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New Cave-Dwelling Spiders of the Family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from China

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New Cave-Dwelling Spiders of the Family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from China Zootaxa 3613 (6): 501–547 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.6.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C8AE54F3-1555-4221-8F99-3E4E9E8E8085 New cave-dwelling spiders of the family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from China JIE LIU 1, 2 & SHUQIANG LI 1, 3 1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China 3 Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Nine new species of the family Nesticidae, collected from caves in Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan and Yunnan Provinces of China, are diagnosed, described and illustrated: Nesticella apiculata n. sp., Nesticella arcuata n. sp., Nesticella falcata n. sp., Nesticella gracilenta n. sp., Nesticella semicircularis n. sp., Nesticella shanlinensis n. sp., Nesticella verticalis n. sp., Nesticus globosus n. sp. and Nesticus navicellatus n. sp. Nesticella mogera (Yaginuma, 1972), from Guizhou, is described and compared to the new species. Key words: Taxonomy, diagnosis, distribution, morphology, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Araneoidea, Orbiculariae Introduction Caves are world-wide, natural laboratories for the study of evolution, with the deep cave environment being characterized by the absence of light. There is intense competition between animals because of the absence of primary producers (Liu & Li 2009). This strong selection pressure may yield some rare species which provide important information in studies of evolution and ecology (Liu & Li 2009). Surveys on cave-dwelling spiders of China have been conducted by colleagues from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in more than 200 caves each year since 2005. Recent fieldwork in Henan Province and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau yielded nine new species of Nesticidae belonging to the genera Nesticella and Nesticus which are described in this paper. The genus Nesticus, established by Thorell (1869), is the most diverse nesticid genus. At present a total of 135 Nesticus species are known worldwide, including one species recorded from China (i.e. Nesticus libo Chen & Zhu, 2005) (Platnick 2012). Nesticus are habitat specialists, reflecting apparently strict physiological constraints that limit these spiders to cool, moist microhabitats. These constraints, in combination with habitat discontinuity in both space and over time, have led to a high diversity of cave-dwelling species (Hedin & Dellinger 2005). The genus Nesticella, established by Lehtinen & Saaristo (1980), contains 30 species, including six from China: Nesticella brevipes (Yaginuma, 1970), Nesticella mogera (Yaginuma, 1972), Nesticella odonta (Chen, 1984), Nesticella songi Chen & Zhu, 2004, Nesticella taiwan Tso & Yoshida, 2000 and Nesticella yui Wunderlich & Song, 1995 (Platnick 2012). Material and methods Specimens were examined with an Olympus SZ40 stereomicroscope; details were studied with an Olympus BX41 compound microscope. All illustrations were made using an Olympus drawing tube. Male palps and epigyna were examined and illustrated after being dissected from the spider bodies. All measurements are given in millimeters. Leg measurements are given as: Total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Only structures (e.g., palp, legs) of the left body side were described and measured. The terminology used in text and figure legends follows Gertsch (1984), Lehtinen & Saaristo (1980) and Rodrigues & Buckup (2007). Abbreviations used in text and legends: A = atrium; ALE = anterior lateral eye; AME = anterior median eye; AME-ALE = distance between AME Accepted by G. Hormiga: 4 Jan. 2013; published: 14 Feb. 2013 501 and ALE; AME-AME = distance between AME and AME; ALE-PLE = distance between ALE and PLE; C = conductor; CDA = dorsal conductor apophysis; CO = conductor opening; DP = dorsal process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PLE = posterior lateral eye; PME = posterior median eye; PME-PLE = distance between PME and PLE; PME-PME = distance between PME and PME; S = spermatheca; SP = scape; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TA = terminal apophysis; VP = ventral process. For the known species, only reference on original description is listed. Other synonyms and references are listed in Platnick’s spider catalogue (Platnick 2012). All types of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing (IZCAS). Taxonomy Family Nesticidae Simon, 1894 Genus Nesticella Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1980 Diagnosis: Male Nesticella species are characterized by the semicircular, filiform embolus, long, simple conductor, absence of median apophysis, and developed terminal apophysis. Females can be recognized by the thin epigynum with a scape and the unique vulval structure. Distribution: America, Angola, Australia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China, Congo, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, New Guinea, New Ireland, Russia, Seychelles, Thailand, Vietnam, Zimbabwe (Platnick 