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Determinants of Insect Herbivory and Growth of Native Timber Trees on Tropical Pastures

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Determinants of Insect Herbivory and Growth of Native Timber Trees on Tropical Pastures Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Determinants of insect herbivory and growth of native timber trees on tropical pastures Author(s): Riedel, Judith Publication Date: 2013 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-009756424 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH Nr. 20992 Determinants of insect herbivory and growth of native timber trees on tropical pastures a dissertation submitted to ETH ZURICH for the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES presented by JUDITH RIEDEL Dipl. -Biol. Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn born 17 May 1984 citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Silvia Dorn, examiner Prof. Dr. Michael Kreuzer, co-examiner PD Dr. Karsten Mody, co-examiner 2013 "In many areas, the realm of the wet tropical forest has already changed […] from the monotonous oil palm expanses of much of Sumatra and Borneo, the silent, overhunted forest fragments of West Africa, to the horizon-spanning cattle ranches and soy fields of Mato Grosso (‘the great wood’)". Yadvinder Malhi The productivity, metabolism and carbon cycle of tropical forest vegetation 2 Für meinen Großvater, Karlhans Herrmann und meine ganze Familie 3 Table of Contents 1 Summary........................................................................................................................ 5 2 Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... 8 3 General Introduction.................................................................................................... 11 3.1Reforestation of degraded tropical pastures in the context of land use change...................... 11 3.2 Growth performance of native timber trees in different planting systems............................ 12 3.3 Herbivory on tropical timber trees and bottom-up control of insect herbivores................... 13 3.4 Top-down control of insect herbivores.................................................................................. 14 3.5 Objectives.............................................................................................................................. 15 4 Associational resistance and associational susceptibility: specialist herbivores show contrasting responses to tree stand diversification............................................. 17 4.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................................. 17 4.2 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Materials and methods........................................................................................................... 20 4.4 Results................................................................................................................................... 27 4.5 Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 32 5 Growth, herbivore distribution, and herbivore damage of timber trees in a tropical silvopastoral reforestation system.................................................................... 41 5.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................................. 41 5.2 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 42 5.3 Materials and methods........................................................................................................... 43 5.4 Results................................................................................................................................... 51 5.5 Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 58 6 Effects of ants on arthropod assemblages of a native timber tree in a tropical reforestation plantation................................................................................................... 62 6.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................................. 62 6.2 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 63 6.3 Materials and methods........................................................................................................... 64 6.4 Results................................................................................................................................... 69 6.5 Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 75 7 Time matters: temporally changing effects of planting schemes and insecticide treatment on timber tree performance on former pasture.......................................... 80 7.1 Abstract.................................................................................................................................. 80 7.2 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 81 7.3 Materials and methods........................................................................................................... 83 7.4 Results................................................................................................................................... 87 7.5 Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 94 8 General Discussion ....................................................................................................... 100 8.1 Bottom-up control of insect herbivores................................................................................. 100 8.2 Top-down control of insect herbivores.................................................................................. 102 8.3 Growth performance in different planting systems............................................................... 104 8.4 Implications for the reforestation of tropical pastures........................................................... 106 9 References...................................................................................................................... 108 10 Appendix...................................................................................................................... 123 11 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................... 135 12 Curriculum vitae......................................................................................................... 137 4 1 Summary Across Latin America, agricultural expansion causes deforestation and land degradation. Reforestation is a promising strategy for ecosystem recovery but has to consider land-holder perspectives, especially the need for cattle herding, which is a central part of the rural Latin American economy. Reforestation of pastures with native timber- and multipurpose companion trees holds potential to reconcile the improvement of small-scale farmers livelihoods with the restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity. Yet, successful reforestation is often hindered by lacking knowledge on ecological requirements of tree species and favorable planting systems as well as on and insect herbivory, which constitutes a severe threat to reforestation efforts in the tropics. The present PhD study focused on bottom-up and top-down effects on insect herbivory and associated growth of native timber trees on a former pasture in Central Panama. Using the promising native Central American timber tree species Tabebuia rosea as focus tree, we studied tree performance in two innovative planting systems: First, the pasture afforestation system, consisting of high density plantings of T. rosea, Anacardium excelsum, and Cedrela odorata, planted either in monocultures, three-species mixtures, or three-species mixtures treated with insecticides during the first two years after plantation establishment. Second, the silvopastoral system, where T. rosea was planted at low density either solitary or surrounded by five individuals of a companion tree species, either Guazuma ulmifolia or the leguminose Gliricidia sepium. We furthermore examined the effects of planting schemes, tree characteristics and ant presence on insect herbivory on T. rosea. The study revealed that directions of associational effects varied between herbivore species. The lepidopteran Eulepte gastralis, a key pest of T. rosea, responded positively to resource dilution, resulting in higher levels of infestation by this herbivore in the silvopastoral system and in mixtures of the pasture afforestation system than in monocultures of the latter planting system. As E. gastralis is responsible for most of the leaf damage of T. rosea, total herbivory was higher in mixtures than in monocultures. Contrastingly, the second most relevant herbivore on T. rosea, the chrysomelid beetle Walterianella inscripta, responded positively to resource concentration. This species was practically absent from the silvopastoral
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