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Diplome De Master UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE MASTER Parcours : BIOLOGIE DE LA CONSERVATION ANIMALE Mention : BIOLOGIE Domaine : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOG IES REGIME ET COMPORTEMENT ALIMENTAIRES DE Mungotictis decemlineata A. Grandidier (1867) PENDANT LA SAISON HUMIDE DANS LA FORET DE KIRINDY CNFEREF, MORONDAVA Présenté par : Mademoiselle MEYR Razafy Prisca Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Madame Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Monsieur Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA Professeur Titulaire Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY Maître de Conférences Monsieur Peter KAPPELER Professeur Docteur Soutenu publiquement le 14 Septembre 2015. UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE MASTER Parcours : BIOLOGIE DE LA CONSERVATION ANIMALE Mention : BIOLOGIE Domaine : SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOG IES REGIME ET COMPORTEMENT ALIMENTAIRES DE Mungotictis decemlineata A. Grandidier (1867) PENDANT LA SAISON HUMIDE DANS LA FORET DE KIRINDY CNFEREF, MORONDAVA Présenté par : Mademoiselle MEYR Razafy Prisca Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Madame Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Maître de Conférences Examinateurs : Monsieur Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA Professeur Titulaire Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY Maître de Conférences Monsieur Peter KAPPELER Professeur Docteur Soutenu publiquement le 14 Septembre 2015. REMERCIEMENTS Le présent travail est issu de la collaboration de plusieurs personnes, entités et organismes à qui je tiens à présenter ma reconnaissance. Mes ardents et sincères remerciements s’adressent donc à : Madame Noromalala RAMINOSOA RASOAMAMPIONONA, Professeur d’ESR, pour avoir accepté de siéger en tant que président du jury. Madame Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA, Maître de Conférences, encadreur et rapporteur, pour ses conseils avisés et ses critiques constructives et pour m’avoir dispensé de son temps précieux dans le but de parfaire ce travail. Monsieur Peter KAPPELER, Professeur Docteur, membre du jury, pour ses remarques et orientations sans lesquelles ce travail n’aurait pas atteint son terme ainsi que pour sa compréhension et sa confiance malgré les difficultés rencontrées lors des travaux sur terrain. Messieurs Hajanirina RAKOTOMANANA, Professeur Titulaire, et Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de Conférences, membres du jury et de la commission de lecture, qui ont bien voulu me faire l’honneur d’examiner, d’apprécier et de corriger ce travail. La Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo en la personne de Monsieur le Doyen Marson RAHERIMANDIMBY, Professeur Titulaire, pour avoir autorisé la soutenance. Le Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo en la personne de Monsieur le Chef du Département Félix RAKOTONDRAPARANY, Maître de Conférences. Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ), en la personne de Monsieur Rodin RASOLOARISON, Docteur, de Monsieur Léonard RAZAFIMANANTSOA et de toute l’équipe, pour la permission de réaliser les travaux de recherche au sein de la forêt de Kirindy, pour leur collaboration ainsi que leur assistance. i Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA, Professeur d’ESR, pour son remarquable appui et son inconditionnel dévouement permettant de mener à bien ce travail malgré ses maintes responsabilités. Que cet achèvement figure parmi ses succès. Messieurs Steven GOODMAN, Professeur, Achille RASELIMANANA, Professeur, et Madame Balsama RAJEMISON, Docteur, qui ont bien voulu marquer leurs expertises dans ce travail, leurs aides ont été précieuses lors des travaux de laboratoire. Mademoiselle Bako RASOLOFONIAINA, étudiante en PhD, pour son aide et ses conseils dans l’initiation des travaux. California Academy of Sciences (CAS) Tsimbazaza et tout son staff qui m’ont chaleureusement accueillie au sein de leur laboratoire. Tous les enseignants et les personnels administratifs au sein du Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo pour la mise en disposition des formations académiques et de leurs services. Ma reconnaissance est pareillement destinée à : Ma famille pour l’inestimable soutien dont elle a fait preuve durant toutes mes études. Ntsoa RAMARONDRAINIBE. “One touch of nature makes the whole world kin.” William Shakespeare ii RESUME Les ajustements spatiotemporels du régime et du comportement alimentaires d’une espèce face aux conditions de l’environnement visent à la maximisation de sa valeur adaptative. Ces ajustements se focalisent sur l’optimisation du taux net d’énergie obtenue en suivant la théorie de stratégies