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Experiences from Building Two Large Telephone Speech Databases for Swedish

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Experiences from Building Two Large Telephone Speech Databases for Swedish Dept. for Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report Experiences from building two large telephone speech databases for Swedish Elenius, K. O. E. journal: TMH-QPSR volume: 40 number: 1-2 year: 1999 pages: 051-056 http://www.speech.kth.se/qpsr TMH-QPSR 1-2/1999 Experiences from building two large telephone speech databases for Swedish Kjell Elenius Abstract The objective of the EU-funded SpeechDat project was to create large-scale speech databases for voice-driven teleservices. This paper deals with the design of two such Swedish resources: 5000 speakers over the fixed telephone network, and 1000 over the mobile network. It also reports on experiences from speaker recruitment and presents statistics on speaker distribution. Results regarding orthographic labelling of pronunciation, pronunciation errors and non-speech events are also included. Introduction ronments: home/office, public location (i.e. restaurants, railway stations), roadside or In SpeechDat the 11 major EU languages are moving vehicle. covered as well as some major dialectal variants and minority languages (Höge et al., 1997; Speech material SpeechDat homepage). In total, 28 databases are collected: 20 databases over the fixed telephone The speech material includes: application- network (FDB), 5 over the mobile network oriented words, strings of digits, spelled words (MDB), and 3 are designed for speaker veri- and names, dates, times and money amounts, fication (SDB). KTH has been responsible for and also sentences or phrases providing good recording two Swedish databases: a 5000 “phonetic coverage” of the language. Moreover speaker FDB and a 1000 speaker MDB. More- language specific items may be recorded. The over a 1000 speaker FDB of Finland Swedish number of items in each category is determined has been recorded in Finland, by DMI at by an estimated minimum number of items Tampere University of Technology. needed for the training of speech recognisers and is shown in Table 1. The phonetically rich sentences should Database design and recording A number of specifications have been defined Table 1. Number of items to record for each for the databases in order to be accepted within speaker according to the SpeechDat definitions. the consortium. A strict and thorough validation procedure is carried out by a neutral institution FDB MDB in order to guarantee that the resources are of a 5000 1000 UTTERANCE standardised quality (see SpeechDat homepage) speakers speakers DESCRIPTION for document by van den Heuvel (1997). 1 2 isolated digit items 5 5 digit/number strings Speaker and environment criteria 1 1 natural number 1 1 money amounts The SpeechDat speakers are selected with 2 2 yes/no questions respect to gender, age and dialectal factors. The 33dates calling environment is also specified. 22times • The male/female relation must be 50% ±5%. 3 6 application keywords/ • A minimum of 20% of the speakers must phrases cover the age groups 16–30 and 31–45 years, 1 1 word spotting phrase and 15% ages 46–60 years. 5 5 directory assistance names • Each dialect must be represented by at least 3 3 spellings 0,5% of the speakers. 4 4 phonetically rich words • For FDB calls most are from a home or 9 9 phonetically rich office, but at least 2% must be from a public sentences location. For MDB one fourth of the utter- 8 8 Swedish-specific items ances must come from either of four envi- 48 52 Total 51 Elenius: Experiences from building two large telephone speech databases for Swedish include at least one repetition of each phone of Table 2. Swedish dialect regions (in bold) and the language for each speaker. To obtain a high dialect areas used in SpeechDat. number of phoneme contexts for good coverage of di- and triphones each sentence may not be Dialect number, area Major cities Population repeated more than 10 times among all speakers. and region in the area The phonetically rich words are selected to give 1. North Lappland Kiruna, 90 906 good coverage of multiphones preceded or suc- Malmberget ceeded by silence. The material was selected 2. Norrbotten (the Luleå, Boden, 175 105 from a large newspaper text database. county) Piteå The Swedish-specific material includes two 3. Västerbotten Umeå, 260 472 sentences specially designed for dialect (the province, Skellefteå, incl. South Lycksele research; the same sentences for all speakers. It Lappland) also contains 6 items to be used as testing mate- 4. Middle of Gävle, 682 383 rial in connection with a Swedish speaker verifi- Norrland, Sundsvall, cation database recorded earlier (Melin, 1996). Jämtland Härnösand, Östersund Technical set-up 1-4. Norrland 1 208 866 All SpeechDat databases are recorded on tele- 5. Upper Dalarna 74 688 phone servers connected to ISDN interfaces 6. Bergslagen