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TAXONOMIC REVISION of Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 and Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) with a PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS of COLOR PATTERNS

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TAXONOMIC REVISION of Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 and Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) with a PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS of COLOR PATTERNS University of Kentucky UKnowledge University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 TAXONOMIC REVISION OF Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 AND Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR PATTERNS Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Sarmiento-Monroy, Carlos Eduardo, "TAXONOMIC REVISION OF Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 AND Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR PATTERNS" (2006). University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations. 351. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/351 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Kentucky Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2006 iii TAXONOMIC REVISION OF Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 AND Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR PATTERNS ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Michael J. Sharkey, Professor of Entomology Lexington, Kentucky 2006 Copyright © Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy 2006 iii ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION TAXONOMIC REVISION OF Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 AND Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR PATTERNS A revision and a phylogenetic analysis of the genera Zelomorpha Ashmead, 1900 and Hemichoma Enderlein, 1920 were conducted. Phylogenetic analyses used molecular and morphological data. A total of 39 sequences were obtained for COI (887 bases long) and 57 for 28S (1254 bases long). DNA sequences were aligned manually and also aligned with ClustalW (Thompson et al. 1997). Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian approaches were applied to phylogenetic analyses with each gene region analyzed separately and in a combined analysis. The phylogenetic analysis analyses supported the monophyletic status of the genera Zelomorpha, as defined by Sharkey et al. (2006), and Hemichoma; they upholdseld the hypothesis that the the New World species formerly placed in Biroia belonged to Zelomorpha, and corroborated the synonomy ofgenus Dichelosus with Zelomorpha (Sarmiento and Sharkey, 2005). A total of 3,242 specimens of Hemichoma and Zelomorpha collected through the New World representing 113 species were examined. In addition to the 29 species of Zelomorpha described originally in diverse genera and now moved into the Zelomorpha, 74 new species are described. Seven new species are described for the genus Hemichoma for a total of 10 species. All species are fully redescribed. Fully illustrated keys to the species of Zelomorpha and Hemichoma are provided. The phylogenetic results based on maximum parsimony suggest that, despite the colorful nature of the sister group Hemichoma, species of Zelomorpha were nocturnal and became diurnal secondarily in one lineage. The change to diurnality is linked to a decrease in eye size, to an increase in body size, and to the emergence of colorful patterns. Palatability field tests using lizards as predators of Zelomorpha concinna, a common species with one of the more characteristic and bright color patterns, suggest that the coloration has a warning function and that this wasp is highly unpalatable. Evidence was found that the short ventrally curved ovipositor is an effective defensive structure. iii DISCLAIMER: The text of this dissertation does not constitute the publication of new species as defined by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The newly estrablished species names in this work will be/have been recognized as valid upon their publication in a peer-reviewed journal. KEY WORDS: Systematics and evolution, Braconidae, Color patterns origin, Mimicry, Taxonomy. Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy. 11 December 2006 iii TAXONOMIC REVISION OF Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 AND Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR PATTERNS By Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy Dr. Michael J. Sharkey Director of Dissertation Dr. Kenneth Yeargan Director of Graduate Studies 11 December, 2006 iii RULES FOR THE USE OF DISSERTATIONS Unpublished dissertations submitted for the Doctor's degree and deposited in the University of Kentucky Library are as a rule open for inspection, but are to be used only with due regard to the rights of the authors. Bibliographical references may be noted, but quotations or summaries of parts may be published only with the permission of the author, and with the usual scholarly acknowledgments. Extensive copying or publication of the dissertation in whole or in part also requires the consent of the Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky. A library that borrows this dissertation for use by its patrons is expected to secure the signature of each user iii .DISSERTATION Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy The Graduate School University of Kentucky 2006 iii TAXONOMIC REVISION OF Zelomorpha ASHMEAD, 1900 AND Hemichoma ENDERLEIN, 1920 (BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE) WITH A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR PATTERNS _______________________________________ DISSERTATION _______________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Agriculture at the University of Kentucky By Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Michael J. Sharkey, Professor of Entomology Lexington, Kentucky Copyright © Carlos Eduardo Sarmiento-Monroy 2006 iii This dissertation is dedicated to my loving wife Angela Rocio Amarillo-Suarez and my daughter, María Alejandra Sarmiento-Amarillo, my parents Maria Cecilia Monroy, Helena Monroy, and Eduardo Monroy (R.I.P.), my guide and friend Dr. Michael J. Sharkey and Dr. Bobby Pass (R.I.P.), without whose encouragement this work would not have been possible iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The dissertation benefited from the advice of several people. First, to Dr. Michael J. Sharkey for his continuous encouragement and excellent advice. He was patient and interested in obtaining the best I could give in everything I did under his supervision. He is a great advisor and friend. Special thanks to my advisory committee members, Dr. David H. Wise, Dr. Christopher Schardl, Dr. Bruce Webb, and external examiner Dr. Randal Voss. Their advice was valuable throughout my graduate studies. Thanks to Dr. Bobby Pass (R. I. P.) and all professors I had during my graduate courses from which I found different and interesting ways too look at insects as model organisms in ecology, animal-plant interactions, behavior, systematics, genetics, evolution, and physiology. Thanks also to Drs. D. Potter, K. Haynes, K. V. Yeargan, Subba Reddi Palli, and J. Obrycki. I thank the curators of all the museums that loaned specimens. Several people provided advice and support for the field studies of color function: Dr. A. Bouskila (Ben Gurion Univ), Dr. N. Woodley (Smithsonian Institute), J. V. Rueda (Univ. Nacional de Colombia), M. Hernandez (R.I.P.) (Tayrona National Park), J. Avila. Dr. M. Speed, and Dr. L. Gilbert. I am indebted to my lab mates Katja Seltmann, Andy Boring, Tom Pucci, Kevin Pitz, and Barbara Sharanowski. To Dr. Sharkey’s Lab. Martha Potts. To my friend Dr. Jordi Moya-Laraño for his encouragement and mentorship during his stay at UKY. To Angelika Fath-Goodin for her help with translations from German. To the many fellow graduate students from whom I obtained valuable help, specially Janet Lensing, Charlene Rucker, Amanda Stayley, Cora Allard, Jamee Hubbard, and Torrence Gill. To Dr. Sharkey´s undergraduate team Cheryl Lindsay, Jonathan Roden, and Vasudevan Mahalingam. I thank Bruce Webb’s lab team I thank Bruce Webb´s lab team Matt, Turnbull, Kojhiro Tanaka, Walaikorn Rattanadechakul, Stephanie Dickey, and Jeremy Kroemer who provided important support in part of my thesis. I am sincerely grateful to all administrators, professors and graduate students with whom I shared my time, especially to the Dr. Bruce Webb and Dr. Michael Goodin families. They made iii this road easier and enjoyable. Thanks to the people at John Heraty´s lab (UC Riverside) who hosted me in 2002. To David Wesneat’s lab for support with color analyses From Colombia, I am grateful to the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales and to my friends Fernando Fernandez, Helmuth Aguirre, Andrea Rodriguez, and Juan Vargas who were very helpful during the final days of this project The National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF-DEB 9972024, 0205982), the Graduate School of the University of Kentucky, the Humboldt Institute of Colombia and the Colombian National Parks System provided logistical and financial support to my research and to my participation at scientific meetings. Finally, but not least, I like to express my sincere gratitude to all members of my family for their encouragement, help and time iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................................iii
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