From Folklore to World Music

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From Folklore to World Music 1 Sborník příspěvků z mezinárodního kolokvia Od folkloru k world music: Hudba a spiritualita, konaného pod záštitou Městského kulturního střediska v ­Náměšti nad Oslavou ve dnech 30.–31. července 2019. Setkání se uskutečnilo s finanční podporou Ministerstva kultury. From Folklore to World Music: Music and Spirituality international colloquy took place under the auspices of Municipal Culture Centre in Náměšť nad Oslavou, Czech Republic, on 30 and 31 July 2019. We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, without whose help this publication would not be possible. Recenzovaly / Reviewed by: Doc. PhDr. Eva Krekovičová, DrSc. Doc. PhDr. Martina Pavlicová, CSc. © Městské kulturní středisko v Náměšti nad Oslavou, 2019 ISBN 978-80-907033-2-2 ISSN 2336-565X 2 OBSAH Úvodem 5 Introduction 7 Marta Toncrová – Lucie Uhlíková Částečná ztráta paměti aneb o lidových duchovních písních českých zemí 9 Marta Toncrová – Lucie Uhlíková Partial Memory Loss: Sacred Folk Songs of the Czech Lands 35 Marta Ulrychová Zapomenutá sbírka Rudolfa Hadwicha 57 Jiří Plocek Vladimír Šťastný – zapomenutý autor „velehradské hymny“ a dalších duchovních písní 87 Ondřej Skovajsa „Už sa on ten suchý javor zelení“: filozofie Martina Bubera a živá lidová píseň 97 Kateřina García Mezi mořským přílivem a písečným břehem: světské a sakrální motivy v sefardské svatební písni 117 Kateřina García Between the Waves and the Sea Strand: Sacred and Profane Themes in a Sephardic Wedding Song 128 Miloš Štědroň Janáčkova pozdní spiritualita 139 Petr Dorůžka Spiritualita v tavícím kotlíku: jak korespondují hudební fúze a synkretická náboženství 147 3 Irena Přibylová Česká stopa: afroamerické spirituály v koncertní síni 156 Jan Sobotka Putování od reformy k tradici. Počátky rytmických mší v českých katolických kostelích 184 Kristýna Navrátilová Černošské spirituály a gospely v českém prostředí v letech 1948–1989 198 Milan Tesař Žalmy a Píseň písní – starozákonní inspirace pro současnou písňovou tvorbu 217 Aleš Opekar Bůh si zakryl tvář. Náboženské odkazy v nenáboženských významech textů v české populární hudbě 226 Lee Bidgood Believing and Singing: Translating Songs of Faith in the Czech Republic 246 Medailony autorů 263 Notes on Contributors 266 4 Od folkloru k world music: Hudba a spiritualita Úvodem Dnešní svět je rychlý, pragmatický, v posledních desetiletích propojený a globalizovaný. Životní styl v mnohém určují média, virtuální realita se zdá mnohdy silnější než skutečnost. Jen občas se do centra pozornosti dostanou otázky, které souvisejí s tím, co bylo pro všechny historické společnosti určující – duchovní svět spjatý s nejrůznějšími věrskými představami a náboženstvími. To, co člověka přesahovalo v jeho každodenním bytí, bylo zároveň cestou jeho duchovního poznání. A právě tato dimenze byla a dodnes je určujícím impulzem mnoha hudebních projevů v nejrůznějších formách a žánrech. Jejich rozptyl je stejně široký jako snahy o jejich osvětlení. Zaměření 16. ročníku mezinárodního kolokvia Od folkloru k world music na oblast hudby a spirituality dalo prostor pro uchopení této problematiky, jež může vycházet z náboženských kontextů, ale i z osobních projevů mystiky či ze vzájemného vztahu společnosti a spirituálního světa. Již tradiční dvoudenní setkání akademiků, publicistů, hudebníků a veřejnosti zaměřené na lidovou, folkovou, etnickou a world music se uskutečnilo ve dnech 30. a 31. července 2019 v rámci multižánrového festivalu Folkové prázdniny v Náměšti nad Oslavou. A podobně jako se samotný festival rozšířil během třiceti čtyř let nad původní rámec folkové hudby, i kolokvium postupně překračuje vymezené hranice. Tentokrát zavedla tematika hudby a spirituality některé účastníky až do oblasti vážné hudby, jiné zase k hudbě populární. Častokrát se v příspěvcích komentuje vztah náboženství a dobové ideologie – pokud jsou v protikladu, význam duchovních písní se mění, zmenšuje, nebo dokonce ztrácí. Podrobně se tímto vztahem zabývají příspěvky o českých lidových duchovních písních, o německé edici pohřebních písní či o jednom dnes téměř zapomenutém autorovi dodnes velmi známých českých liturgických písní. Další příspěvek komentuje paradox existence náboženských odkazů v textech české populární hudby v době 5 totality. Smyslem hledání duchovního významu v díle s duchovní nálepkou, ale živelného, bouřlivého obsahu se zabývá další text. Specifický vztah české společnosti k americkým duchovním písním – spirituálům – je předmětem několika příspěvků. I v nich autoři ukázali, jak dobová ideologie ovlivnila přijetí a prezentaci této hudby v českém prostředí (na pódiích či v kostelích) a jak se s ohledem na funkci duchovních písní měnily jejich české texty ve srovnání s americkými originály. Na stránky sborníku se