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Diplomarbeit View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Islam vs. Häresie Anhand einer Abhandlung gegen die Baha’¯ ¯ıya Verfasser Yves Brägger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Oktober 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 385 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Arabistik Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Lohlker Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung 7 Einordnung des Buches 15 1 Anti-B¯ab¯ıund anti-Bah¯a’¯ıLiteratur in Ägypten . ....... 15 2 AufbaudesBuches ............................ 18 Analyse 21 1 DerVorwurfderZaubereiundderÜbertreibung . 21 1.1 Übertreibung (˙gul¯uw)....................... 24 1.2 Zauberei (sih. r) .......................... 27 1.3 Manipulationen und Sinnesverwirrung . 28 2 ÜberdieUnzucht............................. 32 2.1 Qurrat Ayn im Brennpunkt kopfloser Leidenschaft . 32 2.2 Verehrung inmitten der Sinnesverwirrung . 34 2.3 DieKonferenzzuBadašt. 36 3 DieIsmailiten............................... 40 3.1 Überblick der ismailitischen Glaubensrichtung . 40 3.2 Die Aufhebung der šar¯ı a durchdenB¯ab . 43 3.3 Der innere Sinn (b¯at.in)derOffenbarung . 44 3.4 ta’w¯ıl vs. tafs¯ır .......................... 46 3.5 Trunkenheit vs. qiy¯ama ...................... 48 3.6 Ähnlichkeiten der Polemiken . 52 4 Die H. ur¯uf¯ıya................................ 57 4.1 Fad. lall¯ahs «Zeichensystem» . 58 4.2 «Buchstaben»imText . 60 4.3 Das Erbe Fad. lall¯ahs ....................... 63 5 Die da wa ................................. 65 5.1 SemantikdesBegriffs. 65 5.2 FalscheZeugen .......................... 65 3 5.3 DieLügegegenGott ....................... 66 5.4 Das System der ismailitischen Mission (da wa)......... 71 6 Die Šayh¯ıya ................................ 76 ¯ 6.1 Šayh Ah. mad al-Ah. s¯a’¯ı(1753-1826) . 78 ¯ 6.2 K¯az.im Rašt¯ı(1798-1843) . 83 6.3 Entwicklungen der Šayh¯ıya nach K¯az.im Rašt¯ı . 84 ¯ 6.4 Im Konflikt mit weltlicher Herrschaft . 86 7 DasGeheimnisderBah¯a’¯ı . 88 7.1 ÄußereFeinde........................... 89 7.2 UnislamischerEinfluss . 91 7.3 ProfaneAbsichten ........................ 93 7.4 Unzurechnungsfähigkeit . 94 Häresie 99 Übersetzung 103 Die B¯ab¯ıya 109 Die Bah¯a’¯ıya 139 Literaturverzeichnis 169 4 Einleitung Der kontroverse Rechtsgelehrte und Theologe Šayh Ah. mad Ah. s¯a’¯ıwurde 1824 in ei- ¯ ner öffentlichen Konfrontation mit dem erstarkenden Establishment der schiitischen Gelehrten der Us.¯ulis im persichen Qazv¯ın mit dem takf¯ır belegt und somit als Un- gläubiger abgestempelt. Sein Nachfolger K¯az.im Rašt¯ıversuchte die Lehre Ah. s¯a’¯ıs zu rehabilitieren. Er konstituierte dadurch die Bewegung der Šayh¯ıya und akzentuierte ¯ dabei gleichzeitig deren Positionierung gegenüber der vorherrschenden schiitischen Lehre der Us.