2012). Nesticella apiculata new species Figs 1–4, 39 Type material: Holotype male, 3 female paratypes, CHINA: Henan Province, Zhengzhou City, Gongyi County, Xinzhong Town, Fuxi Mt., Xuehua Cave (34º41.4´N, 113º12.85´E, Altitude: 214 m, Air Temperature: 12 ºC, Air Humidity: 90%), 27 April 2007, Yucheng Lin & Jie Liu leg. Etymology: The species name is taken from the Latin adjective apiculatus (“small-pointed”) and refers to the apiculate ventral process of paracymbium. Diagnosis: The new species is similar to Nesticella mogera (Yaginuma, 1972) in having a hook-shaped ventral process on the paracymbium and similar vulva structure, but can be distinguished by the terminal apophysis developed, pocket-shaped, with many granular processes in N. apiculata, but reduced in N. mogera and by the epigynal scape short in N. apiculata, but long and trapezoidal in N. mogera (Figs 1–4, 17–18). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.08. Prosoma length 1.04, width 0.88; Opisthosoma length 1.08, width 0.8. Eye measurements: AME 0.05; ALE 0.08; PME 0.08; PLE 0.1; AME-AME 0.04; AME-ALE 0.03; ALE-PLE 0.01; PME-PME 0.06; PME-PLE 0.04. Clypeus height 0.18. Leg formula: I, IV, II, III; leg measurements: I: 5.2 (1.52, 0.28, 1.4, 1.36, 0.64); II: 4.04 (1.16, 0.32, 1.04, 0.92, 0.6); III: 3.28 (1, 0.24, 0.76, 0.76, 0.52); IV: 4.52 (1.28, 0.36, 1.24, 1.08, 0.56). Somatic characters see Fig. 4B. Palpal tibia short, with three trichobothria. Paracymbium short, with three branches; ventral process having two branches, with proximal one hook-shaped; dorsal process having one branch, wide and long. Terminal apophysis developed, pocket-shaped, with many granular processes. Conductor simple, long, pointed distally. Embolus filiform, semicircular (Figs 1A–C, 2A, 3). Female (paratype): Total length 2.36. Prosoma length 1.04, width 0.84; Opisthosoma length 1.28, width 1. Eye measurements: AME 0.06; ALE 0.08; PME 0.08; PLE 0.09; AME-AME 0.04; AME-ALE 0.04; ALE-PLE 0.02; PME-PME 0.08; PME-PLE 0.04. Clypeus height 0.24. Leg formula: I, IV, II, III; leg measurements: I: 4.88 (1.44, 0.4, 1.32, 1.04, 0.68); II: 3.6 (1.12, 0.32, 0.84, 0.8, 0.52); III: 2.92 (0.96, 0.32, 0.6, 0.64, 0.4); IV: 4.24 (1.36, 0.32, 1.12, 0.88, 0.56). Somatic characters see Fig. 4A. In ventral view, epigynum with a short, trapezoidal scape; copulatory openings originating at lateral sides of scape. Vulva as long as wide; copulatory ducts extending from copulatory openings to spermathecae, with two coils; spermathecae papillary, situated anteriorly and laterally (Figs 1D, 2B–C, 4C–D). Distribution: Known only from type locality (Fig. 39). 502 · Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU & LI FIGURE 1. Nesticella apiculata n. sp. A. Male pedipalp, ventral; B. Same, retrolateral; C. Same, dorsal; D. Epigynum, ventral. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. CAVE-DWELLING SPIDERS FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 503 FIGURE 2. Nesticella apiculata n. sp. A. Male pedipalp, prolateral; B. Vulva, dorsal; C. Epigynum, abdominal cuticle removed, ventral. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. 504 · Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU & LI FIGURE 3. Nesticella apiculata n. sp. A. Male pedipalp, prolateral; B. Same, retrolateral; C. Same, ventral; D. Same, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. CAVE-DWELLING SPIDERS FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 505 FIGURE 4. Nesticella apiculata n. sp. A. Female body, dorsal; B. Male body, dorsal; C. Epigynum, abdominal cuticle removed, ventral; D. Vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: A–B=0.5 mm, C–D=0.2 mm. 506 · Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU & LI FIGURE 5. Nesticella arcuata n. sp. A. Male pedipalp, prolateral; B. Same, retrolateral; C. Epigynum, ventral. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. CAVE-DWELLING SPIDERS FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 507 FIGURE 6. Nesticella arcuata n. sp. A. Male pedipalp, ventral; B. Same, dorsal; C. Epigynum, abdominal cuticle removed, ventral; D. Vulva, dorsal; E. Distal conducor, ventral. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. 508 · Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU & LI FIGURE 7. Nesticella arcuata n. sp. A. Male pedipalp, prolateral; B. Same, retrolateral; C. Same, ventral; D. Same, dorsal. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. CAVE-DWELLING SPIDERS FROM CHINA Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press · 509 FIGURE 8. Nesticella arcuata n. sp. A. Female body, dorsal; B. Male body, dorsal; C. Epigynum, ventral; D. Epigynum, abdominal cuticle removed, ventral; E. Vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: A–B=0.5 mm, C–E=0.2 mm. 510 · Zootaxa 3613 (6) © 2013 Magnolia Press LIU & LI Nesticella arcuata new species Figs 5–8, 39 Type material: Holotype male, 5 male and 40 female paratypes, CHINA: Yunnan Province, Xundian County, Hekou Town, unnamed Cave (25º35.760´N, 103º19.618´E, Altitude: 1936 m, Air Temperature: 14ºC, Air Humidity: 85%), 5 April 2007, Yucheng Lin & Jie Liu leg. Etymology: The species name is taken from the Latin adjective arcuatus (“bent like a bow”) and refers to the arc-shaped margin of the palpal terminal apophysis of this species.
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