Västerås, Falun 571 319 enabling digital recording and the possibility to 5-6. Bergslagen 646 007 call a toll-free number. Each speaker is provided 7. Gotland Visby 58 120 with a prompt sheet containing the items of 7. Island of Gotland 58 120 Table 1. Most of the items will result in read speech, but typically six of them will result in 8. Stockholm- Stockholm, 2 042 900 Uppsala area Uppsala spontaneous speech as answers to short prompted questions, such as “When were you 9. Närke, South Nyköping, 411 498 Södermanland Eskilstuna born”. Speakers should only make one call each. 8-9. East, and east middle Sweden 2 454.398 10. Värmland, Karlstad, 332 066 Demographic specifications Dalsland Karlskoga The SpeechDat specifications require the record- 11. Östergötland Linköping, 412 167 ing of all the major dialects of a language to Norrköping make the database representative. Professor 12. East Småland Västervik, 132 131 Emeritus Claes-Christian Elert has performed Oskarshamn, the geographical division of Sweden into dia- Borgholm lectal areas. 13. Västergötland Skövde, Skara, 804 643 Mariestad, Here one should keep in mind that a large Vänersborg, part of the population in Sweden does not have Borås Swedish as their mother tongue: 11% were not 14. Göteborg area Göteborg, 707 627 born in Sweden and many children have another Mölndal, mother tongue (in addition to the 11% above 8% Kungsbacka do not have Swedish citizenship). Many of the 10-14. West, and west middle Sweden 2 388 634 children are probably of an age below 16 and 15. (South) East Växjö, 586 063 therefore not eligible for SpeechDat. Småland Jönköping, Kalmar Seven main Swedish dialect regions 16. Northwest Helsingborg, 457 008 The dialectal division below reflects an effort to Skåne, south Halmstad divide the spoken standard Swedish language Halland into different geographical variants. It does not 17. Northeast Kristianstad, 322 619 regard genuine dialects, confined to rather small Skåne,Blekinge Karlskrona and specific areas, but rather the spoken lan- 18. Southwest Malmö, Lund 678 203 guage used by most people in most situations in Skåne the areas defined. The principle results in seven 15-18. South Sweden 2 081 471 major Swedish dialect regions, six of which 1-18. Sweden 8 837 496 cover Sweden and one Finland. 19. Finland Swedish 20. Not Swedish mother tongue 52 TMH-QPSR 1-2/1999 Eighteen Swedish dialect areas Snowball recruitment The regions above can be further divided into In an attempt to improve response rates callers smaller areas where the dialect in each one dif- were given the opportunity to send us addresses fers less from the dialects within its own region of friends together with their response sheets. than from the dialects of the others. Still the dif- They were offered one lottery ticket for each ference is considered large enough to motivate friend that called to get a "snowball effect”. subdivision resulting in a total of 18 dialect Around 53% of the callers took this opportunity, areas for Sweden. Table 2 contains the six dia- 47% of the males and 58% of the females. They lectal regions of Sweden and their division into sent us in average 4.0 addresses each. The out- 18 dialect areas and also the population in each. come was quite successful; the return rate The population counts are based on the national increased by almost a factor of 3 to 48% (of registration of people living in Sweden in 1995. 4505). Around 60% of the responding callers The numbers to the left of the table were used to were of the same gender as the address fur- represent the dialects in the SpeechDat record- nisher. This scheme was maintained for the rest ings. Number 19 indicates a Finland Swedish of the recordings although it doubled the cost of mother tongue and number 20 means that the lottery tickets and added administrative efforts. speaker did not have a Swedish mother tongue. Since most speech recognisers are statistic- Personal contacts ally based, a good principle for recruiting speak- We also contacted friends, colleagues and peo- ers is to do it proportionally according to the ple at Swedish phonetic departments and asked number of speakers in each area. This was the them to distribute protocols. The response rate principle adopted in this collection. for batches of protocols handed out to friends and students varied between 26% and 53% with FDB speaker recruitment a total mean of 39% (of 611). Speaker recruitment turned out to be a major problem though all calls were toll free (Lind- Internet berg, 1998). To encourage people to call we We also set up a web page where people could offered them a lottery ticket worth 25 SEK or register to get recording protocols. We sent around US $3. To get the required speaker infor- information regarding this to a number of mation for the SpeechDat database speakers Swedish mailing lists. This resulted in our high- were asked to return a response sheet after their est response rate: 76% (of 282).
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