¯ulis, während er aber eher bemüht zu sein schien, die Gemeinsamkeiten der Lehre seines Vorgängers zu dieser herauszustreichen. K¯az.im Rašt¯ıverstarb 1843, eine kryptisch-prophetische Ankündigung hinterlas- send, dass sich die göttliche Weisung (amr) ein Jahr nach ihm manifestieren würde. Seine Anhänger teilten sich in der Folge. Eine der Abspaltungen bemühte sich dar- um, die Rolle des Propheten und der Imame zu betonen und versuchte sich dadurch die Akzeptanz der schiitischen Mehrheit zu sichern. Eine andere Richtung wandte sich verstärkt der Hinwendung einer inneren (b¯at.in) Realität der Offenbarung zu und verfolgte die Suche nach dem Träger der göttlichen Weisung (.s¯ah. ib al-amr), welcher sich manifestieren sollte.1 Diese Trennung verlieh einer inneren Spaltung der Lehre Ah. s¯a’¯ıs Ausdruck, was zu einer pointierten, intimen Feindschaft der bei- den Gruppen führte. Die Entfernung der beiden Gruppen voneinander spitzte sich zu und erreichte ihren Höhepunkt zu dem Zeitpunkt, an welchem die B¯ab¯ıya das islamische Gesetz (šar¯ı a) als aufgelöst erklären sollte. Die Anhänger und Anhängerinnen der sich formierenden B¯ab¯ıya machten sich zunächst auf die Suche nach dem .s¯ah. ib al-amr. Sie glaubten dass dieser den Zugang zum verborgenen Imam gewähren würde. Diese Position wurde zuvor von Ah. s¯a’¯ı und Rašt¯ıverkörpert, wenn auch diese einen offenen Anspruch, das sogenannte Tor (b¯ab) zum Imam zu sein, nie publik gemacht und dies sogar explizit verneint hatten. Aus den letzten Worten Rašt¯ıs glaubte diese Gruppe aber schließen zu können, dass es sich beim, in unmittelbarer Zukunft zu erscheinenden .s¯ah. ib al-’amr um einen 1MacEoin 1982, 1f. 7 Bruch mit dem bisherigen vielleicht als quietistisch zu bezeichnenden Umgang mit dem Zugang zum verborgenen Wissen handelte.2 Identifiziert wurde der .s¯ah. ib al-amr und b¯ab schließlich in Sayyid Al¯ıMuh. ammad Š¯ır¯az¯ı. Dieser machte seinen Anspruch auf diese Position gegenüber Mull¯aH. usayn Bušr¯u’¯ızum ersten Mal am 22.Mai 1844 explizit. 1848 sagten sich Al¯ıMuh. ammad Š¯ır¯az¯ıund ein Teil der Anhänger und Anhängerinnen der mittlerweilen konstituier- ten Gruppe der B¯ab¯ıya von der Befolgung des islamischen Gesetzes los. Nach der Exekution Al¯ıMuh. ammad Š¯ır¯az¯ıs 1850 und einer Reihe anderer Konfrontationen der B¯ab¯ımit den staatlichen Truppen der Qajaren war die Bewegung in den 1850er Jahren praktisch nicht mehr existent.3 1866 verkündete M¯ırz¯aH. usayn Al¯ıN¯ur¯ıderjenige zu sein, welchen Gott manifest machen würde. Von seiner religiösen Benennung als Bah¯a’ull¯ah (der Glanz Gottes) stammt die Bezeichnung der Bah¯a’¯ıya, welche bis Ende des Jahrhunderts die größte religiöse Minderheit im Iran wurde, sich aber auch in Europa oder Amerika verbrei- tete. Selbst versteht sich die Bewegung als eine neue und zeitgemäße Weltreligion und ist in ihrer radikalen Loslösung wohl einzigartig unter den aus dem Islam heraus entstandenen Bewegungen. Sie bezeichnet sich selbst als nicht islamisch und stellt vielleicht einen gewissen apostatischen Präzedenzfall in der islamischen Geschichte dar. Allerdings geht der derzeitige Chefredakteur des Middle East Quarterly Denis MacEoin (1990) soweit zu sagen, dass die B¯ab¯ıya und sogar die Bah¯a’¯ıya auch als ein Ausdruck des schiitischen Islams gesehen werden können. Er interpretiert die Auseinandersetzungen, welche schließlich zu einer neuen Prophetie führten, als ein zentrales Moment der Schia, welche sich beständig mit der Problematik der aufrecht zu erhaltenden, prophetischen Führung beschäftigte. Im selben Zusammenhang kön- nen auch die Konflikte der Us.