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TAPHONOMY and PALEOENVIRONMENTS of MIDDLE TRIASSIC BONE ACCUMULATIONS in the LIFUA MEMBER of the MANDA BEDS, SONGEA GROUP (RUHUHU BASIN), TANZANIA Author(S): ROGER M

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TAPHONOMY and PALEOENVIRONMENTS of MIDDLE TRIASSIC BONE ACCUMULATIONS in the LIFUA MEMBER of the MANDA BEDS, SONGEA GROUP (RUHUHU BASIN), TANZANIA Author(S): ROGER M TAPHONOMY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF MIDDLE TRIASSIC BONE ACCUMULATIONS IN THE LIFUA MEMBER OF THE MANDA BEDS, SONGEA GROUP (RUHUHU BASIN), TANZANIA Author(s): ROGER M. H. SMITH, CHRISTIAN A. SIDOR, KENNETH D. ANGIELCZYK, STERLING J. NESBITT and NEIL J. TABOR Source: Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology), Vol. 17, Vertebrate and Climatic Evolution in the Triassic Rift Basins of Tanzania and Zambia (November 2017), pp. 65-79 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/44878131 Accessed: 08-07-2021 09:41 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Taylor & Francis, Ltd., The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology) This content downloaded from 86.59.13.237 on Thu, 08 Jul 2021 09:41:05 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Volume 37, Supplement to Number 6:65-79 © 2017 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology TAPHONOMY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF MIDDLE TRIASSIC BONE ACCUMULATIONS IN THE LIFUA MEMBER OF THE MANDA BEDS, SONGEA GROUP (RUHUHU BASIN), TANZANIA ROGER M. H. SMITH,1'2 * CHRISTIAN A. SIDOR,3 KENNETH D. ANGIELCZYK,4 STERLING J. NESBITT, © 5 and NEIL J. TABOR6 Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa, [email protected]; 2Iziko South African Museum, P.O. Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa, [email protected]; 3Burke Museum and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A., casidor@u. washington.edu; integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A., [email protected]; department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, U.S.A., [email protected]; 6Roy A. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, 3225 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275, U.S.A., [email protected] ABSTRACT - We report new data on the climate, paleoenvironments, and burial history of tetrapod fossils in the Middle Triassic Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Songea Group) of southern Tanzania. Two bone-bearing intervals have been identified, both hosted by rubified floodplain mudrocks deposited alongside rivers that flowed from the Ruhuhu rift scarps into a series of subsiding basins under a warm, seasonally wet climate. The lower occurrence is a bonebed containing fossils of a large dicynodont ( Dolichuranus ), large cynodonts ( Cynognathus ), temnospondyls, small reptiles, and at least two archosauromorph reptiles. A chaotic melange of semiarticulated, disarticulated, and reworked bones associated with pedogenically mottled sandy siltstone is interpreted as having accumulated in a distal crevasse splay complex. The middle to upper Lifua bone accumulations are associated with floodplain pond and sheetwash deposits. Outcropping as isolated patches of strongly calcified rubified mudstones with lenses of reworked glaebule conglomerate, these accumulations contain partially articulated archosaur (. Asilisaurus , Nundasuchus) and cynodont (Scalenodon) skeletons along with vertebrate coprolites and nonmarine bivalves (' Unio '). Changes in floodplain facies, faunai assemblage, and taphonomic style between lower and middle to upper Lifua strata are similar to those recorded between the middle and upper Burgersdorp Formation (subzones B to C of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone) of the main Karoo Basin of South Africa. We propose that an increase in mean annual temperature and rainfall in southwestern Gondwana during Early to Middle Triassic times resulted in vegetated, semipermanent water bodies in the floodplain depressions that supported a relatively diverse assemblage of herbivorous dicynodont, cynodont, and early archosaur populations. Citation for this article: Smith, R. M. H., C. A. Sidor, K. D. Angielczyk, S. J. Nesbitt, and N. J. Tabor. 