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Maquetación 1 IBERUS, 14 (1): 93-101, 1996 Marcas de predación en bivalvos del Cuaterna- rio marino de la costa de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina Predation marks in bivalves of the coastal marine Qua- ternary of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina Guido Pastorino* y Verónica iVanoV** RESUMEN El análisis de las valvas de Mactra isabelleana (d’Orbigny, 1846) y Glycymeris longior (Sowerby, 1833) del Cuaternario marino de San Clemente del Tuyú, provincia de Bue- nos Aires (Argentina) sugieren una intensa actividad predatoria por parte de gasterópo- dos perforantes. Se establece que G. longior es predada de forma preferencial, aunque la cantidad de valvas de Mactra isabelleana perforadas es mayor, debido a que ésta es más abundante en los depósitos cuatermarios. Los lugares de mayor incidencia de pre- dación corresponden al área postumbonal en el caso de M. isabelleana y central en G. longior. Se verifica una alta correlación del tamaño del predador (diámetro del agujero) y la longitud de la presa en ambas especies. No se hallaron diferencias significativas en la cantidad de valvas izquierdas y derechas perforadas. Las características morfológicas de las perforaciones y los parámetros calculados permiten inferir que el predador perte- necería a la familia Naticidae. ABSTRACT A borehole analysis was performed on valves of Mactra isabelleana (d’Orbigny, 1846) and Glycymeris longior (Sowerby, 1833) from the marine Quaternary of San Clemente del Tuyú, in the province of Buenos Aires, (Argentina). The study suggested an intensive predation on both species. Glycymeris longior was the preferred prey, although the amount of bored valves of Mactra isabelleana is larger, because the latter is far more abundant in the quaternary deposits. The most frequent borehole location in M. isabelle- ana is the postumbonal area whereas in G. longior it is the central area. A high correla- tion between size of predation (diameter of the borehole) and prey length was observed for both species. Mactra isabelleana was preyed at the most abundant sizes. The grea- test amount of preyed valves of M. isabelleana coincides with the most abundant sizes. Glycymeris longior was preyed more frequently at 13-15 mm and the most abundant sizes were 11-13 mm. The borehole morphology and behavioral features suggest that the predator belongs to Naticidae. PALABRAS CLAVE: Bivalvos, predación, Naticidae, Muricidae, Cuaternario, Holoceno, Buenos Aires, Argentina. KEY WORDS: Bivalves, predation, Naticidae, Muricidae, Quaternary, Holocene, Buenos Aires, Argentina. *División Paleozoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, s/n, 1900 La Plata - Buenos Aires, Argentina. **Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y Vectores, Calle 2, nº 584, 1900 La Plata - Buenos Aires, Argentina. 93 IBERUS, 14 (1), 1996 INTRODUCCIÓN rios de la localidad de san Clemente del tuyú, Provincia de Buenos aires, Las relaciones tróficas entre dos tá- argentina. Como objetivo principal se xones son comúnmente estudiadas en trata de establecer la selectividad especí- organismos vivos. Pocas son las oportu- fica por presa y por tamaño. se determi- nidades que presentan los restos fósiles nan, además, la preferencia de un sitio para reconstruir estas relaciones. sin de perforación sobre la valva y las rela- embargo, las marcas de predación deja- ciones entre el tamaño del predador y la das por moluscos perforantes son fre- presa. Finalmente, se discute el posible cuentes pruebas de la actividad alimen- taxon predador. ticia y presión selectiva de un taxon so- bre otro. Cuatro son los grupos de gasterópo- MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS dos que, con el objetivo de alimentarse, perforan la valva de otros moluscos: na- Los muestreos fueron realizados en ticidae, Muricidae, Capulidae (KaBat, la localidad de san Clemente del tuyú, 1990) y, recientemente, Marginellidae Provincia de Buenos aires, argentina (Ponder y tayLor, 1992). debido a su (36° 22’ s, 56°47’ o) (Figura 1). Los ejem- abundancia, tanto en el registro fósil plares pertenecen a los depósitos que como en la actualidad, natícidos y murí- forman cordones de conchas presentes cidos son los más comunes y mejor co- en toda la costa bonaerense (Holoceno, nocidos. se registran perforaciones de sensu aGuirre, 1990 y 1991). estas con- estos gasterópodos desde el Cretácico centraciones de fósiles son considera- tardío (KeLLey, 1988; KaBat, 1990). am- das, de acuerdo a la clasificación de bos grupos están muy bien representa- KidweLL, FursiCH y aiGner (1986) dos en argentina desde el terciario. como parautóctonas, es decir, compues- en el hemisferio norte se han desa- tas de ejemplares que han sufrido algún rrollado numerosos trabajos sobre esta tipo de trabajo, pero no transportados actividad predatoria, tanto en especies fuera de su hábitat original. La limita- recientes como fósiles. estos trabajos cuan- ción en este trabajo está marcada por la tifican, tipifican y hasta predicen la acti- diferencia existente entre biocenosis y vidad desarrollada por estos gasterópo- tanatocenosis. en esta última, el trans- dos (CarriKer y yoCHeLson, 1968; porte pudo