alimentaires optimales. De plus, ceux-ci s’expriment par des degrés de spécialisation alimentaire. Afin de mettre en évidence ces ajustements spatiotemporels du régime et du comportement alimentaires chez Mungotictis decemlineata, la présente étude a été menée dans la forêt de Kirindy CNFEREF Morondava, située dans la partie centre-ouest de Madagascar pendant la saison humide, du mois de janvier à mars 2015. La détermination du régime alimentaire a été basée sur l’analyse des fèces tandis que le comportement alimentaire a été étudié à partir des observations comportementales. Au total, 236 proies ont été identifiées à partir de 37 échantillons fécaux collectés. Puis, 19 individus focaux ont été suivis sur une durée totale de 102 heures 30 minutes pendant laquelle leurs préférences en substrats et leur modèle de déplacement lors de la recherche de nourriture et de l’alimentation ont été analysés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le régime et le comportement alimentaires de M. decemlineata sont influencés par l’abondance et la disponibilité des proies dans le milieu. La consommation de proies variées permet de le classer parmi les prédateurs généralistes, mais il est largement opportuniste. Son régime alimentaire est principalement insectivore, composé des Orthoptera (36,8%), des Coleoptera (23,1%) et des Blattodea (16,5%) pendant la saison humide. Mots-clés : régime alimentaire, comportement alimentaire, insectivore, Mungotictis decemlineata, carnivore, Kirindy, Madagascar. iii ABSTRACT Spatiotemporal adjustments in diet and foraging behaviour of species face to environmental conditions aim to maximize its fitness. These adjustments focus on the net rate of energy intake optimization according to the optimal foraging theory. Furthermore, these adjustments are expressed by the degree of dietary specialization. In order to highlight these spatiotemporal adjustments in the diet and foraging behaviour of Mungotictis decemlineata, the present study was carried out in the Kirindy forest CNFEREF Morondava, located in the central western region of Madagascar during the wet season, from January to March 2015. The diet determination was based on the scat analysis whereas the foraging behaviour was studied from behavioural observations. In total, 236 prey items were identified from 37 faecal samples collected. Moreover, 19 focal individuals were observed in a total period of 102 hours 30 minutes during which their sphere preferences and movement patterns while foraging and feeding were analysed. Acquired results show that the diet and foraging behaviour of M. decemlineata are influenced by the prey abundance and the prey availability within the environment. The consumption of diverse preys allows its classification among the generalist predators, but it is largely opportunistic. Its diet is mainly insectivorous, made up of Orthoptera (36.8%), Coleoptera (23.1%) and Blattodea (16.5%) during the wet season. Keywords : diet, foraging behaviour, insectivorous, Mungotictis decemlineata, carnivorous, Kirindy, Madagascar. iv SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 I. MILIEU ET SITES D’ETUDE ........................................................................................ 4 I.1. Situation géographique ................................................................................................ 4 I.2. Climat .......................................................................................................................... 5 I.3. Faune ........................................................................................................................... 5 I.4. Végétation .................................................................................................................... 6 I.5. Sites d’étude ................................................................................................................ 6 II. MATERIELS ET METHODES ...................................................................................... 9 II.1. Matériel biologique ..................................................................................................... 9 II.1.1. Position systématique ........................................................................................... 9 II.1.2. Morphologie et écologie ....................................................................................... 9 II.1.3. Distribution ......................................................................................................... 10 II.1.4. Statut de conservation et menaces ...................................................................... 11 II.2. Collecte des données sur terrain ...............................................................................
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