Roots and Crown Tissues Have to Be Extracted from the Soil 3

Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

Identifying Current and Emerging Diseases Threats and Evaluation Opportunities for Seed Treatment Product Development

The Nordic Seedcare Academy SYNGENTA 4. – 5. April 2019

Prof. Dr. Joseph-Alexander Verreet Institute of Phytopathology Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Content -

 Influence of the weather on the location- and year-specific disease occurrence

 Biological behaviour of seed borne and soil borne disease

 Economic importance, worldwide occurrence, requirements disease severity Epidemiological → differences Faculty of Faculty Science Nutritional and Agricultural strongly cropping Influence • • • • • • harvest soil crop sowing fertilizer cultivar preparation rotation Institute of Phytopathology of Institute dependent date development time system in of onset conrollable p artially , course on of weather pathogens and epidemic course severity severity conditions onset and and of their , diseases and economic cultural weather Influence • • • • air leaf precipitation temperature from humidity wetness practices significance year controllable n of ot to year Institut are time Phytopathology Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

Behaviour of seed borne and soil borne diseases - economic importance, worldwide occurrence, requirements - Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Behaviour of soil borne diseases -

Influencing factors:

1. soil temperature 2. soil moisture 3. type of soil wide range of natural given 4. soil texture uncontrollable factors 5. air temperature 6. impact of light and duration of exposure 7. [pH-value]

1. crop rotation 2. tillage system farmers choice of 3. choice of variety acting

1. use of seed dressings 2. choice of specific seed dressings, industrial way of according to seed- and soil- interacting pathogen pressure Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- General symptoms of soil and seed borne diseases - Symptoms can be observed in seedling or mature stage

1. poor stand: first weeks after sowing 2. pre- and post-emergence damping-off 3. yellowed plant parts (similar to nutrient deficiency) 4. variable plant high in mature stages 5. irregular patches (like in specific field areas) Questions:

Are soil borne diseases more present than they were thought to be?

Is it possible to determine direct yield losses in fields, according to soil borne diseases? Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Main problems of soil and seed borne diseases -

Combination of infested and new infected seeds

1. seeds can be infested with smut and bunt diseases (also with a range of diseases that can grow from seed and soil) 2. symptoms are not directly observable since the roots and crown tissues have to be extracted from the soil 3. above-ground symptomatology, such as yellowing, stunting, etc., is indistinctdirect yieldandlossescan frombe confusedonly ONE withpathogennutrientare verydeficiency problems and with soildifficultdrainageto estimateproblems!!! 4. less locations are characterized by occurence of only one disease in soil  environmental influence can enhance or decrease disease pressure towards single pathogens  adjustments of diseases to temperature can lead to occurence in different climatic regions

Which diseases are imporant in cereal production systems? Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

Brush end

Soil borne pathogens Bran

.Tilletia.. tritici...... Endosperm

Ustilago tritici syn. U. nuda Embryo ...... Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Bunt and smut diseases in wheat -

I. Tilletia laevis • Common names: Common but, stinking bunt • Scientific synonyms: T. foetida, T. foelens II. Tilletia tritici • Common names: Common bunt • Scientific synonyms: T. caries III. Tilletia controversa • Common names: Dwarf bunt, short smut, stunt smut • Scientific synonyms: T. contraversa, T. brevifaciens IV. Tilletia indica • Common name: Karnal bunt • Scientific synonyms: Neovossia indica V. Ustilago tritici • Common names: Loose smut • Scientific synonyms: U. nuda, U. nuda var. tritici VI. Urocystis agropyri • Common names: flag smut • Scientific synonyms: Urocystis tritici Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- General life cycle of smut and bunt diseases -

systemic no obvious fungal symptoms growth in in early wheat head plant stage of disease penetration growth specific development seedling in kernel infection disease soil borne specific seed borne symptoms anthesis infection and infection

