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Aemi Journal 10 Norwegian Immigration Policy and UIF+VMZ Terrorist Attacks in Oslo Hans Storhaug *O/PSXBZFYQFSJFODFEUIFIJHIFTU refugees, as labour migrants, to study, or to immigration numbers ever. Although it join family living in Norway. t Immigrants and those born in Norway to was Polish and Baltic citizens that con- JNNJHSBOUQBSFOUTDPOTUJUVUF QFS- tributed the most, there was a growing TPOTPSQFSDFOUPG/PSXBZTQPQVMB- skepticism about immigration in gen- UJPO BNPOHXIJDI BSFJNNJHSBOUT eral. With the Arab Spring the fear of BOE BSFCPSOJO/PSXBZUPJNNJ- new waves of asylum seekers and radical grant parents. Islam became hot topics in the political t #SPLFO EPXO CZ SFHJPO IBWF B &VSPQFBO CBDLHSPVOE QFSTPOT EFCBUFQSJPSUPUIFNVOJDJQBMFMFD- IBWF B CBDLHSPVOE GSPN "TJB tions. With the terrorists attack on the GSPN "GSJDB GSPN 4PVUI BOE government building and the killings at Central-America and 11,000 from North UIF*TMBOEPG6UZB+VMZUIFEFCBUF "NFSJDB BOE 0DFBOJB PG UIPTF silenced. born in Norway to immigrants parents IBWF BO "TJBO CBDLHSPVOE IBWF QBSFOUT GSPN &VSPQF GSPN "GSJDB Norwegian immigrant population BOE IBWF JNNJHSBOU QBSFOUT GSPN *O /PSXBZT QPQVMBUJPO XBT South- and Central America. 440 000. It had grown to one million t !e majority of the immigrants are from CZ UXP NJMMJPO CZ UISFF Poland, Sweden, Germany and Lithuania. NJMMJPO CZ BOE GPVS NJMMJPO CZ !irty-three per cent of the immigrants have Norwegian citizenship. #Z +VMZ UIF ëGUI NJMMJPO 1 t #FUXFFOBOE BUPUBMPG was reached. With a birth rate less than non-Nordic citizens immigrated to Norway JOUIFMBTUEFDBEFT UIFQPQVMBUJPO and were granted residence here. Of these, growth is due to immigration, and the QFSDFOUDBNFBTSFGVHFFT QFSDFOU following key statistics summarise the were labour immigrants and 11 per cent were granted residence in order to under- present situation: take education. Twenty-three per cent came to Norway due to family reuni"cation with t Norway’s immigrant population consists TPNFPOF BMSFBEZ JO /PSXBZ BOE QFS PGQFPQMFGSPNEJêFSFOUDPVOUSJFTBOE cent were granted residence because they independent regions. !ey have come as had established a family. HANS STORHAUG t Statistics Norway has published "gures neighbouring countries and the Western on those born outside Norway since the world. Still both the authorities and the 1PQVMBUJPO $FOTVT PG #BDL UIFO QFSDFOUPGUIFUPUBMQPQVMBUJPOPG public in Norway have become increa- NJMMJPOXFSFCPSOBCSPBEUIFNBKPSJUZJO slingly concerned about the pressure 4XFEFO#Z UIFJNNJHSBOUTIBSFPG on welfare resulting from the immigra- UIF UPUBM QPQVMBUJPO IBE JODSFBTFE UP tion of people with low skill levels from QFSDFOU%VSJOHUIFJOUFSXBSQFSJPEUIFSF countries in the South – particularly XBT MJUUMF JNNJHSBUJPO BOE CZ POMZ from Africa and Somalia. A large pro- 1.4 per cent of the population was born abroad. Today 11.4 per cent of the whole portion of these newcomers have proven Norwegian population is born outside the di$cult to integrate in a labour market country. In Oslo, the capital of Norway, the characterised by high demands for skills GPSFJHOCPSOQPQVMBUJPOJTQFSDFOU and a compressed wage structure that makes lowskilled labour comparatively !e distribution of the immigrant pop- expensive. ulation is re#ected in table 1. 'SPNUPQVCMJDFYQFOE- iture on immigration and integration NPSF UIBO EPVCMFE GSPN UP 7 billion and in the wake of the Arab Polen 4QSJOH TUBSUJOHJO5VOJTJBJO%FDFNCFS Sweden NPSFBTZMVNTFFLFSTSFBDIFE/PS- Pakistan XBZ*O.BZQFSTPOTBQQMJFE Iraq for asylum, the second highest number Somalia ever, most of them from Somalia and Germany Eritrea. To meet the crises in Africa, Vietnam the UN High Commissioner on Refu- %FONBSL gees visited Oslo, urging Norway along with the rest of Europe to take its share. Iran In addition to these newcomers, Turkey BTZMVNTFFLFSTXFSFXBJUJOHGPS Bosnia-Herzegovina their applications to be processed. Some Russia had waited for years. !e government Sri-Lanka therefore increased the sta% handling !e Phillipines administration to shorten the pro- 6OJUFE,JOHEPN cess . !e government also introduced ,PTPWP a stricter return policy towards those !ailand who could not document their need Afghanistan for protection. Many were returned by force, despite heavy protests from or- Lithuania ganisations like Amnesty International and critical remarks from the UN High Commissioner of Refugees. 4 As we have seen, the largest immi- !ere was also a special focus on those grant groups in Norway come from our who had their applications rejected be- "&.