dostal také ojedinělý pohled Američana, který komentuje transformaci americké duchovní hudby v České republice. Navzdory všem ideologiím stále zůstávají příběhy Starého zákona – konkrétně Žalmy a Píseň písní – inspirací pro textaře současných českých hudebních skupin, jak dokládá další příspěvek. Za hranice vlivu katolického či evangelického náboženství na hudbu se vydalo několik příspěvků. Ve sborníku najdete pojednání o možné interpretaci lidové písně prostřednictvím myšlenek vykladače chasidismu Martina Bubera nebo o bohaté náboženské symbolice sefardské svatební písně z oblasti Středomoří. V příspěvku o hudebních stylech souvisejících s proměnou náboženství v důsledku významné migrace obyvatelstva odpovídá autor na otázku, zda je spiritualita v hudbě ohroženým druhem. Diskusí na téma spiritualita a hudba se po oba dny kolokvia zúčastnili jak přednášející, tak další účastníci. Hostem debatujících byla druhý den také mladá skotská skupina Talisk, která se podělila o své názory a zkušenosti s lokální hudbou v globalizovaném světě. Přestože ne všechny proslovené příspěvky jsou součástí sborníku, výsledek je velice kompaktní a nebojíme se říct, že svým obsahem i jedinečný. Texty různých autorů se vzájemně doplňují a přinášejí poznatky o dosud opomíjených nebo neprozkoumaných prvcích duchovního života a hudby. Věříme, že sborník příspěvků z náměšťského kolokvia 2019 bude pro všechny čtenáře oboha- cením či inspirací. 6 From Folklore to World Music: Music and Spirituality Introduction The world today is fast and pragmatic, and has been increasingly interconnected and globalized in the past decades. The media rule our lifestyle in many ways, and virtual reality often seems more intensive than reality itself. Only occasionally is there a focus on those issues that have determined all societies throughout history: the spiritual world connected with various types of faith and religion. That which would extend into the everyday life of humans, at the same time, was a journey of their spiritual learning. This very dimension has been a determining impulse of many manifestations of music in their most diverse forms and genres. Their scope is as broad as the various attempts to understand them. Music and Spirituality, the theme of the 2019 international colloquy From Folklore to World Music, has provided space for understanding these issues, approaching them from religious contexts, as well as from the mutual relationship between society and the spiritual world. A two-day meeting on folk and ethnic music, modern folk music and world music of academics, journalists, musicians, and the public has already become tradition. The colloquy took place in Náměšť nad Oslavou, Czech Republic, during its multi-genre music festival Folkové prázdniny, on July 30 – 31, 2019. The festival had extended its original scope during its 34-year-long existence, and the 16th colloquy likewise has reached behind its original intentions. In 2019, the topic of music and spirituality has allowed for some presenters to comment on classical music, and some on pop music. The papers in this volume frequently deal with religion – ideology relations; provided these two are juxtaposed, the meaning of sacred songs could change, diminish, or even vanish. Such relations are discussed in papers on Czech sacred folk songs, on a German edition on funeral songs, and on an almost forgotten composer of Czech liturgical songs that are well 7 known to this day. There is another paper on the ironic existence of religious allusions in Czech pop music lyrics under the totalitarian regime, and a paper on the search for spiritual meaning in a music work labelled spiritual, whose content shows an explosive, elemental force. Several papers deal with the specific relation of Czech society to American spirituals. Here too the authors have manifested how the ideology of selected periods influenced the appropriation and performance of spirituals on Czech stages and in churches, and how their Czech texts differed from the American originals, reflecting their new functions. A unique view of an American scholar on the transformation of American spiritual music in the Czech Republic is presented in the volume as well. Despite various ideologies, the Bible’s Song of Songs and Psalms have provided inspiration for Czech song lyricists, as is evident in another paper. Several of the topics go beyond the influence of Catholicism or Protestantism on music: there is an essay on the possible interpretation of folk songs according to the philosopher Martin Buber, who was influenced by the ideas of Hasidism, and another one on the abundant religious symbolism of a Sephardic Mediterranean wedding song. Finally, there is a paper on music styles and the transformation of religion as a consequence of migration:
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