Perennating forms 1. bunt spores at the outside bunt balls/ of seed kernels mass 2. bunt balls contaminated soil 3. mycellium inside kernels Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Common bunt - Tilletia tritici – syn. T. caries Economic importance and distribution

Common bunt leads to yield losses and quality reduction • in areas where seed dressing is not practiced total loss resulted Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Common bunt - Tilletia tritici -

bunt sori filled with basidiospores break at harvest and contaminates the seed

dikaryotic mycelium grows in plant with ears of infected wheat develop bunt no visible damages in early growth balls which replace the seed stages

mycelium invades wheat head

early stage of forming spore first symptoms: chlorotic points mass on leaves during harvest healthy kernels are mixed ears with bunt spores with smut spores in the thrashing cylinder

spores accumulate in the hairs of healthy kernels

after germination results shoot infection, hyphe penetratates through the coleoptile Tilletia tritici - Common bunt -

bunt spore germination, building eight fingerlike primary sporidia Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Common bunt - Tilletia tritici -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. soil temperature below 8°C • first 10 days after sowing are the most critical timespan 2. cold nights (below 5°C) and light for more than 14 h increase the success of infection 3. high soil moisture content has a negative effect on colonization 4. for sporulation and wind borne spore transfer low humidity is beneficial Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Dwarf bunt – Tilletia controversa - Economic importance and distribution

yield losses of Dwarf bunt are only registered in winter wheat • disease affects yield directly by preventing kernel formation • up to 30% losses in wheat yield were recorded on crops grown more than once in a rotation of 5-6 Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Dwarf bunt – Tilletia controversa -

in contrast to Tilletia tritici Common bunt this fungus can also infect from soil

causes excessive tillering and stunting in teleospores fall at harvest to the soil or growth; mycelium also grows with apical remain at the seed meristem into ovaries

infected plants produce heads containing bunt balls with teliospores in place of seed Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Dwarf bunt - Tilletia controversa -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. scattered light and temperatures ranging from 3 – 8°C over 3 - 5 weeks 2. soil humidity from 15 to 60% • both are favorable to basidiospore germination in soil 3. for plant inoculation temperatures ranging from 3 - 8°C under a stable blanket of snow are beneficial (unfrozen ground)

 Dwarf bunt occurs where there is persistent snow cover over autumn sown winter wheat at the 2 – 3 leaf stage

 advantage of smut and bunt diseases against other soil and seed borne diseases  only one cycle of reproduction each year with a known date of occurence Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Loose smut - Ustilago tritici – syn. U.nuda Economic importance and distribution

Loose smut has the potential to cause significant yield losses if control practices are ignored!!! • destroys the economic component of wheat: the grain ! Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Loose smut - Ustilago tritici (syn. U. nuda) -

Infection happens during flowering  basidiospores, transported by wind

dicaryotic hyphae penetrate the ovary wall typical symptom of the seed borne  growth into embryo and stay dormant smutted head until seed germination

disease colonizes the plant without causing obvious symptoms before heading infection takes place during flowering, infected smut ears burst open, infection of the stigma of the florett spores are released

mycelia growth to the embryo of the developing kernel and goes into a resting stage

Ustilago tritici - Loose smut - Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Loose smut – Ustilago tritici-

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. temperatures ranging from 22 – 27°C and humidity 60 to 95% • favorable to basidiospore germination and mycelium development 2. spring wheat is more infected • temperatures under 7 – 8°C inhibit disease development 3. incidence of disease varies widely from year to year Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Soil and seed borne diseases of cereals -

Gaeumannomyces graminis Bipolaris sorokiniana • Common name: Take all  Common name: Common root rot • infection from soil  infection from soil and seed

Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia cerealis  Common name: Head blight, Root rot  Common name: Sharp eyespot  infection from soil and flowering ?  infection from soil

Phytium spp. • Common name: Root rot • infection from soil

Microdochium nivale  Common name: Snow mold infection from soil and seed Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Take all – Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici - Economic importance and distribution

