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Soil Conditions Along a Hydrologic Gradient and Successional

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Soil Conditions Along a Hydrologic Gradient and Successional AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Douglas M. Green for the degree of Doctorof Philosophy in Rangeland Resources presentedon June 17, 1991. Title: Soil Conditions Alonga Hydrologic Gradient and Successional Dynamics ina Grazed and Uncirazed Montane Riparian Ecosystem. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy J. Boone Kauffman Vegetation dynamics of eight riparianplant communities under livestockuse or exclusion in northeastern Oregon was quantified for10 years. In addition, belowground characteristicsof five distinct riparian communities alonga moisture gradient from continually anaerobic to continuallyaerobic conditions were characterized. Vegetation parameters quantified include:species richness, species diversity,evenness, and aboveground biomass. In Poa pratensis-mixed dicot (dry meadow)and Poa pratensis-Carex spp. (moist meadow), themost heavily utilized communities, ruderal andcompetitive ruderal species were favored by grazing disturbance. In exclosures of the same communities, competitiveor competitive stress tolerant species were favored. Mean height and density of woody species were significantlygreater in exclosures of Salix spp.-mixed dicot(gravel bar) communities. Disturbance associated withmoderate stocking rates (1.3to 1.8 ha/AUM over the study period)did not adversely affect plant community propertiessampled. The belowground soil parametersquantified include: depth to water table, redoxpotential, and soil temperature at 5, 10, 30, cm depths. In addition, total nitrogen(N), ammonium (NH4+) , nitrate (NO3) , ferrous iron (Fe2+), and free iron (Fe2O3) in soils atdepths of 0 to 10 cm and10 to 30 cm were sampled. During the June to Septembergrowing season, redox potential in Glyceria grandiscommunities, ranged from -19 to -226 mV. This was significantly(P <- 0.1) lower than Juncus balticus-Poapratensis, and Poa pratensis-Carex spp. communitiesover the growing season. At the dry end of the moisturegradient, Poa pratensis- Carex spp. communities had redoxpotential ranging from 460 to 634 mV. These riparian plant communitiesoccurred in unique combinations of edaphicconditions which influence rhizosphere, vegetation, andaquatic systems. Soil Conditions alonga Hydrologic Gradient and Successional Dynamics ina Grazed and Ungrazed Montane Riparian Ecosystem. by Douglas M. Green A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed June 17, 1991 Commencement June 1992 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy escir o`jf Rangeland urces in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Department oflangdtand Resources Redacted for Privacy Dean of Gradua School Date thesis is presented June 17, 1991 Typed by Douglas Green for Douglas Green TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LONGTERM SUCCESSIONAL DYNAMICS UNDER 10 YEARS 11 OF LIVESTOCK GRAZING IN A NORTHEASTERNOREGON RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM Abstract 12 Introduction 14 Study site 18 Methods 26 Results 30 Discussion 73 Conclusions 80 Literature Cited 82 III. REDOX POTENTIAL AND EDAPHICCONDITIONS ALONG A 88 HYDROLOGICAL GRADIENT IN A NORTHEASTERNOREGON RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM Abstract 89 Introduction 91 Methods 96 Results and Discussion 102 Conclusions 168 Literature Cited 170 IV. SUMMARY 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 APPENDICES 196 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Mean (± 1 SE) depth to watertable in 107 centimeters in Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceriagrandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba- Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr- Carex spp.) communitiesover the study period in the Catherine Creekstudy area. 111.2. Mean (± 1 SE) soil temperaturein degrees 110 celsius for Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceriagrandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba- Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr- Carex spp.) communities at 5cm depth over the study period in the CatherineCreek study area. 111.3. Mean (± 1 SE) soil temperaturein degrees 112 celsius for Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceriagrandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba- Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr- Carex spp.) communities at 10cm depth over the study period in the CatherineCreek study area. 111.4. Mean (± 1 SE) soil temperaturein degrees 115 celsius for Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceriagrandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba- Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr- Carex spp.) communities at30 cm depth over the study period in the CatherineCreek study area. 111.5. Mean (± 1 SE) redox potentials inmillivolts 118 for Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis(Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis(Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at 5cm depth over the study period in the CatherineCreek study area. 111.6. Mean (± 1 SE) redox potentialsin millivolts 121 for Carex nebraskensis (Cane),Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis(Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis(Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at 10cm depth over the study period in the CatherineCreek study area. