El Doble Descubrimiento En Rapa Nui: Una Mirada Desde Los Textiles the Double Discovery on Rapa Nui: a Textile Perspective

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El Doble Descubrimiento En Rapa Nui: Una Mirada Desde Los Textiles the Double Discovery on Rapa Nui: a Textile Perspective Revista Antropologías del Sur Año 5 N°10 2018 Págs. 15 - 36 | 15 EL DOBLE DESCUBRIMIENTO EN RAPA NUI: UNA MIRADA DESDE LOS TEXTILES The Double Discovery on Rapa Nui: A Textile Perspective ANDREA SEELENFREUND* & ANTONIA MARDONES** Fecha de recepción: 06 de julio de 2018 – Fecha de aprobación: 10 de diciembre de 2018 Resumen Analizamos algunos aspectos de los intercambios materiales y el rol de los textiles en las relaciones entre los nativos de Rapa Nui y los europeos de las tres primeras expediciones que la visitaron en el siglo XVIII. Buscamos entender el rol de los textiles y las vestimentas al interior de la cultura rapanui analizando el contexto y las creencias en las que estos se insertan, y en particular el rol de las telas de corteza batanada (o tapa) y los textiles europeos, intercambiados en esas ocasiones. El objetivo del análisis es comprender estos primeros encuentros por medio de la agencia de un elemento de la cultura material y desde de la perspectiva indígena. Demostramos que las formas de entender y utilizar el textil corresponden a una estructura simbólicamente significativa y compartida con el resto de la Polinesia, que les permitió articular lo autóctono con lo extranjero y regular las fronteras en una situación de contacto cultural. Palabras clave: Isla de Pascua; primeros encuentros; intercambio de dones; textiles de corteza; tapa. Abstract In this paper we analyze some aspects of the material exchanges concerning cloth and clothing between the Rapanui people and Europeans as disclosed in the accounts and log books of the first three European expeditions that visited the island in the 18th Century. We consider the context of social organization and beliefs in which textiles, particularly beaten bark cloth textiles (tapa) and European cloth were given at the time of these encounters. The aim of the analysis is to understand these first encounters through the agency of a particular material culture, an exercise into indigenous insights that has rarely been attempted for this island in the Pacific. We show that the structure in which textiles were understood and used was shared with other Polynesian islands. Textiles were key symbolic objects in this situation of cultural contact, regulating and articulating cultural borders. Keywords: Easter Island; first encounters; gift exchange; bark cloth textiles; tapa. * Dra. en Arqueología. Académica de la Escuela de Antropología, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago, Chile. El artículo está enmarcado en los proyectos Fondecyt 1120175 y 1180052. Correo-e: [email protected], [email protected] ** Lcda. en Antropología. Escuela de Antropología, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago, Chile. Correo-e: [email protected] 16 | Andrea Seelenfreund & Antonia Mardones — El doble descubrimiento en Rapa Nui: una mirada desde los textiles 1. Introducción Según Campbell (1997), el fenómeno del encuentro cultural con navegantes europeos En los encuentros ocurridos entre europeos en el Pacífico generó transformaciones en la e isleños en Oceanía durante los siglos XVII, ontología polinésica. Las estructuras signifi- XVIII y XIX se produjo un fenómeno de contacto cativas, e incluso la mitología, tuvieron que entre dos mundos que intentaron compren- adecuarse para que estos humanos (o seres) derse mutuamente. Esto generó procesos de de otro tipo fueran incorporados y registrados incorporación de la alteridad en ambos lados dentro del mundo conocido por los isleños. En de la playa (Dening, 1980) y donde el “otro” fue ocasiones adoptaron un modelo de alteridad entendido desde la ontología propia de cada una que les permitió la integración de la diferencia, de las sociedades involucradas. Los estudios lo que generó transformaciones a nivel cosmo- históricos y antropológicos sobre esta materia lógico (Tcherkézoff, 2004). se han centrado en el recibimiento dado a los europeos por parte de los isleños y las percep- En su clásico estudio sobre la visita del ciones mutuas que se generaron, así como en capitán James Cook a Hawái, Sahlins (1997) los malentendidos o las interpretaciones que señala que en dicho encuentro los isleños dieron los europeos a las prácticas isleñas, y vieron a Cook como una manifestación del también en las miradas muchas veces contra- dios local Lono, pues sus barcos habían puestas que los polinésicos tuvieron sobre llegado a las costas desde el este, de donde los mismos acontecimientos (Pearson, 1969; proviene la luz del sol, justo en la época en Howe, 1977; Campbell, 1982, 2003; McLachlan, que se realizaba el ritual de renovación, en 1982; Quanchi & Adams, 1993; Sahlins, 1997; el que dicha divinidad era representada para Tcherkézoff, 2003, 2012; Jolly y Tcherkézoff, cerrar un ciclo y abrir otro nuevo. Sin embargo, 2009, entre otros). es importante de visualizar que los polinésicos no entendieron a los europeos como