Take all causes plant losses up to 20% when the same crop is grown year after year in a site • progressively destroying the root system • leaves and sometimes the whole plant die  take all Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Take all – Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici -

outgoing from primary saprophytic mycelium in soil Take all infects wheat roots

infection can take place in all stages of survival in plant residues in the soil growth in vitro infection

blackening of the centre of the roots and stem base; sometimes poor growth Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Take all – Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. sandy soils are beneficial for root colonization • poor organic content 2. temperatures for growth ranging from 18°C – 28°C 3. Increasing activity at moderate and weak soil acidity levels • pH 5 - 6,5 4. humid soil: 50 - 80% soil moisture content Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Fusarium root rot - Fusarium spp. - Economic importance and distribution

yield losses are common but patchy in fields; can result in losses up to 30% • amount of damage varies greatly from season to season Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Fusarium root rot - Fusarium head blight - Fusarium spp. –

soil and seed borne infection

overwinters as saprophytic mycelium, thick walled spore in soil, in seedling blight and root rot contaminated seed and on crop residues

secondary infections at flowering can lead to Fusarium head blight (FHB) Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Life cycle of Fusarium spp. - FusariumFusarium –-Infektioninfection asexualAsexuell Sexuell sexual

Institut Phytopathologie Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Fusarium root rot - Fusarium spp. -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. favored by drought and intermediate to warm temperatures  F. graminearum favores 3-4 °C higher temperatures than F. culmorum 2. dry seedbeds, loose seedbeds are favorable  instead of take-all, Fusarium spp. occures in dry soils 3. disease severity is higher in no-till and continuous wheat cropping systems (monoculture)

Generally Fusarium spp. are present in all soils, used for agriculture, depending on single species  Fusarium spp. are more affected by cropping systems than by natural given factors Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Pythium root rot - Pythium spp. - Economic importance and distribution

Phytium root rot decreased plant high • significant reduction in the number of root tips, root length, and length of the first leaf Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Pythium root rot - Pythium spp. -

Phytium root rot is a soil borne disease: initial symptoms appear as brown to dark-brown lesions on root tips

survives in soil as sporangia and ‘pre- and post-emergence’ damping-off; zoospores roots are soft, soggy with shades of brown

in mature plants, Pythium causes crown and root rot oospore under dry conditions: oospores germinates with hyphe mycelium penetrates host cells

under wet conditions: oospore germinate with a vesicle the vesicle releases zoospores zoospores are raving to the root hairs

after forming a cyst a germ tube grows out and penetrates by forming an appressorium and penetration hyphe the root cell

Phytium spp. by infection of the root hairs in early stages the seedling dies

Sexual stage forming the antheridium and duration spore oogonium – oospore – unite by gametangie Phytium spp. Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Pythium root rot - Pythium spp. -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. high substrate moisture 2. low oxygen content  wet soil for longer periods  high level of plant residues 3. cool temperatures; optimal: 10 – 17 °C (10 – 30 °C) 4. low-light periods favor infection 5. more present in cultivated soils

Phytium has a hugh range of hosts • vegetables, grasses, cereals, beet, tobacco, citrus, strawberry hugh range of disease variety • different species: Pythium aphanidermatum, P. arisosporum, P. arrhenomanes, P. debaryanun, P. graminicola, P. hypogynum, P. irregulare, P. monospermum, P. myriotylum, P. rostratumn, P. splendens, P. tardicrescens, and P. ultimum Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Snow mold – Microdochium nivale - Economic importance and distribution

plant losses induced by Snow mold result up to 20% in years with favorable conditions • the disease is most aggressive at low temperatures ( < 5°C) • fungus may kill crowns, leaf sheaths, and roots up to total plant dying Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Snow mold – Microdochium nivale -

infected kernels and mycelium from soil infect the seed in autumn

ascospore infection during cold and after snow thaws bright spots with wet summer days: reaching seed white mycelium appear kernels can end up with seed infection petri plate test

stem base of cereals is mainly infected, later long dark brown streaks at lower nodes can appear Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Snow mold – Microdochium nivale -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. soil acidity promotes fungal development • pH < 6 2. humid soil conditions are favorable 3. snowy winters with low temperatures ( < 0°C) increases the risk of infection 4. long period of snow thaw is the most favourable factor Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Common root rot – Bipolaris sorokiniana - Economic importance and distribution

