Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16644-8 — Imperial Unknowns Cornel Zwierlein Index More Information

Index

Aaron, 150 Agricola, Georg, 259, 260, 280 Abbasids, 194, 199 Ahmed I, sultan, 176 Abd al-Rahma¯n I b. M¯usa I, Ab¯u Ahmed, son of Muhammad b. al-Hasan, Ta¯shuf¯n,ı ruler of Tlemcen, 59 197 Abela, Gian Francesco d’, 258, 261 Aintoura (Keserwan), 174 Abibalus, 161 Aix-en-Provence, 61 Abisha, 152 Albergati, Fabio, 213 Abraham, 157 Albertus Magnus, 259, 267 Abraham Ecchellensis, 198, 199, 200 Al-Dhahab¯,ı 203 Absolutism, self-fashioning, 142–147 Al-Diya¯rbakr¯,ı Husayn, 203 Ab¯ual-Baqa¯’, emir of Bugía, 59 Aldobrandini, Cinzio, 173 Abulfeda, xi, 188, 199, 200, 203, 206, Aldovrandi, Ulisse, vii, 258, 260, 237, 239, 240, 242, 245, 251, 261, 328 284, 328 Aleppo, 4, 9, 11, 25, 61, 126, 149, Académie des sciences, 2, 5, 10, 69, 152, 164, 166, 168, 170, 171, 205, 243, 249, 268, 276, 174, 207, 208, 209, 229, 231, 282, 309 253, 280 Académie française, 278 Alexander the Great, 109 Accademia dei Lincei, 266, 321 Alexander VI, pope, 87 Accademia del Cimento, 265 Alexander VII, pope, 257 Accursius, Franciscus, 91 Alexandrette (I˙skenderun), 249 Acosta, José de, 260, 321 Alexandria, Egypt, 9, 47, 130, 177, Acquasparta, 266 178, 282, 284, 285 Act of Frauds, 24, 25, 28, 29, 36, 39, Alfred of Sareshel, 267 52, 103 Algiers, 9, 11, 26, 27, 38, 41, 43, 46, 48, One percent duty, 25, 26, 27, 30, 49, 50, 52, 53, 56, 73, 80, 83, 39, 102 164, 174, 188, 192, 196, 197, Adanson, Michel, 255 201, 209, 217, 218, 221, 223, Addison, Lancelot, 164, 195, 215, 235, 236, 241, 244, 245, 246, 216, 236 247, 252, 265, 281, 282, 286, Administration, 1, 8, 9, 13, 15, 17, 21, 288, 289, 306 22, 26, 33, 34, 42, 48, 55, 60, Al-Hasan (Muley Hassan, son of 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 78, 79, Muhammad b. al-Hasan), sultan 85, 115, 176, 186, 187, 216, of Tunis, 197 230, 235, 315, 319, 321, 323 Al-I¯dr¯sı ¯,ı 188, 237, 239 Admiralty, 21, 33, 36, 38, 39, 52, 84, Al-Janna¯bi, 199, 203 262, 278 Al-Kindi, 204 Adriatic, 90, 93, 98 Allacci, Leone, 123, 132 Africa, 28, 38, 174, 214, 233 Allix, Pierre, 127, 129 African Company, 110 Al-Mak¯n,ı Girgis, 198

