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2016: the Rule of Three for Prizes in Science and the Bold Triptychs of Francis Bacon

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2016: the Rule of Three for Prizes in Science and the Bold Triptychs of Francis Bacon Please cite this article in press as: Goldstein, The Rule of Three for Prizes in Science and the Bold Triptychs of Francis Bacon, Cell (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.040 Leading Edge Commentary The Rule of Three for Prizes in Science and the Bold Triptychs of Francis Bacon Joseph L. Goldstein1,2,* Q1 1Chair, Lasker Awards Jury 2Departments of Molecular Genetics and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.040 For many scientific awards, such as Nobels and Laskers, the maximum number of recipients is three. This Rule of Three forces selection committees to make difficult decisions that increase the likelihood of singling out those individuals who open a new field and continue to lead it. The Rule of Three is reminiscent of art’s three-panel triptych, a form that the modern master Francis Bacon used to distill complex stories in a bold way. What’s Magic about the Number 3? for pernicious anemia. The second time Visitation (left), the Descent (middle), and There’s something magical and magiste- that the Karolinska Institute recognized a the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple rial about the number three. Religion has threesome was in 1945 when Alexander (right). The central panel shows four men its Holy Trinity; literature has its Three Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain lowering the body of Christ with the aid Musketeers; comedy has its Three were honored for the discovery of peni- of a shroud. At the top of one ladder, the Stooges; folk music has its Peter, Paul, cillin. It was not until 1946 that the first gray-haired man holds one end of the and Mary; thoroughbred racing has its Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given to shroud in his teeth, while at the top of a Triple Crown; and the universe has its first three individuals. This award recognized second ladder, the brown-haired man three minutes. In baseball, it’s ‘‘three the discovery that enzymes could be holds the other end of the shroud with strikes and you’re out’’; in science, it’s crystallized (James Sumner) and that vi- his left hand. One of Christ’s feet comes the Nobel Rule of Three; and in art, it’s ruses could be prepared in a pure form to rest on Mary Magdalene’s shoulder, the three-panel triptych. (John Northrop and Wendell Stanley). No right next to her beautiful golden hair further chemistry prizes to three occurred (Bialostocki, 1964). Origin of the Nobel Rule of Three until 1967 when the Nobel was awarded In 1794, after winning the battle of Fleu- The original will of Alfred Nobel made no to Manfred Eigen, Ronald Norrish, and rus in the Netherlands, Napoleon visited mention of the number of recipients who George Porter for studies of fast chemical the Antwerp Cathedral where he became could share a Nobel Prize. For the first reactions. awestruck by Rubens’ triptych. As part 50 years of Nobel Prizes (1901–1950), In 1968, the Nobel Foundation formally of the victory spoils, Napoleon removed the prizes in every category were given decided that the maximum number of re- the painting and sent the three panels to primarily to one or two individuals with cipients to receive any of their prizes the Louvre. After his death, all three very few exceptions (Levinovitz and Ring- would be three (Levinovitz and Ringertz, panels were returned to the cathedral in ertz, 2001). In 1902, one half of the Nobel 2001). In the last 50 years, about one-third 1815. Prize in Physics was awarded to Henri of the prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Becquerel for his discovery of sponta- Physiology or Medicine have each been Francis Bacon: Master of the Bold neous radioactivity and the other half shared by three people. Following in Triptych was shared between the husband and Nobel footsteps, the Lasker Foundation Fast forward to 1944, when the Irish-born wife team of Pierre and Marie Curie for adopted the Rule of Three in 1997. Since British artist Francis Bacon entered the art developing methods for measuring radio- then, about one-third of Lasker Basic world. Bacon is one of the most important activity and identifying new radioactive and Clinical Awards have been shared painters of the last half of the 20th century. elements such as radium. A physics prize by three individuals. His mastery of bold, raw, and emotionally to three was not given again for 54 years charged human images are exceptionally at which time William Shockley, John Origin of Triptychs powerful in much the same way that the Bardeen, and Walter Brattain were The first triptychs go back to