Yield losses are up to 30% in warmer regions caused by: • reduced number of kernels per spike • reduced thousand-kernel weight Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Common root rot – Bipolaris sorokiniana -

in winter, fungus survives by mycelium, conidia and chlamydospores in soil

pathogen returns to soil with plant root and stem infection is induced in residues; conidia survive up to five spring by mycelium and germs of conidia: years spots or stripes of light brown color

damages of root, leaves and grain in summer Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Common root rot – Bipolaris sorokiniana -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. fluctuations of soil humidity is beneficial to disease incidence 2. grows at 6 - 36°C (optimum 19 - 26°C) • generally warm soils are favourable 3. pH 6 - 7 • neutral soil is favorable for the pathogen 4. soil water content should be up to 80% (minimum soil water content: 20%) Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Rhizoctonia spp.- Economic importance and distribution

• Rhizoctonia spp. are ubiquitous all over the world • the damage and yield losses depends on host plant density, farming system, the presence of specific anastomosis groups and the adaptation of these AG‘s on the environment in certain regions Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Sharp eyespot – Rhizoctonia cerealis - Economic importance and distribution

plant losses • pre- and post-emergence damping off and shoot death yield loss (infrequent) • decreases in plant and ear dry weights, number of grains per ear, grain dry weight per ear and thousand- grain weight can due to yield losses Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Sharp eyespot – Rhizoctonia cerealis -

infection occurs at root issues at any time during growing season

Sharp eyespot is a stembase disease of over-winters as mycelium or sclerotia cereals inducing dark-bordered lesions in plant residues or in soil petri plate test on stem bases

affects cereal growth and yield, and grain quality - Asexual life cycle Rhizoctonia spp.-

saprophytic mycelial growth on Sclerotia germination of the Sclerotia and stubble residues mycelial growth

by deposition of root exudates targeted hyphal growth to the roots => penetration and killing - Asexual life cycle Rhizoctonia spp.-

mycelial growth on root surface formation of infection cussion - Asexual life cycle Rhizoctonia spp.- - Life cycle Rhizoctonia spp.-

Head blight reduced stem stability

Sharp-eyespot Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Sexual life cycle Rhizoctonia spp.- • formation of basidiospores on soil surface or plant tissue is possible • wind common basidiospores reach higher ground plant organs and are able to trigger an epidemic under suitable conditions( rel. air humidity %) • factors influencing the formation of basidiospores are not uniquely determined e.g. moisture, gas exchange, diurnal temperature fluctuations, day and night rhythm

Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

Anamorph: R. solani Anamorph: R. cerealis Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Sexual life cycle Rhizoctonia spp.-

+ - - +

formation of promycelium 2 reduction divisions and formation 2 nuclei are of the same and immigrantion of the results in 4 haploid daughter nuclei mating type + or - diploid nucleus

formation of sterigmata and basidiospores immigrantion of nuclei basidiospores = sexual spores

formation of sterigmata and basidiospores and immigrantion of nuclei Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Sharp eyespot – Rhizoctonia cerealis -