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 111.7. Mean (± 1 SE) redox potentials inmillivolts 123 for Carex nebraskensis (Cane),Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis(Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis(Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at 30cm depth over the study period in the CatherineCreek study area. 111.8. Mean (± 1 SE) ferrous iron concentrationin 126 milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro),Glyceria grandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at0 to 10 cm depth over the study period inthe Catherine Creek study area. 111.9. Mean (± 1 SE) ferrous iron concentrationin 129 milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at10 to 30 cm depth over the study period inthe Catherine Creek study area. III.10. Mean (± 1 SE) free iron concentrationin 132 milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at0 to 10 cm depth over the study period inthe Catherine Creek study area. III.11. Mean (± 1 SE) free iron concentrationin 135 milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro),Glyceria grandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communities at10 to 30 cm depth over the study period inthe Catherine Creek study area. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 111.12. Mean (± 1 SE) total nitrogenconcentration 137 in milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata(Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr),Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr), andPoa pratensis- Carex spp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communitiesat 0 to 10 cm depth over the study periodin the Catherine Creek studyarea. 111.13. Mean (± 1 SE) total nitrogenconcentration 140 in milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata(Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr),Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr), andPoa pratensis- Carex spp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communitiesat 10 to 30 cm depth over the studyperiod in the Catherine Creek studyarea. 111.14. Mean (± 1 SE) ammonium nitrogen 142 concentration in milligramsper kilogram in Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr),Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr),and Poa pratensis-Carex spp. (Popr-Carexspp.) communities at 0 to 10cm depth over the study period in the Catherine Creekstudy area. 111.15. Mean (± 1 SE) ammonium nitrogen 145 concentration in milligramsper kilogram in Carex nebraskensis(Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr),Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr),and Poa pratensis-Carex spp. (Popr-Carexspp.) communities at 10 to 30cm depth over the study period in the Catherine Creekstudy area. 111.16. Mean (± 1 SE) nitrate nitrogenconcentration 148 in milligrams per kilogramin Carex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata(Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr),Juncus balticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr), andPoa pratensis- Carex spp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communitiesat 0 to 10 cm depth over the studyperiod in the Catherine Creek studyarea. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 111.17. Mean (± 1 SE) nitrate nitrogen concentration 150 in milligrams per kilogram inCarex nebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata(Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr), Juncusbalticus-Poa pratensis (Juba-Popr), and Poapratensis- Carex spp. (Popr-Carex spp.) communitiesat 10 to 30 cm depth over the study periodin the Catherine Creek studyarea. 111.18. Conceptual diagram of the hydric gradient 152 showing depth to water table,temperature, redox potential, nitrate concentrationand levels of ferrous iron in Carexnebraskensis (Cane), Carex rostrata (Caro), Glyceria grandis (Glgr), Juncus balticus-Poapratensis (Juba-Popr), and Poa pratensis-Carexspp. (Popr-Carex) communities. Temperature and redox potential are shown for 5and 30 cm depths. Ferrous iron and nitrateare shown for 0 to 10 and 10 to 30cm depths. 111.19. Frequency of selected species alonga 160 gradient of redox potential at5 cm in the Catherine Creek studyarea. 111.20. Frequency of selected species alonga 162 gradient of nitrate concentration(mg kg') at the 0 to 10 cm in the CatherineCreek study area. 111.21. Frequency of selected
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