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Structure and Tectonics of the Rough Creek Graben Western Kentucky and Southeastern Illinois

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Structure and Tectonics of the Rough Creek Graben Western Kentucky and Southeastern Illinois STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS OF THE ROUGH CREEK GRABEN WESTERN KENTUCKY AND SOUTHEASTERN ILLINOIS W. John Nelson Donald K. Lumm ISGS Guidebook 24 Department of Energy and Natural Resources 1992 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY STRUCTURE AND TECTONICS OF THE ROUGH CREEK GRABEN WESTERN KENTUCKY AND SOUTHEASTERN ILLINOIS W. John Nelson Donald K. Lumm Prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America Cincinnati, Ohio October 26-29, 1992 ISGS Guidebook 24 1992 Natural Resources Building ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 615 East Peabody Drive Morris W. Leighton, Chief Champaign, Illinois 61820 Cover photo by D. L. Reinertsen (Illinois State Geological Survey). Horseshoe Quarry, looking east. Steeply dipping beds are siliceous limestone of Fort Payne Formation. This photo was taken in 1960 when the quarry was much less overgrown by vegetation. Printed by authority of the State of lllinois/1992/WO0 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 STRUCTURAL HISTORY 1 Cambrian 1 Ordovician 4 Silurian and Devonian 4 Carboniferous 4 Post-Pennsylvanian 4 REGIONAL FAULT SYSTEMS 5 Rough Creek-Shawneetown Fault System 5 Lusk Creek Fault Zone 6 Pennyrile Fault System 6 DISCUSSION 7 FIELD-TRIP STOPS 7 Stop 1 7 Stop 2 9 Stop 3 10 Stop 4 10 Optional Stop 4a 12 Stop 5 12 Stop 6 13 Optional Stop 6a 13 Stop 7 13 Stop 8 16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17 REFERENCES CITED 18 ROAD LOG 21 FIGURES 1 Map showing regional structural features and locations of field-trip stops 1 2 Generalized stratigraphic column for western part of Rough Creek graben 2 3 Tracing from seismic section showing interpreted structure of Rough Creek-Shawneetown fault system northwestern Webster County, Kentucky 3 4 Illustrated profile of the east side of the Green River Parkway at Stop 1 6 5 Interpretive diagram showing relationship of structures at Stop 1 to the master fault of the Rough Creek fault system 8 6 Illustrated profile of the east side of the Hoover Hill roadcut, Stop 2 8 7 Illustration of paleoslump at Sebree interchange, Stop 3 10 8 Photograph of Horseshoe Quarry, looking east 11 9 Interpretive cross section at Horseshoe Quarry (Stop 4) and Horseshoe Gap (Stop 4a) 12 10 Cross section of Lusk Creek fault zone at Clay Diggings (Stop 5) 13 11 Illustrated profile of the east side of the CSX Railroad cut north of Crofton, Kentucky (Stop 7) 14 12 Illustrated profile of the roadcuts on the east side of the Pennyrile Parkway north of Crofton, Kentucky 16 Route map of the field-trip area 20 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/structuretectoni24nels Reelfoot rift and Rough Creek graben; boundaries 't— anticline dotted where concealed in Mississippi Embayment syncline boundary of Mississippi Embayment monocline reverse fault; upthrown side indicated field-trip stop normal fault; downthrown side indicated strike-slip fault Figure 1 Map showing regional structural features and locations of field-trip stops (circled numbers). INTRODUCTION Evidence for Pennsylvanian and younger displace- ments of these faults will be examined on this field trip. This field trip focuses on the structure and tectonic At many of the field-trip stops, there is evidence for two history of the surface faults that outline a failed intracra- or more episodes of displacement, commonly involving tonic rift or aulacogen. The Rough Creek graben is the reversals in the direction of throw. eastern segment of a dogleg-shaped aulacogen in the A stratigraphic column (fig. 2) illustrates the Paleo- central Mississippi Valley (fig. 1). The southwestern zoic units mentioned in this field guide. segment of the aulacogen is known as the Reelfoot rift. The Rough Creek graben and the Reelfoot rift are prod- ucts of continental breakup near the beginning of the STRUCTURAL HISTORY Cambrian Period. Their boundary faults have been re- CAMBRIAN peatedly reactivated under different stress fields The Rough Creek graben was named and defined on the throughout Phanerozoic time. Segments of the bound- basis of geophysical data by Soderberg and Keller ary faults that displace surface bedrock are the Rough (1981), although Avila (1971) and Smith and Palmer Creek-Shawneetoum fault system along the northern bor- (1974) earlier postulated a pre-Knox (Late Cambrian or der of the Rough Creek graben, the Lusk Creekfault zone older; fig. 2) graben south of the Rough Creek fault along the northwest margin of the Reelfoot rift, and the system. Gravity, magnetic, and borehole data confirm Pennyrile fault system along the southern border of the the presence of the graben, and seismic sections provide Rough Creek graben (fig. 1). detailed information on its structure. We have examined : - System Series Formation Group _i 1——— . _ . _ «r-l T 1 Upper McLeansboro PENN. Carbondale m ft O-i-O Middle — — — Tradewater •'• . ..©... ..:». \ »: Lower .-'~"^~^ .