Requirements to environment for a successful infection

1. disease is favoured by neutral to slightly acid (pH 5,9 – 8,1) soils 2. dry and sandy soils (20% soil moisture content) 3. cool autumn or spring (< 9°C) may result in earlier infections • also more severe attacks Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Anastomosis groups and their hosts - Teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris = sexual reproduction Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani = asexual reproduction AG / Host Wheat Barley Corn Sugar beet Potato Rice Soy Cotton Orchidaceae AG 1 IA X X X X X AG 1 IB X X X X AG 2-2 IIIB X X X X AG 2-2 IV X AG 3 X AG 4 X X AG 5 X X X X X AG 6 X AG 7 X X X AG 8 X X AG 9 X X X AG 10 X X AG 11 X X X X AG 12 X AG 13 X R. solani = AG's and the broad host plant spectrum Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Anastomosis groups and their hosts -

Teleomorph: Ceratobasidium cereale = sexual reproduction Anamorph: Rhizoctonia cerealis = asexual reproduction

Cereals Bunch Peanut Pea Fleabane ‚Cheesewood‘ Cucumber CAD/Host grasses (Agrostis) (Arachis) (Glycine) (Erigeron) (Pittosporum) (Cucumis) CAG 1 (AG–D) X X R. cerealis Sharp eyespot CAG 2 (AG–A) X

CAG 3 (AG–E) X

CAG 4 (AG–F) X

CAG 5 (AG-R) X

CAG 6 (AG–E) X

CAG 7 (AG-S) X nach OGOSHI, A. et al. 1983a,b, Gonzales Garcia, V. et al. 2006 • Name according to the North American anastomosis system black • Name according to the Japanese anastomosis system red red R. cerealis = AG's are spezialised to specific host plants Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Anastomosis groups and their hosts -

Teleomorph: Waitea circinata = sexual reproduction Anamorph: Rhizoctonia oryzae, Rhizoctonia zeae = asexual reproduction

AG/Host Wheat Barley Corn Rice Legumes Grasses R. oryzae X X X X X X R. zeae X X X X X X

R. oryzae, R. zeae = have a broad host plant spectrum “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Initial Results from France and Germany” Tested Anastomosis Groups – European Rhizoctonia-Mapping

AG 1-1 A

AG 1

AG 1-1 B Thanatephorus cucumeris

AG 2 AG 2-2 III B

Rhizoctonia Ceratobasidium spp. R. cerealis cereale

R. zeae

Waitea circinata not analyzed

R. oryzae “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Initial Results from France and Germany” Experimental Design - European Rhizoctonia-Mapping

Experimental design: • GS 31-35 roots  for example Meißen I PLANT: Rhizoctonia spp.- DNA - Disease severity ‰ • GS 61-65 roots  for example Meißen II • GS 31-35 soil  pg/g soil SOIL: Rhizoctonia spp. - DNA pg/g Locations:

 25 locations in Germany Rhizoctonia-Mapping France,Germany,  30 locations in France Switzerland  2 locations in Switzerland

Traffic lights like system for classifikation of the disease severity ‰ DNA: Verification – 20 ‰ 20 - 400 ‰ 400 - 1000 ‰ 1000 - > 1000 ‰ “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Initial Results from France and Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Europe

Pathogen D (25) F (30) CH (2)

R. solani AG 1-1 A 8 10 0 AG 1-1 A (Plant and soil) Plant samples No detection in soil !! Plant GS 35 6 2 0

Plant GS 65 5 8 0

Plant GS 35 3 0 0 and 65

Soil GS 35 0 0 0

Soil GS 65 0 0 0

Soil GS 35 0 0 0 and 65

No detection in soil Verification – 20 ‰ 20 - 400 ‰ 400 - 1000 ‰ Previous Crop Corn 1000 - > 1000 ‰ “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Initial Results from France and Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn –Results from Europe

Pathogen D (25) F (30) CH (2)

AG 1-1 B 13 10 0 (Plant and R. solani soil) AG 1-1 B Plant GS 35 9 1 0 Plant and soil samples Plant GS 65 11 9 0