*+063/"- cause they lacked identi"cation papers, sequently has no papers and no civic but who refused to return voluntarily. SJHIUT 0O +BOVBSZ TIF XBT Over the years many have left the the arrested, put in custody while waiting reception centers - uno$cially the num- for deportation. Many of the people ber is more than ten thousand – and be- demonstrating against her deportation came illegal immigrants. argued that paperless immigrants should " ZFBSPME .BSJB "NFMJF SFBM be granted the right to work, pay taxes name Madina Salamova, gave these ille- and access Norway’s public health ser- gal immigrants a face by publishing her vice while they wait for their situation to book Illegally Norwegian, where she de- be resolved. For many in the same situ- scribes her #eeing the Russian republic ation “Hers was a voice for the voiceless of North Ossetia as a child and going - those who are living in hiding them- underground with her parents when selves and living in a very, very di$cult their asylum application was rejected. situation.” Maria Amelie somehow managed to :FU /PSXBZT 1SJNF .JOJTUFS +FOT evade Norway’s immigration authorities Stoltenberg, stood "rm. Speaking on for eight years while learning #uent Nor- national television, he said he under- wegian, getting a university degree and stood why people were demonstrating., then writing her best-selling book. A but added: weekly news magazine awarded her the “… my task is to make sure we execute UJUMFA/PSXFHJBOPGUIFZFBSJO a fair refugee and asylum policy, so we Maria Amelie called herself a paper- have to treat people on an equal basis, less immigrant - someone whose asylum [so] that those who are in need of pro- application has been denied and con- tection are the ones who are allowed to stay.” But critics said the government need not have bent any rules to allow Maria Amelie to stay. John Peder Egenaes, head of Amnesty International Norway pointed to the fact that “Norway is one of the few countries that never had any kind of regularization of these people’s situations, while this has happened to six million people in Europe. “It basically means their status as illegal is changed to legal. And this has never happened in Norway. We are just creating a paperless underclass right now.”7 !is was a di$cult situation. !e Labour Party faced a right-of-centre face by publishing her book “Illegally Norwegian” in opposition ready to attack any sign of weakness on immigration. !e govern- ment’s minority partner, the Socialist HANS STORHAUG Left Party was keen to ease immigra- the extremes, often blaming ‘Islam’ and tion laws, which led to serious tensions ‘the Muslims’. Although they only rep- within the government. However, Maria SFTFOU QFS DFOU PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO Amelie was deported to Moscow where to many Norwegians the Muslims have she applied for a work permit and later become a threat to Norwegian cultural returned as a legal Russian immigrant values and the Norwegian welfare state. worker. !is was clearly demonstrated in the report Welfare and Migration. !e Fu- Norwegain Integration Barometer ture of the Norwegian Model, published 2010 .BZɨFDPNNJUUFFQPJOUFE Although the Maria Amelie case aroused to the fact that there is a steady #ow of a lot of sympathy for the so-called ‘pa- poorly quali"ed groups in Norwegian perless’, general opinion on immigra- working life, and that many of them are tion has moved in a negative direction unemployed: Somalis, Iraqis, Afghani- TJODF"DDPSEJOHUPUIFNorwegian stanis, Pakistanis, Moroccans, Turkeys, Integration Barometer 2010 (a survey on ,PTPWPT BOE *SBOJBOT o BMM .VTMJN Norwegians attitude towards immigra- countries. At the very bottom are the tion and integration), more than half of Somalis, with an employment rate of UIFQFSTPOTBTLFEoQFSDFOU POMZ 9 – want to close the borders as compared !e Committee therefore strongly XJUIJO"MNPTUIBMGo recommended a further development of percent thought that integration was the so-called introductory programme VOTVDDFTTGVMoVQGSPNQFSDFOU with a strong labour market pro"le – in- !e reasons are many and complex tegration through work – and 300 hours and cannot be addressed here, but there compulsory courses on the Norwegian are some aspects that might help to ex- language and social issues. Activation plain the negative trend: Public discus- is a key word, emphazising the need to sion on child marriages, male and female make immigrants active contributors circumcision, the head-scarf for women, in society instead of passive receivers of but also on school drop-outs, work drop- social bene"ts. To reach these goals, the outs, exploitation of social bene"ts and committee also recommended a stronger international terrorism, have increased commitment by public and private sec- in recent years. Although only a tiny tor to help integration of poor quali"ed proportion of terrorist attacks in Europe immigrants in productive labour and have been carried out by Muslims, many to prevent this group from falling
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