haber sido diferente entre tHoMas, 1976; CarriKer, 1981; KitCHeLL, una especie y otra y, de esta manera, BoGGs, KitCHeLL y riCe, 1981; VerMeij y introducir o sacar de escena especies dudLey, 1982; HoFFMan y MartineLL, que en vida pudieron interactuar o no. 1984; KitCHeLL, BoGGs, riCe, KitCHeLL, asimismo, el transporte puede producir HoFFMan, y MartineLL, 1986; MayoraL, alteraciones que no responden a factores 1987; Guerrero y reyMent, 1988a, b; propios de la comunidad viviente. VerMeij, dudLey y ZiPser, 1989; BatLLori LeVer y tHijssen (1968) demostraron el y MartineLL, 1992; entre otros). Por el con- transporte diferencial de valvas de trario, en las costas sudamericanas son Donax vittatus perforadas. Con los datos muy raros los trabajos sobre este tema, o obtenidos en este trabajo no es posible bien se reducen a citas. BorZone (1988) determinar si existió transporte selectivo realiza el único trabajo existente en terri- de las valvas de Glycymeris y Mactra, torio argentino sobre perforaciones, en pues es desconocida su abundancia rela- este caso dejadas por Polinices sp. en tiva en el mar adyacente. valvas recientes de Venus antiqua King y Las especies presentes en las mues- Broderip, 1832. VerMeij ET AL. (1989) y tras se enumeran en la tabla ii. KaBat (1990) señalan la necesidad de estu- Las muestras consistieron en la dios en áreas templadas como las costas obtención al azar de un volumen de, patagónicas. aproximadamente, seis litros de con - en este trabajo se estudian las perfo- chas, del que se extrajeron todas las raciones presentes en bivalvos cuaterna- valvas perforadas. La tabla i registra las 94 PASTORINO E IVANOV: Predación en bivalvos del Cuaternario marino en Argentina URUGUAY Buenos Aires Río de la Plata La Plata S ° 35 N ARGENTINA Bahía Samborombón San Clemente ° del Tuyú 03060 58 O km Figura 1. Localización de la zona de muestreo. Figure 1. Location map of the colection locality. especies predadas, de las cuales se anali- asumiendo que el diámetro del zaron en forma cuantitativa aquéllas con agujero indica en forma indirecta el mayor número de ejemplares predados, tamaño del predador (KeLLey, 1988) se Mactra isabelleana (d’orbigny, 1846) y midieron los diámetros internos y exter- Glycymeris longior (sowerby, 1833). se nos conjuntamente con la longitud de calcularon las densidades de valvas cada valva con el fin de correlacionar enteras y perforadas, izquierdas y dere- ambos parámetros. el valor del cociente chas de cada especie, presentes por litro entre el diámetro externo e interno del de muestra. agujero permite conocer si éste fue fun- Los datos fueron volcados en un cional o no, entendiendo por no funcio- cuadro general para establecer los patro- nal aquel agujero que por su pequeño nes de perforación de cada especie en diámetro interno no permite el paso de esta localidad con el fin de compararlos la probóscide del gasterópodo y, por lo en el futuro con datos similares de loca- tanto, la predación. KeLLey (1988) señaló lidades vecinas. un valor mayor de 0,5 para la razón diá- Posteriormente, se calculó mediante metro interno/diámetro externo cuando una submuestra de 250 ml el número de la perforación es funcional. se aplicó el valvas enteras de cada especie. Luego análisis de comparación de dos mues- todos los valores se estimaron para 1 li- tras u de Mann-whitney para evaluar la tro. en cada muestra se trabajó con val- selectividad en la predación de valvas vas completas, tanto en las perforadas derechas e izquierdas para ambas espe- como en las no perforadas, desechando cies. Los cálculos estadísticos se realiza- aquellas que presentaban roturas mecá- ron con el programa statGraPHiCs nicas. versión 6.0. 95 IBERUS, 14 (1), 1996 A B C D Figura 2. Marcas de predación en bivalvos Cuaternarios. Glycymeris longior (Sowerby). A: valva izquierda, B: detalle. Pitar rostratus (Koch). C: valva izquierda. Mactra isabelleana (d’Orbigny). D: valva derecha. Escala 5 mm. Figure 2. Predation marks on Quaternary bivalves. Glycymeris longior (Sowerby). A: left valve, B: detail. Pitar rostratus (Koch). C: left valve. Mactra isabelleana (d’Orbigny). D: right valve. Scale bar 5 mm. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN paraboloides Bromley, 1981; sin embargo el biselado señalado por BroMLey (1981) y Morfología de las perforaciones: Mor- MayoraL (1987) se presenta poco defi- fológicamente, las perforaciones son simi- nido, hecho que no altera la asignación lares en todas las especies de bivalvos estu- icnoespecífica. de acuerdo con CarriKer diados. son ligeramente troncocónicas con y yo CHeLson (1968), la morfología de las un diámetro exterior siempre mayor que perforaciones de los murícidos puede ser el interior. el eje de perforación es recto y de aspecto paraboloide en valvas finas, las paredes invariablemente presentan pero en valvas gruesas (como las de Glycy- ornamentación que refleja la microes- meris y Mactra) son invariablemente cilín- tructura de la valva. esta morfología se dricas. Por tanto, la morfología de las per- corresponde con la icnoespecie Oichnus foraciones de las valvas estudiadas se 96 PASTORINO E IVANOV: Predación en bivalvos del Cuaternario marino en Argentina Tabla I.
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