Plant GS 35 7 1 0 and 65

Soil GS 35 3 1 0

Soil GS 65 1 4 0

Soil GS 35 0 0 0 and 65

Verification – 20 ‰ 20 - 400 ‰ 400 - 1000 ‰ Previous Crop Corn 1000 - > 1000 ‰ “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Initial Results from France and Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn –Results from Europe

Pathogen D (25) F (30) CH (2)

AG 2-2 III B 10 14 0 R. solani (Plant and AG 2-2 III B soil) Plant and soil Plant GS 35 6 4 0 samples Plant GS 65 6 9 0

Plant GS 35 4 1 0 and 65

Soil GS 35 1 2 0

Soil GS 65 1 6 0

Soil GS 35 0 0 0 and 65

Pathogen D (25) F (30) CH (2)

R. cerealis 16 13 1 (Plant and R. cerealis soil) Plant and soil Plant GS 35 5 0 0 samples Plant GS 65 16 13 1

Plant GS 35 4 0 0 and 65

Soil GS 35 0 0 0

Soil GS 65 0 1 0

Soil GS 35 0 0 0 and 65

Verification – 20 ‰ 20 - 400 ‰ 400 - 1000 ‰ Previous Crop Corn and Wheat 1000 - > 1000 ‰ “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Detection of Rhizoctonia spp. - locations

• 17 locations in Schleswig-Holstein • 7 locations wheat Schafflund • 10 locations corn Sönke-Nissen-Koog Loit • soil samples from 5, 15 and 30 cm Scholderup soil depth • testing for AG 1-1 A, AG 1-1 B, Nordstrand Bovenau Futterkamp (C/W) AG 2-2 IIIB and R. cerealis Dörpstedt • sampling date: early August Barkhorn Hohenschulen

Krumstedt

Barlt Elskop Leezen Kastorf locations wheat

Kummerfeld locations corn

C = corn; W = wheat “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Frequency of the evidence of individual pathogens

•100 % of the locations with 5,8 % evidence of Rhizoctonia spp. 88,2 % 17,6 %

•58,8 % of the locations with 2 Rhizoctonia spp.

•41,2 % of the locations with 1 Rhizoctonia spp.

R. cerealis and R. solani AG 2-2 IIIB are of the greatest 47 % importance !!

AG 1-1 B AG 1-1 A AG 2-2 IIIB R. cerealis “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Rhizoctonia solani - DNA detection of AG 2-2 IIIB in plant

Krumstedt 53871 ‰ Dörpstedt Schafflund Leezen Kummerfeld Futterkamp (M) Hohenschulen Futterkamp (M) Dörpstedt Schafflund Hohenschulen Elskop

Krumstedt 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Rhizoctonia-DNA in relation to plant-DNA (‰)

Leezen No detection in soil Elskop Verification – 20 ‰ Kummerfeld 20 - 400 ‰ 400 - 1000 ‰ 1000 - > 1000 ‰ “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Rhizoctonia solani - DNA detection of AG 2-2 IIIB in plant

12958 ‰ 53871 ‰

8000

DNA (‰) DNA -

6000

4000

2000

DNA in relation to plant to relation in DNA -

0 0 0 0 0

Rhizoctonia

Leezen

Barkhorn

Dörpstedt

Krumstedt

Schafflund

Futterkamp

Scholderup

Nordstrand

Kummerfeld Hohenschulen previous crop cereals cornMonokulturmonoculture > 2 Jahre> 2 years

AG 2-2 IIIB R. cerealis “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Rhizoctonia- Disease solaniseverity - DNA of AG detection 2-2 IIIB of AG 2-2 IIIB - Detectionin plantin plant and and soilsoil samples

Kummerfeld Leezen

Pflanzeplant 2354 ‰ Pflanzeplant 4034 ‰

5 cm 5 cm

15 cm 15 cm

30 cm 30 cm

0 150 300 450 0 150 300 450 Dörpstedt Krumstedt

Pflanzeplant 7292 ‰ Pflanzeplant 53871 ‰ 5 cm 5 cm

15 cm 15 cm

30 cm 30 cm

0 150 300 450 0 150 300 450

Quantitative Rhizoctonia solani-DNA in soil (pg/g) and plant (‰) “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Rhizoctonia cerealis - DNA detection in plant