~r — J— Caseyville 1 . ^-x_5> i i i i r* Chest. (many) Pope i i i i i MISS. ! 1 1 1 Ste. Genevieve I I 1 1 A 1 1 Al Valm. A St. Louis i r i Mammoth Cave II 1 1 A 1 A A | A A 1 A A|A A|A A|A A|A Fort Payne Upper New Albany 1 1 1 1 1 DEV. Middle Sellersburg- Jeffersonville TT-rT—r-r^-r~r-T--r~^~ 1 A 1500-1-5000 Lower A / A / A A Pi | A Clear Creek A | A 1 A A / A / A 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 SIL -1 1 l~l- Cine. Maquoketa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Champ. 1 / 1 / / / 1 / ORD. : /:v::/''' : '/:::' \ St. Peter I / ' / / / / /a /- . J Canad. / / / A / / * / / / /• • • /•• / A /.../' A / A / A / / A / /A / • - / / / / A / / f / /-A Knox / A / / Upper f / / / ../ A /• / A or St. / / / / CAM. •/* / / Croixan / ' / A / ../ / A /.. / // / /// * A :.'.'.!: .-1-'. .". : : : : : . Mt. Simon , l\- Lower and \ 1 | ! Middle Cam- brian (?) A / \ clastic rocks > 7\ . in Rough Creek Graben * , " PRECAMBRIAN iv-i-d Crystalline rocks t ^ -> \ V " l ' r-~- ^ \/ \ j Figure 2 Generalized stratigraphic column for western part of Rough Creek graben, with names of units mentioned in this guidebook. Chesterian and Pennsylvanian strata Valmeyeran strata Silurian and Devonian strata Middle and Upper Ordovician strata Precambrian crystalline ^ basement 1 Figure 3 Tracing from seismic section (Bertagne and Leising, 1991, fig. 15-2) showing interpreted structure of Rough Creek fault system in northwestern Webster County, Kentucky. Fault system marks northern margin of Rough Creek graben, which contains a greater thickness of Middle and Lower (?) Cambrian strata. Discrepancies in thicknesses of units on opposite sides of faults reflect reversals of displacement. Original figure lacked a scale; depth to basement is approximately 14,000 feet (4300 m) north of fault system and 23,000 feet (7,000 m) south of fault system. published and proprietary seismic reflection sections as several thousand feet (Bertagne and Leising, 1991, acquired by oil companies. They demonstrate the pres- their fig. 15.5). ence of the pre-Knox graben. Four sections reproduced • Within the Rough Creek graben are horsts and gra- in Bertagne and Leising (1991) show the following: bens that are outlined by pre-Knox listric faults (Bert- • Below the Knox Group, the master fault of the Rough agne and Leising, 1991, their fig. 15.6). Creek-Shawneetown fault system is a listric normal The only well to date that has been drilled into the fault that dips south and penetrates crystalline base- pre-Knox graben-fill is the Texas Gas Exploration Com- ment (fig. 3). Pre-Knox strata are as much as 8,000 feet pany No. 1 Shain in Grayson County, Kentucky, near the (2,440 m) thicker south of the fault than they are north east end of the Rough Creek graben. This well pene- of the fault. Within the graben, pre-Knox strata are trated 2,360 feet (720 m) of pre-Knox shale containing thicker to the north, toward the fault. thin lenses of arkose and a few thin beds of oolitic • Configuration of the Lusk Creek fault zone is similar limestone. Middle Cambrian trilobites in the shale were to that of the Rough Creek-Shawneetown fault system, identified by C Lochman-Balk (Schwalb, 1982). The well but displacements are smaller (Bertagne and Leising, did not penetrate the crystalline basement. 1991, their fig. 15.4). The Rough Creek graben is one of several aulacogens • The Pennyrile fault system marks the approximate that developed in North America as a result of the southern boundary of the graben. This system is com- breakup of a supercontinent near the beginning of posed of high-angle, partly listric normal faults that dip the Cambrian Period (Keller et al., 1983; Bond et al., northward and have pre-Knox displacements of as great 1984; Kolata and Nelson, 1991a, 1991b). Rifting and concurrent sedimentation in the Rough Creek graben fault system in Grayson County, Kentucky, are as great may have commenced during the Proterozoic Eon, but as 800 feet (245 m) (Freeman, 1951, pi. 21). most of the action probably took place during Early and Middle Cambrian time. Most faulting had ceased by CARBONIFEROUS St. Croixan (Late Cambrian) time, but the graben area Paleogeomorphic features and thickness and sedimen- continued to be a depocenter controlled by thermal tation patterns detected from outcrop and subsurface and isostatic subsidence (Kolata and Nelson, 1991b; data support interpretations of tectonism concurrent Treworgy et al., 1991). with Chesterian (Late Mississippian) through Des- moinesian (Middle Pennsylvanian) sedimentation in ORDOVICIAN the Rough Creek graben. Basal Pennsylvanian rocks fill Thermal and isostatic subsidence continued in the Reel- paleovalleys that are eroded into Chesterian strata. Fea- foot rift during the Ordovician Period (Kolata and Nel- tures that have been cited in support of Carboniferous son, 1991b; Treworgy et al., 1991). Most faults in the tectonism include rectangular drainage patterns, paleo- graben apparently were inactive, although segments of valleys parallel or coincident with fault zones, abrupt the Rough Creek and Lusk Creek fault zones were reac- diversions of drainage, and abnormally deep incisions tivated as reverse faults during the St.
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