¯ulis mit der Šayh¯ıya und allgemeiner die Herausbil- ¯ dung einer charismatischen Quelle der Rechtleitung bis hin zu Ajatollah Chomeini betrachtet werden. Die Abrogation der šar¯ı a durch die B¯ab¯ıya sei denn auch kein Element, welches von Beginn weg in den Ansichten Ah. s¯a’¯ıs vorzufinden sei, vielmehr seien all die Auseinandersetzungen von der Šayh¯ıya bis zur Bah¯a’¯ıya vom äußerst ¯ schiitischen Problem der prophetischen Kontinuität geprägt.4 Diese Überlegungen werfen unweigerlich auch die Frage auf, ab welchem Zeit- punkt, aus welchen doktrinären oder rechtlichen Gründen, oder gar aus was für ei- ner Motivlage heraus bei den angesprochenen Bewegungen (wie aber auch allgemein auf andere Strömungen bezogen) von Häresie oder Apostasie gesprochen werden 2MacEoin 1982, vgl. 12f. 3MacEoin 1990, 325. 4MacEoin 1990, 325f. 8 kann. Nach dem Schriftsteller und Philosophen Wilson (1997) ist dies eine Frage, die (wohl nicht nur im islamischen Kontext) kaum eindeutig beantwortet werden kann und immer abhängig vom gewählten Standpunkt aus erst einen Sinn ergibt. In der vorliegenden Studie werde ich in diesem spannungsgeladenen Rahmen um den Begriff der Häresie versuchen die inhaltlichen Punkte darzulegen, welche die aktuelle Debatte um die Bah¯a’¯ıya prägen. Dazu werde ich ein Buch unter die Lupe nehmen, welches 1996 in Ägypten erschienen ist und mir in einer unveränder- ten Ausgabe aus dem Libanon von 1999 vorliegt. Es ist von Amir¯ al-Naˇgˇg¯ar, einem Gelehrten an der Suez-Kanal-Universität verfasst. Die deutsche Islamwissenschaftle- rin Johanna Pink (2003) bezeichnet es als «inhaltlich und strukturell konventionelles Buch».5 Sie zählt es zu einer Reihe anderer neuerer Publikationen, durch welche sich deren Autoren hauptsächlich im islamischen Diskurs um die Bah¯a’¯ıya zu platzieren versuchten.6 Somit stellt Amir¯ al-Naˇgˇg¯ar einen Autor dar, der seine Publikations- liste erweitern will und dazu wohl kaum kontroversielle Positionen einnehmen wird, sondern vornehmlich das wiedergibt, was er als akzeptierte Meinung betrachtet. Er richtet sich wohl an ein Publikum religiöser Gelehrter oder Akademiker. Solche Bü- cher, gerade als allgemeine Überblicke verfasst, finden ihren Eingang allerdings über die Presse in einen breiteren öffentlichen Diskurs, und auch wenn sich eine Einzel- person einmal für dieses Thema interessieren sollte, bleiben als Rückgriff praktisch nur ebensolche Publikationen.7 Somit dürfte gerade ein solches Buch einen guten Überblick über die auch gesamtgesellschaftlich relevanten Themen innerhalb des Diskurses um die Bah¯a’¯ıya liefern. Das untersuchte Buch läßt sich anhand der Inhalte in die Tradition der Häre- siographien einreihen: es behandelt die Frage nach den Abweichungen vom rechten Weg. Wie in anderen Religionen besteht auch im Islam eine Tradition in der Aus- einandersetzung mit vom rechten Glauben «abweichenden» Gruppen, was sich auch in einer eigenen Literaturgattung, den Häresiographien, niedergeschlagen hat. Im Zusammenhang mit Häresie spricht die arabisch-islamische Literatur von «Sekten» (firqa, pl. firaq). Aus theologischer Sicht soll die Häresiographie oder allgemeiner die Aufklärung über die religiösen
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