Krumstedt 53871 ‰ Dörpstedt Schafflund Leezen

Loit Kummerfeld Scholderup Futterkamp (M)

Nordstrand Hohenschulen Bovenau Futterkamp Dörpstedt Schafflund

Barkhorn Hohenschulen Elskop 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Krumstedt Quantitative Rhizoctonia cerealis-DNA Barlt in relation to plant DNA (‰) Elskop Leezen Kastorf “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn – Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Rhizoctonia cerealis - DNA detection in plant

239954 ‰ 881256 ‰ 1352673 ‰ DNA DNA (‰)

- 20000 ‰)

DNA ( DNA 15000 -

10000

DNA in relation DNA to plant

- DNA Pflanzen zu DNA - 5000

Erreger 0 0 0 28 ‰ 27 ‰ 0 0 0 0

Loit

Barlt

Elskop

Kastorf

Bovenau

Rhizoctonia Rhizoctonia cerealis

S.-N.-Koog Futterkamp previous Vorfruchtcrop = oil Raps seed rape AG 2-2 IIIB R. cerealis “Rhizoctonia - Mapping in European Corn –Germany” Rhizoctonia-Mapping Corn – Results from Schleswig-Holstein

Quantitative Rhizoctonia cerealis - DNA detection in plant and soil

Elskop

Pflanzeplant 5386 ‰

5 cm

15 cm

30 cm

0 150 300 450 Futterkamp (W)

Pflanzeplant 239954 ‰

5 cm

15 cm

30 cm

0 150 300 450

Quantitative Rhizoctonia cerealis - DNA in soil (pg/g) and plant (‰) Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Control measures - Chemical control measures • seed dressing • large variation in sensitivity to fungicides between and within the anastomosis groups (AG) and numerous soil and seed borne diseases Systemic active ingredient: Due to systemic distribution protection of roots, hypocotyl, emergence …. up to flowering

 Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

Possibilities and effects of plant health cultivation factors and chemical seed treatments Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

Highest phytosanitary effects (!!): !! Plant health cultivation measures !! Agricultural control measures : • soil tillage by ploughing • resistant/tolerant varieties  • crop rotation instead of monoculture • avoidance of soil compaction • control of phytopathogenic nematodes minimum tillage

  Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

- Summary -

1) Soilborne pathogens are of increasing economic importance 2) Yield relevance of individual soil borne pathogens are difficult to quantify, because usually several pathogens are involved 3) Soil-borne pathogens are usually generalists that can infect several host plants 4) High host plant density and conservation tillage lead to an enrichment of inoculum 5) They can survive saprophytic and parasitic 6) Chemical seed treatment is the most important measure to protect the genetically determined yield potential of the plant 7) Phytosanitary field management and ploughing reduce the infestation density substantially 8) Larger and heavier harvest and processing machinery lead to changes in soil properties in favor of the pathogens 9) Biological control of the pathogens has only "random" efficiencies when the genetically determined preferences of both the antagonists as well as the parasite interact (coincidence) Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

Systemic chemical treatments

quantification of inoculum tillage density of the pathogens Soil and seed borne pathogens

analytical not monitoring of contaminated hazard seed potentials

PhD-thesis CAU Kiel: Dr. Christiane Wiese - Fusarium spp. – mycotoxine – seed dressing Dr. Gesine Thomsen – Rhizoctonia spp., Fusarium spp. – seed dressing Dr. Julian Rudelt – seed and soil borne diseases on wheat - seed dressing Dr. Christoph Algermissen –Fusarium spp. - maize Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science Institute of Phytopathology

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ANONYMUS 2013: http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/apical.htm