Notes

Preface: Of Color

1. www.naacp.org/news/entry/is-there-a-gideon-among-us (accessed December 15, 2011) and http://www.free-times.com/index.php?cat= 1992912064017974&ShowArticle_ID=11010308112984607 (accessed December 15, 2011). 2. On the history of whiteness, see David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991); Thomas A. Guglielmo, White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in , 1890–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Ian F. Haney López, White By Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York: New York University Press, 1996). 3. On the early history of Indians in the , see Joan Jenson, Passage from : Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988); Harold A. Gould, Sikhs, Swamis, Students, and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946 (New Delhi and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006); Nico Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism: The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012). 4. United States v. Dolla, Circuit Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit, March 1, 1910; Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism. 5. United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, 261 U.S. 204 (1923); Jenson, Passage from India; Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism. 6. Amiya Kanti Das to Du Bois., October 23, 1925, Reel 16, W. E. B. Du Bois Papers; S. Natarajan to Du Bois, October 2, 1936, Reel 45, Du Bois Papers; Du Bois, “Gandhi and the American Negroes,” Gandi Marg 1, no. 3 (Bombay, July 1957); Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism. 7. Hispanic Americans complicate this narrative to some degree. Often seen as neither black nor white, many Latina(o)s struggle with the same urban poverty and segregation confronting many black communities. See William Julius Wilson, More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City (New York: Norton, 2010); Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: New 202 Notes

Press, 2012); Vijay Prashad, The Karma of Brown Folk (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000). Joel Perlmann and Mary C. Waters, “Intermarriage and Multiple Identities,” in Mary C. Waters, Reed Ueda, and Helen Marrow, eds., The New Americans: A Handbook to Immigration since 1965 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007), 110–123; Helen B. Marrow, “New Immigrant Destinations and the American Colour Line,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 32, no. 6 (July 2009): 1037–1057; Nancy Foner and George M. Fredrickson, Not Just Black and White: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 2004); Herbert J. Gans, “‘Whitening’ and the Changing American Racial Hierarchy,” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 9, no. 2 (Fall 2012): 267–279; Jennifer Lee and Frank D. Bean, The Diversity Paradox: Immigration and the Color Line in Twenty-First Century America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2010). 8. Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance, Revised Edition (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004).

Introduction

1. Cedric Dover, “Notes on Coloured Writing,” Phylon 8, no. 3 (3rd Quarter, 1947): 222. 2. Cedric Dover, American Negro Art (Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1960), 7 and 11. On the history of the word “nigger,” see Randall Kennedy, Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (New York: Pantheon Books, 2002). 3. The range of his ambitions and of his intellectual network make it even more striking that Dover has been largely forgotten. The most compre- hensive account of Dover’s life consists of a chapter in Patrick Wright’s Passport to Peking: A Very British Mission to Mao’s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 242–268. There are brief mentions of Dover in Michael Fabre, The Unfinished Quest of Richard Wright, Isabel Barzun, trans. (New York: Morrow, 1973); Wayne F. Cooper, Claude McKay: Rebel Sojourner in the Harlem Renaissance: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 364; Richard J. Powell, Black Art and Culture in the 20th Century (London: Thames and Hudson, 1997), 151; Sharon F. Patton, African-American Art (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 11–12; Gloria Jean Moore, The Anglo-Indian Vision (Melbourne: AE Press, 1986), 64 and 96–97; Lionel Caplan, Children of Colonialism: Anglo-Indians in a Postcolonial World (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 72 and 99; Susheila Nasta, Home Truths: Fictions of the South Asian Diaspora in Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002), 28; and Rozina Visram, Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History (London: Pluto, 2002), 289. Notes 203

4. Nico Slate, Colored Cosmopolitanism: Race and the Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012); Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: Norton, 2006) and The Ethics of Identity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Seyla Benhabib, Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); David Hollinger, Cosmopolitanism and Solidarity: Studies in Ethnoracial, Religious, and Professional Affiliation in the United States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006). 5. W. E. B. Du Bois, “To the Nations of the World” (1900) in Eric J. Sundquist, ed., The Oxford W. E. B. Du Bois Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 625, and The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 13. 6. Michael Banton, “The Colour Line and the Colour Scale in the Twentieth Century,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35, no. 7 (July 2012): 1109–1131; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois, 1868–1919: Biography of a Race (New York: H. Holt, 1993) and W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 (New York: H. Holt, 2000); Arnold Rampersad, The Art and Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976). 7. Kevin K. Gaines, American Africans in Ghana: Black Expatriates and the Civil Rights Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); Jonathan Rosenberg, How Far the Promised Land? World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Nikhil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); Carol Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944–1955 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Robin D. G. Kelley, “How the West Was One: The African Diaspora and the Re-Mapping of U.S. History,” in Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Marc Gallicchio, The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000); Penny Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937–1957 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). 8. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double-Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993); Tony Martin, Race Rirst: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976); Robert A. Hill, ed., The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers (Berkeley: University