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Ultra-Low-Power Circuit Techniques for Mm-Size Wireless Sensor Nodes with Energy Harvesting

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Ultra-Low-Power Circuit Techniques for Mm-Size Wireless Sensor Nodes with Energy Harvesting REVIEW PAPER IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.11, No.20, 1–12 Ultra-low-power circuit techniques for mm-size wireless sensor nodes with energy harvesting Hiroki Morimura1a), Shoichi Oshima1, Kenichi Matsunaga1, Toshishige Shimamura2, and Mitsuru Harada3 1 NTT Device Technology Laboratories, 3–1 Morimosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243–0198, Japan 2 NTT Intellectual Property Center 3 NTT Network Innovation Laboratories a) [email protected] Abstract: This paper describes circuit techniques for energy-harvesting technology in millimeter-size ultra-low-power batteryless wireless sensor nodes as a front end for BigData, IoT, M2M, and ambient intelligence. Power generated by energy harvester becomes as small as the nanowatt level when the size of a sensor node becomes millimeter-size. First, technical trends in low-power circuits and the portfolio of energy harvesting and circuit technology are discussed from the viewpoints of technical and application issues. Then, circuit techniques for nanowatt level wireless sensor nodes — a zero-power vibration sensing circuit, power management with MEMS switch, and an intermitted RF transmitter — are explained. Keywords: wireless sensor node, low power, sensing circuit, power man- agement, RF transmitter, energy harvesting, MEMS Classification: Integrated circuits References [1] H. De Man: ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers (2005) 29. DOI:10.1109/ISSCC.2005. 1493857 [2] S. Roundy, P. K. Wright and J. M. Rabaey: Kluwer AcademicPublishers (2004) 22. [3] G. Ono, T. Nakagawa, R. Fujiwara, T. Norimatsu, T. Terada, M. Miyazaki, K. Suzuki, K. Yano, Y. Ogata, A. Macki, S. Kobayashi, N. Koshizuka and K. Sakamura: Symp. on VLSI Circuits (2007) 90. DOI:10.1109/VLSIC.2007. 4342778 [4] J. Wenck, R. Amirtharajah, J. Collier and J. 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Accepted September 24, 2014 Published October 25, 2014 2 IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.11, No.20, 1–12 [29] G. Kim, M. Barangi, Z. Foo, N. Pinckney, S. Bang, D. Blaauw and D. Sylvester: ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers (2013) 480. DOI:10.1109/ISSCC.2013.6487823 [30] A. Paidimarri, D. Griffith, A. Wang, A. P. Chandrakasan and G. Burra: ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers (2013) 184. DOI:10.1109/ISSCC.2013.6487692 [31] S. Oshima, K. Matsunaga, H. Morimura and M. Harada: Symp. on VLSI Circuits (2013) C150. [32] I. Lee, S. Bang, D. Yoon, M. Choi, S. Jeong, D. Sylvester and D. Blaauw: Symp. on VLSI Circuits (2013) C228. [33] C. Bachmann, G.-J. van Schaik, B. Busze, M. Konijnenburg, Y. Zhang, J. Stuyt, M. Ashouei, G. Dolmans, T. Gemmeke and H. de Groot: ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers (2014) 186. DOI:10.1109/ISSCC.2014.6757393 [34] K. Souri, Y. Chae, F. Thus and K. Makinwa: ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers (2014) 222. DOI:10.1109/ISSCC.2014.6757409 [35] H. Ha, D. Sylvester, D. Blaauw and J.-Y. Sim: ISSCC Dig. Tech. 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Morimura, J. Kodate, T. Sakata, S. Shigematsu, K. Kudou, K. Machida, M. Nakanishi and H. Ishii: IEDM Dig. Tech. Papers (2006) 735. DOI:10.1109/IEDM.2006.346891 1 Introduction Wireless sensor node technology with an energy harvester has become attractive recently, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which obtain various sensing data and transmit the data to the Internet, are advocated to advance the ubiquitous society [1]. Irrespective of such expectations, WSNs have actually not become as widespread as ICT (Information and Communication Technology), which has spread dramatically. This is because of restrictions on the size and battery life of sensor nodes and also because of the lack of key applications. However, the situation could abruptly change with the explosive popularity of smartphones in recent years. Smartphones pre-install the GPS function, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and accelerometers, which provide a basic platform for sensor nodes. Furthermore, we are seeing the start of huge data processing with Cloud technology, which enables © IEICE 2014 DOI: 10.1587/elex.11.20142009 the extraction of useful information and returns it to society or users, which is Received June 25, 2014 Accepted September 24, 2014 called BigData. An infrastructure that connects all devices and sensors to the Published October 25, 2014 3 IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.11, No.20, 1–12 Fig. 1. Future world of wireless sensor networks with millimeter-size sensor nodes.
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