the Middle human figures of Picasso and Willem de honored in 1956 for the discovery of the Ages when Byzantine churches were Kooning shock and haunt the spectator transistor. decorated with biblical altar paintings. (Sylvester, 2000; Harrison, 2016). The first time three individuals received One of the most famous of all triptychs is In adopting the triptych format, Bacon a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine the altarpiece in the Antwerp Cathedral was greatly influenced by Rubens, espe- was in 1934 when the prize went to by Peter Paul Rubens, completed in cially his Descent triptych and the related George Whipple, George Minot, and Wil- 1612 (Figure 1A). Rubens’ triptych, enti- triptych Elevation of the Cross, also in the liam Murphy for discovery of liver therapy tled Descent from the Cross, depicts the Antwerp Cathedral. From 1944 to 1986, Cell 167, September 22, 2016 ª 2016 Elsevier Inc. 1 CELL 9159 Please cite this article in press as: Goldstein, The Rule of Three for Prizes in Science and the Bold Triptychs of Francis Bacon, Cell (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.040 shown in Figure 2B adjacent to Velaz- quez’s 1650 version. Bacon considered Velazquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X to be the finest portrait ever painted (Syl- vester, 2000; Harrison, 2016). One of Bacon’s contemporaries in the London art world during the last half of the 20th century was another of England’s highly original artists, Lucian Freud. Ba- con and Freud had a complicated rela- tionship: they were confidants and rivals at the same time. One of Bacon’s most acclaimed triptychs, Three Studies of Lu- cian Freud, depicts Freud in a hellish Holy Trinity—tangled and trapped in a series of cages, sitting like a coiled spring about to erupt and shoot out of the flat picture frame (Figure 3). Freud is shown in his trademark navy blue socks and rolled-up white shirt. In 2014, this triptych was sold at auction for $142 million—the high- est price ever paid for an artwork at auction—until last year when a Picasso painting sold for $165 million. Why the Triptych Format? Why the Rule of Three? What attracted Francis Bacon to the trip- tych format? In addition to the influence of Rubens, Bacon believed that having three images next to each other allowed him to tell a better story than did a single Figure 1. The Triptych: From Rubens to Bacon image. Moreover, limiting his painting to (A) Descent From the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens (1612–1614). Oil on panel. Triptych, 28 3 9.8 ft. Antwerp three panels forced him to distill and Cathedral. (B) Crucifixion by Francis Bacon 1965. Oil on canvas. Triptych, 6.5 3 4.8 ft. Pinakothek der Modern, simplify a complex story so that it could Munich. be presented in a chronological way much like a series of successive photo- graphs captures a key event. Bacon painted 31 large triptychs (78 3 pope portraits, entitled Pope I, Pope II, How does the triptych approach for 58 in) and 45 smaller ones. His favorite and Pope III (Figure 2A). This series of telling a good story relate to the Rule of subjects were crucifixions, screaming paintings was his first to show the same Three? Why should a Nobel Prize and a Popes, drinking companions, famous art- figure in three different poses (see Lasker Award be limited to a maximum ists, and wealthy businessmen. Figure 1B Figure 2A for more details on the history of three individuals if the scientific story shows a 1965 triptych by Bacon entitled of how this triptych was assembled and being recognized is based on the work Crucifixion, in which he depicts three disassembled). Bacon depicted his three of four, five, six people or a team of forms of violent death. In the central popes not as sanctified figures but as many? Bypassed scientists may legiti- panel, a half-human, half-animal hybrid anti-pope creatures in which ‘‘the papal mately feel that their contributions have figure hangs upside down from a scaffold throne becomes the electric chair, the pa- been left out in the cold, and without their hook—a modernist rendition of Rubens’ pal attire becomes gaudy dress, and the inclusion, the story would be incomplete. Descent from the Cross. organ of speech becomes the aperture One of the strongest arguments for During the 15th–17th centuries, popes of a scream’’ (Arya, 2009). Moreover, the placing an upper limit on the number of were celebrated and immortalized in scream becomes a clever double enten- recipients for prestigious awards is the portraits by renowned artists, such as dre, mimicking the shrieks of many need to provide selection committees Raphael, Titian, and Velasquez. Although viewers who are shocked at what they with strict boundary rules so that nomina- Bacon was fascinated by popes as are seeing.
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