrequencieslie within arelativelynarrow odd-tenths plus twentieth range of the electro-magnetic spectrumbetweenap- frequencies,108.1,108.3 proximately10kHz and300 GHz. This rangeisdi- etc.) videdinto bands, more or less in accordance with thepropagation characteristics of the frequencies. 108.0 -111.975 MHzVOR (evententhsoreven Thesebands are: tenths plus atwentieth of MHz). VLFVeryLow Frequency 0-30 kHz 111.975 -117.975 VOR(even andodd LF LowFrequency 30 kHz-300 kHz MHz tenths of MHz). MF Medium Frequency 300 kHz-3MHz 328.6-335.4MHz ILSglideslope. HF HighFrequency 3MHz -30MHz VHF Very High 30 MHz-300 MHz* 960.0 -1215.0 MHzDME andTACAN. Frequency 1563.42 -1587.42 GPS UHF UltraHigh 300 MHz-3GHz* MHz Frequency SHFSuper High 3GHz -30GHz AIRBORNE STATIONS Frequency EHFExtremelyHigh 30 GHz-300GHz 410kHz International DF (outside Frequency continental USA). *200 MHz-3GHz is considered UHF in Aviation. 475kHz Workingfrequency exclusivelyfor aircraft on AllVHF markers (FAN TYPE, OUTER, INNER and seaflights desiringan ZONE)operateon75MHz (75,000 KHz), and are intermediatefrequency. tone modulatedasfollows: 500kHz International frequency FM FanMarker (100 3000Hz foraircraft andships over Watts) theseas. Transmission LFMLow-Powered Fan 3000Hz on this frequency (except Marker (5 Watts) forurgentand safety MM MiddleMarker 1300Hz messagesand signals) must ceasetwiceeach OM Outer Marker 400 Hz hour,for three minute ZStation Location 3000Hz periodsbeginningat15 Marker and45minutes past each hour. FREQUENCY ALLOCATION 3281 kHzLighter-than-aircraft. Frequency allocation is establishedtoprovide a clearchanneling between thevarious functionsper- formed by aeronautical navaidsand communica- tionsfacilities. Although ageneral allocationplanis recognized on aworld-widebasis, variations may occurwithin certainranges. Thelistingbelow is in- tended to providethat allocation most generally used by civiloperators. NAVIGATIONAIDS 190 -535 kHzNondirectional Radio Beacon (low power)and RadioRange (low power). 190 -1750kHz Non-directionalBeacon (standard). Non-directional Marker Beacon. Beacon (standard). 108.0 -117.975MHz VORtestfacility (VOT). ©JEPPESENSANDERSON,INC.2006. ALLRIGHTSRESERVED. 22 AUG08 RADIO AIDS 15 SECTION1.NAVIGATIONAIDS Informationabout RadioAidspublishedinthissection is extracted from theUnitedStatesFederal Avia- tion Administration’s (FAA) Aeronautical Info rmationManual (AIM). It is provided forreference useoNLy. Theinformationisgenerally applicable around theworld.Regionalvariationsmay exist.Within thesec- tion itself,additionalreferencesmay be made to U.S. FederalAviationRegulations (FARs). Relevant FARs canbeobtainedseparatelyfromJeppeseN ,orthey areavailable directly from theU.S.FAA by mail or viathe internet. 1-1-1 GENERAL pilot when erroneousbearing information is a. Varioustypesofair navigation aids areinuse being displayed, thepilotshould continuously today, each serving aspecial purpose. These monitor theNDB’s identification. aids have varied owners and operators, namely: 1-1-3VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL theFederalAviation Administration (FAA),the military services, privateorganizations, individ- RANGE(VOR) ualstates and foreign governments.The FAA a. VORs operate within the108.0 to 117.95 MHz hasthe statutory authority to establish,operate, frequency bandand haveapower output nec- maintain air navigation facilities andtoprescribe essarytoprovidecoveragewithin their assigned standardsfor the operationofany of these aids operational servicevolume.They a re subjectto which areusedfor instrumentflight in federally line-of-sight restrictions, andthe rangevaries controlled airspace.These aids aretabulated in proportionally to thealtitudeofthe receiving theAirport/Facility Directory(A/FD). equipment. b. Pilots should be awareofthe possibilityof NOTE: Normal service ranges forthe various momentary erroneous indication soncockpit classesofVORsare giveninNavigational Aid displays when theprimary signalgenerator for (NAVAID) Service Volumes, paragraph1-1-8. aground-based navigationaltransmitter(for b. Most VORs areequipped forvoice transmis- example, aglideslope, VOR ,ornondirectional sion on theVOR frequency. VORs withoutvoice beacon)isinoperative. Pilots should disre- capability areindicatedbythe letter“W” (without gard any navigationindication,regardlessofits voice) included in the class designator (VORW). apparent validity, if theparticulartransmitter was c. Theonlypositivemethodofidentifying aVOR identifiedbyNOTAM or otherwise as unusable is by its MorseCodeidentification or by the or inoperative. recorded automatic voiceidentificationwhichis 1-1-2NONDIRECTIONAL