2018. Taphonomy and paleoenvironments of Middle Triassic bone accumulations in the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds, Songea Group (Ruhuhu Basin), Tanzania; pp. 65-79 in C. A. Sidor and S. J. Nesbitt (eds.), Vertebrate and Climatic Evolution in the Triassic Rift Basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37(6, Supplement). INTRODUCTION museums in Cambridge, London, Cape Town, and Tübingen (see Sidor and Nesbitt, 2018). In 2007, our team carried out the first paleontology-focused Tetrapod fossils were initially found in the Songea region of research expedition to the Ruhuhu Basin since the 1963 expedi- southern Tanzania in 1930 by British geologist G. M. Stockley tion. This was followed by return visits in 2008, 2012, 2015, and while doing field work for the first geological map of the Ruhuhu 2017. Our investigations focused on three main research ques- Basin (Stockley and Oates, 1931; Haughton, 1932; Stockley, tions: (1) has the fauna been completely documented or are new 1932). In the following years, from 1933 to 1936, F. R. Parrington taxa yet to be found?; (2) is the currently accepted biostrati- from the University of Cambridge and E. Nowack from the Uni- graphic and chronostratigraphic correlation correct?; and (3) versity of Tübingen made larger collections, which established a what are the depositional sedimentary environments and tapho- close similarity between the Ruhuhu tetrapods and those of the nomic processes that led to preservation of the Permian and Tri- main Karoo Basin of South Africa (Nowack, 1937; Huene, 1942, assic faunas? Most of the published research on these fossils has 1944, 1950) and dated the assemblage as Middle Triassic, Anisian concentrated on their taxonomy and biostratigraphic correla- (Charig, 1956, 1963). Serious collecting efforts were suspended tions, with few details of their preservation, modes of occurrence, for the next 25 years (but see Boons tra, 1953) until 1963 when and interpreted taphonomic pathways. This report is the first the 'British Museum (Natural History)-University of London attempt at filling this information gap by presenting the results Joint Paleontological Expedition' focused for 2 months on the of our recent field investigations into the depositional history of Triassic Manda Beds (Attridge et al., 1964), mainly in the east- the various types of bone accumulations in the Middle Triassic ern part of the basin, south of the Rutikura River. Today, the Manda Beds, including a recently discovered bonebed (Z183) in numerous fossils from these early collecting efforts reside in the lower portion of the Lifua Member. The results presented are preliminary and observational rather than quantitative. This is because much of the excavated material awaits full prepara- * Corresponding author. tion, and the logistics of conducting field work in these areas lim- Color versions of one or more of the figures in the itsarticle the can amount be found of time available to complete quarry-type online at www.tandfonline.com/ujvp. excavations. However, in May and June 2017, we did manage to This content downloaded from 86.59.13.237 on Thu, 08 Jul 2021 09:41:05 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 66 Smith et al. - Triassic bone accumulations in Tanzania completely uncover the Z183 bonebed; system" thus, under a more"hyperhumid, taphonomic warm climate which changes to data have been recovered for this occurrence than for those slightly more arid and hotter conditions in the upper Lower Tri- higher in the succession. assic." He favored a tectonic control over the approximately Institutional Abbreviations - NMT, National Museum 100-m-thickof Tan- megacycles and noted a general west to east paleo- zania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; UMZC, University Museum current of direction that is reflected in a steady decrease in channel Zoology, Cambridge, U.K. sandstone grain size, a decrease in the degree of sorting and rounding, and a corresponding increase in volume of mudrocks. Previous Paleoenvironmental Interpretations In the search for exploitable hydrocarbons, Markwort (1991) made an exhaustive geological appraisal of the reservoir poten- Stockley (1932) published the first geological map tial of of thethe Lifua Member, concluding that it was a fluviatile depo- Ruhuhu Basin that showed the distribution of the lower sitional (K7) system with point bar, crevasse splay, and floodplain and upper (K8) units of the Manda Beds. These were depositslater for- represented by discrete lithofacies. These were depos- merly named the Kingori and Lifua members, respectively, ited under by warm, semiarid climatic conditions evidenced by ped- Wopfner (2002), although he still referred to them collectively ogenic calcretesas and desiccation cracks. Wopfner's (2002) review Manda Beds. Stockley (1932:616) summed up the depositional of the tectonic and climatic events controlling the Tanzanian environment of the Manda Beds as "an alternation of Karooperiods basins of refined Markwort's (1991)
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