dioses El fenómeno del encuentro generó, en u hombres bajo la concepción judeocristiana, ambas partes, la necesidad de posicionar a la que los percibe como conceptos opuestos otredad en una categoría nueva o de adaptar excluyentes, sino como manifestación de lo las categorías preexistentes en una estruc- sagrado, manifestación que era parte de un tura significativa (Campbell, 1997; Tcherkézoff, todo integrado. Dentro de la ontología poliné- 2004). Así como los viajeros observaron a los sica, la divinidad tenía relación con la integra- isleños desde los imaginarios de la Europa de ción del todo (el cosmos) con sus diferentes la época, los isleños, a su vez, percibieron a partes. Así como lo divino era un todo invisible los europeos como seres no pertenecientes al que se manifestaba parcialmente en personas mundo de lo humano polinésico. Como señalan y objetos, el jefe era una parte de ese todo, una Sahlins (1997) y Tcherkézoff (2004), si bien las manifestación visible de la divinidad. En esta sociedades del Pacífico no estaban confinadas manera de entender el mundo, los “visitantes” a las islas en que residían y mantenían contacto extranjeros que llegaron a las costas podían marítimo con el exterior, “los polinésicos solo ser expresiones de esa totalidad (Tcherkézoff, conocían hombres como ellos mismos” (Tcher- 2004; Jolly & Tcherkézoff, 2009). kézoff, 2004, p. 137). Revista Antropologías del Sur Año 5 N°10 2018 Págs. 15 - 36 | 17 Varios elementos propios de la concep- en el tiempo al punto de origen donde comenzó ción de mundo polinésica fundamentan esta el mundo de la luz. En esta visión, la historia de visión de los europeos. En primera instancia, cada isla siempre estaba ligada a un barco/isla los isleños prestaron atención a la blancura de origen. Así, el punto de salida/origen de cada de las pieles de los extranjeros, blancura que barco representaba el punto de inicio de cada se asociaba a las características sagradas genealogía. La división territorial de una isla se de la luminosidad del sol, que hace visible el organizaba jerárquicamente de acuerdo con mundo. Además, los navegantes europeos el tiempo de ocupación desde el momento del traían consigo varios artefactos que también asentamiento inicial por un grupo de parentesco. fueron asociados a aspectos suprahumanos, De este modo, la organización espacial era un pues encajaban en el lugar privilegiado que espejo histórico del tiempo transcurrido desde se le otorgaba a la luminosidad: sus armas de ese momento de origen. En este escenario, los fuego, sus ornamentos de vidrio y metal que nuevos visitantes fueron incorporados dentro reflejaban la luz del sol y, finalmente, sus ropas de la estructura significativa polinésica como (Sahlins, 1997; Tcherkézoff, 2004). seres vinculados con lo sagrado que venían de un espacio más cercano al origen. Las acciones Dentro de la ontología polinésica, a los extran- de los isleños estuvieron orientadas a domes- jeros que venían del otro lado del mar se les ticar a los extranjeros para poder incorporar sus otorgaba un estatus de divinidad semejantes a poderes o capacidades de controlar cosas que la de los altos jefes polinésicos, quienes poseían ellos no conocían. un carácter sagrado y eran considerados como extraños o invasores, como seres de origen Varios autores (Colchester, 2003; Küchler, extralocal al estar cercanos a las divinidades 2003; Jolly, 2014, entre otros) han relevado la (Thomas, 1991). La razón de esto la encon- importancia que ha tenido el textil en la historia tramos en los mitos de origen y en la concepción de las sociedades isleñas y su contacto con polinésica del espacio y el tiempo. Como indica Occidente. Sin embargo, el fenómeno del textil Tcherkézoff (2004), en la cosmovisión poliné- no ha sido trabajado en el abordaje que la antro- sica el espacio se funde en forma indisoluble pología histórica ha hecho del contacto cultural con el tiempo. El mundo era un círculo plano de para el caso rapanui. En el presente artículo se islas rodeadas de mar y cubiertas por el cielo, busca indagar en esta relación a partir de un que en forma de campana se extendía sobre las análisis de los datos entregados por las crónicas islas y el mar. Tanto el pasado como el presente de viajes de las tres primeras expediciones que se desarrollaban bajo este cielo acampanado. visitaron Rapa Nui en el siglo XVIII. Intenta- Según el mito, la vida solo se hizo posible remos separar las descripciones de las interpre- gracias a un héroe mítico que levantó ese cielo taciones realizadas por los mismos navegantes y generó con ello la luz y la vida. Los antepa- sobre los eventos vividos. Este primer análisis sados deificados de cada clan llegaron en sus se complementará con un análisis etnográfico islas‐barcos a habitar los mares y sus islas. La derivado de algunas observaciones y visitas isla que estaba más distante en el espacio era que datan de periodos posteriores, tanto en siempre aquella que podía estar más próxima Rapa Nui como en otras islas del Pacífico. 18 | Andrea Seelenfreund & Antonia Mardones — El doble descubrimiento en Rapa Nui: una mirada desde los textiles 2.
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