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Diplôme D'etudes Approfondies UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales « Régime et comportement alimentaire de Mungotictis decemlineata (Grandidier, 1867) pendant la saison sèche dans la forêt dense sèche caducifoliée de Kirindy C.N.F.E.R.E.F.» Présenté par : Mademoiselle Bako Nandrianina RASOLOFONIAINA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Lydia RABETAFIKA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA Professeur Co-rapporteur : Monsieur Peter M. KAPPELER Professeur Docteur Examinateurs : Madame Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Maître de conférences Monsieur Zafimahery RAKOTOMALALA Maître de conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 26 Avril 2014 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales « Régime et comportement alimentaire de Mungotictis decemlineata (Grandidier, 1867) pendant la saison sèche dans la forêt dense sèche caducifoliée de Kirindy C.N.F.E.R.E.F.» Présenté par : Mademoiselle Bako Nandrianina RASOLOFONIAINA Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Madame Lydia RABETAFIKA Professeur d’ESR Rapporteur : Monsieur Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA Professeur Co-rapporteur : Monsieur Peter M. KAPPELER Professeur Docteur Examinateurs : Madame Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA Maître de conférences Monsieur Zafimahery RAKOTOMALALA Maître de conférences Soutenu publiquement le : 26 Avril 2014 REMERCIEMENTS Mes premiers mots de reconnaissance vont vers Dieu pour sa bénédiction et la force dans l’accomplissement de ce travail. Mes vifs remerciements à : - La Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, en la personne de son Doyen, pour avoir accordé l’autorisation de la soutenance. - Dr. Félix RAKOTONDRAPARANY, Chef du département de Biologie Animale, pour avoir permis l’autorisation de la soutenance. - Pr. Lydia RABETAFIKA qui a accepté de bien vouloir me faire honneur de siéger en tant que président du jury. - Aux membres du jury et de la commission de lecture : Dr. Emilienne RAZAFIMAHATRATRA et Dr. Zafimahery RAKOTOMALALA qui ont apporté leurs critiques et leurs corrections afin de jauger ce travail. - Pr. Aristide ANDRIANARIMISA : mon encadreur et rapporteur de cette mémoire pour sa confiance, ses orientations et ses remarques constructives, ainsi que son dévouement surtout pour les heures passées à vouloir enrichir le présent travail malgré ses lourdes responsabilités. Son aide a été précieux pour la concrétisation de cet achèvement. - Pr. Peter M. KAPPELER, mon co-rapporteur, pour sa confiance et pour m’avoir permis de mener ce travail de recherche au sein du Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ). Pour son support, ses remarques pertinentes tout au long de ce travail et ainsi que pour la grande disponibilité dont il a fait preuve à mon égard. Ma profonde reconnaissance va pareillement aux : - Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ) : Dr. Rodin Rasoloarison, Léonard Razafimanantsoa et tout le staff pour leurs aides et supports. - Monsieur Tilman Schneider pour toutes les aides et précieux conseils durant toute la réalisation de ce travail. - California Academy of Sciences (CAS) où j’ai pu effectuer mes travaux de laboratoire. - Pr. Steven M. GOODMAN, Pr. Achille RASELIMANANA, Dr. Balsama RAJEMISON et Dr. Voahangy SOARIMALALA pour leurs aides et apports dans la réalisation des travaux de laboratoires. i - Tous les enseignants du Département de Biologie Animale et P.A.T pour toute éducation fournie au sein du département. Enfin, je suis infiniment reconnaissante envers mes parents, pour leur appui et leur patience à mon égard. Veuillez trouver dans cet achèvement un symbole de ma profonde reconnaissance. ii Résumé La valeur adaptive entraine un individu à adapter son comportement alimentaire tendant ainsi à maximiser le taux net d’énergie obtenu par les apports alimentaires. Cette adaptation peut s’exprimer par la spécialisation alimentaire d’un individu. Afin de comprendre cette adaptation alimentaire, des investigations sur le régime alimentaire et le comportement de quête de nourriture sont des étapes importantes. Le régime alimentaire et le comportement alimentaire de Mungotictis decemlineata ont été étudiés dans la forêt dense sèche caducifoliée de Kirindy (C.N.F.E.R.E.F, 44˚39’ E et 20°03’ S) dans la partie centre-ouest de Madagascar, du mois de mai à août 2013 pendant la saison sèche. Dans la présente étude, le régime alimentaire a été déduit à partir de l’analyse des fèces de M. decemlineata, tandis que le comportement alimentaire a été étudié à partir de l’analyse de différentes strates utilisées pendant la recherche de nourriture et des caractéristiques des mouvements des individus focaux. Durant la saison sèche, M. decemlineata a consommé une grande variété de proies, incluant des vertébrés et des invertébrés, mais son régime alimentaire a été dominé par des arthropodes et des larves d’insectes. Ceci est dû au fait que ces derniers étaient plus abondantes que les autres types de proie, constituant ainsi une ressource alimentaire permettant à M. decemlineata de faire face à la rareté des proies durant la saison sèche. Le caractère aléatoire des mouvements des individus révèle l’exploitation de proies abondantes et dispersées comme les arthropodes ainsi que l’absence de préférence d’un milieu d’alimentation particulier. En fait, le régime alimentaire insectivore et le comportement alimentaire de M. decemlineata permettent de classifier cette espèce parmis les prédateurs généralistes et opportunistes pendant la saison sèche. Mots-clés : régime alimentaire, comportement alimentaire, insectivore, généraliste, opportuniste, Mungotictis decemlineata, Kirindy, Madagascar iii Abstract Fitness leads an individual to adapt its foraging behaviour in order to maximize the net rate of energy intake from foods and may be expressed by dietary specialization. In order to understand this adaptation, investigation on the diet composition and the foraging behaviour are important steps. The diet composition and foraging behaviour of Mungotictis decemlineata were studied in the Kirindy dry deciduous forest (C.N.F.E.R.E.F, 44˚39’ E and 20°03’ S), in central western region of Madagascar, from May to August 2013. In the present study, the diet composition was investigated from feces analysis; whereas, the foraging behaviour was analysed from the investigations on spheres preferences and characteristics of movement patterns. M. decemlineata consumed a wide variety of preys but its dietary was dominated by arthropods and insect larvae. During the dry season, arthropods and insect larvae were more abundant than other types of prey and provided resources which helped M. decemlineata to cope with the general decline of preys and with the stressful season. The randomness of movement patterns revealed the exploitation of dispersed and abundant preys such as arthropods and the lack of patch preferences in the foraging activities for M. decemlineata. Finally, the insectivorous diet and the foraging behaviour analysis allow the classification of M. decemlineata as a generalist and opportunistic feeder during the dry season. Key words: diet, foraging, insectivorous, generalist, opportunist, Mungotictis decemlineata, Kirindy, Madagascar iv SOMMAIRE Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................ vii Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................... viii Liste des annexes ..................................................................................................................... viii Liste des abréviations et acronymes .......................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1 MILIEU ET SITES D’ETUDE ....................................................................................... 5 1.1 Situation géographique ................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Climat ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Faune ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Flore ............................................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Sites d’étude ................................................................................................................. 7 2 MATERIELS ET METHODES ...................................................................................... 9 2.1 Matériel biologique ...................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Position systématique ........................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Biologie et écologie .............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Collecte des données sur terrain ..............................................................................
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