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Catholic Polemic in Lyon During the French Religious Wars

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Catholic Polemic in Lyon During the French Religious Wars War and Tolerance: Catholic Polemic in Lyon During the French Religious Wars Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Hartley, Brandon Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 23:08:36 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195996 WAR AND TOLERANCE: CATHOLIC POLEMIC IN LYON DURING THE FRENCH RELIGIOUS WARS by Brandon Hartley __________________________ Copyright © Brandon Hartley 2007 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2007 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Brandon Hartley entitled War and Tolerance: Catholic Polemic in Lyon during the French Religious Wars and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________________________________Date: 9/7/07 Susan C. Karant-Nunn ______________________________________________________________Date: 9/7/07 Paul Milliman ______________________________________________________________Date: 9/7/07 Helen Nader Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ______________________________________________________________Date: 9/7/07 Dissertation Director: Susan C. Karant-Nunn 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Brandon Hartley 4 DEDICATION I would like to thank Prof. Susan Karant-Nunn for her excellent support and advice, my mother for her constant interest in my work, and my children for their ever-ready comic relief. But, especially, this dissertation is dedicated to Julia for her boundless patience and encouragement, without which this would never had been possible. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………….…………………7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS..............................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION......................................................................................9 I. City History and Historiography……………………………………………………10 II. Theory and Sources………………………………………………………...………17 III. Methodology…………………………………...………………………………….44 IV. Chapter Contents…………………………………………………...……………..52 CHAPTER 2 – A CITY DIVIDED, 1517-1562................................................................56 I. Politics, Conflict, and the Growth of Protestantism……………………...…………60 II. The Difficulty of Opposition……………………………………………………….67 III. Pre-war Catholic Polemic……………………………………………..……..……80 IV. Conclusion……………………………………………………..………………….88 CHAPTER 3 – LYON IN CONFLICT, 1560-1594..........................................................90 I. The Outbreak and Aftermath of War, 1560-1572………………….....…………….90 II. St. Bartholomew’s Day and the Vespers’ Massacres, 1572……………..…………98 III. Religious Fervor and the Burdens of War, 1572-1584……………………..……102 IV. The Development of the Catholic League, 1584-1589…………………………..104 V. Declaration for the League and Submission to Henry IV, 1589-1594………..…..111 VI. Conclusion……………………...…………………………………….…...……..118 CHAPTER 4 – THE FORTUNES OF WAR: CHANGES IN POLEMIC......................119 I. The Importance of Public Argument………………………………...……………120 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS – Continued II. Perceived Protestant Threats to Society…………………………………………..127 III. Recant and Rejoin the Faith………………………………………………….…..132 IV. Turning Toward the League……………………………………………………..139 V. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..…146 CHAPTER 5 – MONSTROUS ABOMINATIONS AND SOWERS OF DISCORD....148 I. The Hidden, the Deceptive, and the Divisive……………………………………...148 II. Moral Deviance and Libertinism……………………………………….…………155 III. Protestants as Monstrous or Subhuman………………………………………….158 IV. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………161 CHAPTER 6 – “LES INTESTINES GUERRES”...........................................................163 I. Money is the Root of all Evil and the End Times…………………………………164 II. The Intestinal War and the World Upside-Down………………………...……….171 III. Pease Now or Peace Later……………………………………………….……….180 IV. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………187 CHAPTER 7 – UNITY AND PUNISHMENT...............................................................189 I. Unity, Tolerance, or Freedom?.................................................................................190 II. Unity through Purification………………………………………..………………196 III. Divine Punishment……………………………………………………………….201 IV. Conclusion……………………………………………………….………………209 CHAPTER 8 – CONCLUSION......................................................................................211 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………218 7 ABSTRACT This dissertation studies the content of Catholic polemic printed in the city of Lyon from 1560 to 1594, a period ranging from the first hints of wider Protestant unrest to the submission of the city to Henry IV and the resumption of royal control. The time frame corresponds to an era of zealous Catholic activity in which combating Protestantism, or heresy as they usually labeled it, was a primary focus of the Lyonnaise Catholic Church and the presses which supported it. By studying the thematic content of these cheap print sources, I will provide a glimpse into the types of issues that appear most prominently in this particular type of print medium and trace how such issues change, or remain static, over time. Most important of these themes are the importance of concord or unity and the willingness of God to punish his followers for their sins and, frequently, mankind’s unwillingness to reunify the church and create concord through force. This dissertation has grown into a commentary on this dynamic more than any other single issue and readers will detect tangential comments concerning the importance of unity and God’s punishment throughout earlier chapters. Time and again, polemicists make clear that the only means to a lasting “peace” is to achieve religious unity by any means necessary. Only this purity within the faithful will ease God’s hand and cure France of its ills. Sources were drawn from the principal libraries in Lyon and the Rhone valley, in addition to occasional pieces scattered in Paris and other libraries throughout France. 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADR – Library: Archives Departementales du Rhône AML – Library: Archives Municipal de Lyon BHR – Journal: Bibliothèque d’Humanisme et Renaissance BML – Library: Bibliothèque municipal de Lyon BN – Library: Bibliothèque nationale BSHPF – Journal: Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français NBG – Book: Jeon Chrétien Ferdinand Hoefer, ed., Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’à nos jours . [1857], 46 vols. (Copenhague: Rosenkilde et Bagger, 1963). RHEF – Journal: Revue d’Histoire de l’Eglise de France SOPR – Book: Jacques Quétif and Jacobus Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Recensiti, Notisque Historicis et Criticis Illustrati . [1719-1723], 2 vols. (New York: Burt Franklin, 1959). 9 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION This dissertation studies the content of Catholic polemic printed in the city of Lyon from 1560 to 1594, a period ranging from the first hints of wider Protestant unrest to the submission of the city to Henry IV and the resumption of royal control. The time frame corresponds to an era of zealous Catholic activity in which combating Protestantism, or heresy as they usually labeled it, was a primary focus of the Lyonnaise Catholic Church and the presses which supported it. By studying the thematic content of these cheap print sources, I will provide a glimpse into the types of issues that appear most prominently in this particular type of print medium and trace how such issues change, or remain static, over time. It is, perhaps, as important to explain what a study is not as what it is, and I have chosen not to delve deeper into the printing industry itself, Protestant polemics, pre-war humanism, or royalist pamphlets after 1594. I made this decision principally in the interest of narrowing my focus to one of the more understudied aspects of Reformation printing. I have discussed aspects of those fields in my historiography below and throughout this text where appropriate. In this introduction, I have four goals. First, I want to briefly introduce the city itself and summarize the historiography surrounding studies of Lyon and polemic during the French Wars of Religion. Second, I will discuss
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