RADIO always indicated by use of theword“VOR” fol- BEACON (NDB) lowing therange’s name.Re lianceondetermin- ingthe identification of an omnirange should a. Alow or medium frequencyradio beacontrans- neverbeplaced on listening to voicetransmis- mits nondirectional signals whereby thepilot sions by theFlightServic eStation (FSS) (or of an aircraft properlyequipped candetermine approach control facility)involved.Many FSSs bearingsand “home” on thestation.These remotely operateseveral omnirangeswith differ- facilities normally operateinafrequencyband entnames.Insomecases, none of theVORs of 190to535 kilohertz (kHz), according to have thenameofthe “parent” FSS. During peri- ICAO Annex10the frequency range forNDBs odsofmaintenance, thefacility mayradiatea is between190 and 1750 kHz, andtransmit T-E-S-Tcode acontinuouscarrier with either 400or1020 (– •••• –) or thecodemay be removed. hertz(Hz)modulation.All radiobeacons except thecompass locatorstransmit acontinuous d. Voice identification hasbeen added to numer- three-letter ide ntification in code except during ousVORs. Thetransmission consists of avoice voice transmissions. announcement,“AIRVILLE VOR” alternating with the usual MorseCodeidentification. b. When aradio beaco nisusedinconjunctionwith theInstrumentLanding System markers, it is e. Theeffectivenessof the VORdepends upon called aCompass Locator. proper useand adjustmentofbothgroundand airborne equipment. c. Voice transmissionsare made on radiobeacons unless the letter“W” (without voice)isincluded 1. Accuracy. Theaccuracy of course align- in theclass designator(HW). ment of theVOR is excellent,beinggener- ally plusorminus1d egree. d. Radio beacons aresubject to disturbances that mayresultinerro neousbearing information. 2. Roughness. On some VORs, minor Such disturbances result from such factors courseroughness may be observed,evi- as lightning, precipitationstatic, etc. At night, dencedbycourseneedleorbrief flag radio beaconsar evulnerabletointerference alarmactivity(some receiversare more from distant stations. Nearly alldisturbances susceptible to theseirregularities than which affect theAutomatic Direction Finder others).Atafewstations, usually in moun- (ADF) bearing a lsoaffectthe facility’siden- tainousterrain, thepilot mayoccasionally tification. Noisy identification usually occurs observe abrief cou rseneedle oscillation, when theADF needle is erratic. Voice, music or similartothe indication of “approaching erroneousid entification maybeheard when a station.” Pilotsflying over unfamiliarroutes steady false bearing is being displayed. Since arecautioned t obeonthe alertfor these ADFreceiversdonot have a“flag” to warn the © JEPPESEN,1994, 2008. ALLRIGHTSRESERVED. 40 RADIOAIDS 22 AUG08 SECTION1.NAVIGATIONAIDS TABLE1-1-5 GPSIFR EquipmentClasses/Categories TSO-C129 Int. Nav Sys. Equipment Nonprecision RAIM to Prov.RAIM OceanicEnroute Terminal Class Approach Capable Equiv. Class A -GPS sensor andnavigation capability. A1 yesyes yesyes yes A2 yesyes yesyes no Class B -GPS sensor data to an integrate dnavigation system (i.e.FMS,multi-sensor navigation system, etc.). B1 yesyes yesyes yes B2 yesyes yesyes no B3 yesyes yesyes yes B4 yesyes yesyes no Class C -GPS sensordatatoanintegratednavigationsystem (asinClass B) which provides enhanced guidancetoanautopilot,orflight director, to reduce flighttech. errors.Limited to 14 CFRPart121 or equivalentcriteria. C1 yesyes yesyes yes C2 yesyes yesyes no C3 yesyes yesyes yes C4 yesyes yesyes no TABLE1-1-6 GPSApproval Required/AuthorizedUse Installation Operational Equipment IFR IFR IFR Oceanic In Lieu of ADF Approval Approval Type1 Enroute 2 Terminal2 Approach3 Remote and/or DME 3 Required Required Hand held4 X 5 VFRPanel X Mount 4 IFREnroute XXXX X and Terminal IFR XXXX XX Oceanic/ Remote IFR XXXXX X Enroute, Terminal, and Approach 1 To determineequipment approvalsand limitations,refer to theAFM,AFM supplements, or pilotguides. 2 Requiresverification of datafor correctnessifdatabaseisexpired. 3 Requirescurrentdatabase. 4 VFRand hand-heldGPS systemsare not authorizedfor IFRnavigation, instrument approaches, or as aprimary instrument flight reference. During IFRoperations they maybeconsidered only an aidtosituational awareness. 5 Hand-heldreceivers require no approval. However, anyaircraftmodificationtosupportthe hand-held receiver;i.e., installation of an external antennaorapermanentmountingbracket,doesrequireapproval. 3. TheGPS Approach OverlayProgram is containedinthe current onboard naviga- an authorizationfor pilots to use GPS tion database areauthorized. The navi- avionics underIFR forflying designated gation database