379

380 Index

Al-Malik al-Ashraf Khalil, sultan of Arabic history, texts, and language, Egypt, 59 150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 164, Al-Maqr¯zı ¯,ı 194, 199, 283, 284, 170, 171, 186, 189, 191, 192, 285, 309 193, 195, 197, 198–208, 210, Al-Mas῾¯ud¯,ı 203, 204 211, 219, 220, 226, 229, 237, Almería, 56 240 Al-Nuwayr¯,ı 203, 204 Aragón, 57, 58, 59, 60, 361 Al-Qa¯d¯ı ῾Iya¯d, 204 Araschid. See Ahmed Al-Qa¯d¯ı al-Fa¯dil, 204 Archaeologists. See Antiquarianism Al-Sidd¯qı ¯,ı Muhammad ben Ab¯ı Sur¯ur, Archangelsk, 141 ˙ 199 Aretinus. See Angelus Alsoiuthi, Gelaleddino. See Al-Suy¯uti Argiers duty, 27 ˙ Al-Suy¯uti, Jala¯l al-Din, 203, 204 Ariste, Pierre, 176, 179 ˙ Al-Tabar¯,ı Ab¯uJa’far, 203, 204 Aristotle, Aristotelian, ix, 14, 15, 92, ˙ Al-Wa¯qid¯,ı 202 93, 95, 101, 211, 215, 224, 263, Al-Ya¯f¯,ı Abd Alla¯h b. As’ad, 203 266, 267, 274 Ambrose of Milan, saint, 180 Arkudios, Petrus, 123, 132 America, 4, 28, 52, 70, 86, 212, 233, Armenia(ns), 22, 31, 44, 106, 129, 139, 260, 321, 322 173, 177, 205, 251, 286, 336 New England, 29, 39, 104, 110 Arminianus, Jacobus, 168 Ammianus Marcellinus, 157, Arnauld, Antoine, 125, 126, 127, 130, 188, 299 135, 147, 311 Ammirato, Scipione, 107 Arnoul, Nicolas, 31 Amsterdam, 74, 189, 242 Arnoul, Pierre, 33, 34, 48, 49, 51, Anakyklosis, 213, See also 54, 115 Conversiones rerumpublicarum Arvieux, Laurent d’, 196 Anastasius Sinaita, 132 Ashe, St George, 133 Andrezel, Jean-Baptiste-Louis Picon, Asia, 4, 28, 42, 52, 145, 159, vicomte d’, 209 193, 212 Andros, 174 Assyrians, 161 Angelus Aretinus, 91 Athens, 160, 174 Angelus de Ubaldis, 98 Atlantic, 29, 32, 39, 75, 77, 83, 84, 85, Anglican, Anglicanism, 12, 18, 117, 97, 99, 320 130, 131, 137, 147, 148, 160, Atomism, 224, 225, 263–266, 274 166, 168, 170, 171, 182, 207, Atticus, Titus Pomponius, 82 295, 300, 311, 318, See also Aubertin, Edme, 123, 125, 134, 136 English church Aubrey, John, 162, 296, 297, 298, 299, Annio da Viterbo. See Nanni 300, 301, 305, 309 Antalya, 174 August of Saxony, king of Poland, 223 Antibe, 31 Augustine, 155 Antichrist, 136 Augustus, emperor, 82 Antimonium, 263 Aurelius, 303 Antioch, 133, 169 Australians, 212 Antiquarianism, 158, 286, 293, 295, Austria, 170 302, 305, 312 Avebury, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, Antonino da Firenze, 212 302, 303 Antoninus, emperor, 188, 241, 244 Avenarius, Johannes, 213 Anville, Jean Baptiste d’, 254 Aventinus, Johannes, 266, 267 Appianus, 188 Avicenna, 257, 259, 260, 267, 268, Aptall, George, 47 274, 279, 281, 306, 309

Index 381

Avowry,96 Bénezet, Pierre Armény de, 209 Azo, 91 Bengal, 4 Benghazi, 277–281, 285, 309 Babylas of Antiochia, saint, 180 Béranger, Nicolas, 209 Babylon, 148, 149, 160, 297, 298 Berengar, 119 Bacon, Francis, 15, 227, 251, 258, 265, Bernard, Edward, 129, 130, 133, 148, 272, 274, 307 149, 150, 153, 154, 232 Bacon, Nathaniel, 264 Bernart de Segalar, 58 Baghdad, 174 Berosus. See Nanni Baker, Samuel, 12 Berswicke, Jon, 223 Baker, Thomas, 216, 261, 262, 275 Bertachini, Giovanni, 93, 96 Baldus (Baldo degli Ubaldi), 72, 89, Bertius, Peter, 245 90–100 Bethlehem, 176 Balsamon, Theodore, 121, 122, 169 Béthune, Philippe de, 74 Balzac, Guez de, 74 Biedoblo, 258 Bar Hebraeus, 198, 199 Biegioda, 258 Barbados, 38, 110 Bigge, Leiler, 208 Barbarossa, Hayreddin and Oruc, 192, Bigge, Lister, 208, 229 196, 197 Bignon, Jean-Paul, abbé, 205, 219, 280 Barbary coast, 5, 12, 76, 77, 104, 106, Bin Jall¯ud,225 188, 189, 190, 192, 201, 214, Birch, Thomas, 286 219, 243 Biserta, 246 Barbary Company, 26 Black, Charles, 223 Barcelona, 49 Blackloist Catholics, 264 Barnstaple, 26 Blaeu, Willem J. 242 Barozzi, Francesco and Iacopo, 130, Blake, Robert, 262 133 Board of Longitude, 248 Barrow, Humphrey, 68 Board of Trade, 11, 25, 85, 110 Barrow, Isaac, 168, 264, 265 Bobba Hassan, 43 Bartholinus, Thomas, 261, 262 Boberg, Andreas, 149 Bartolomaeus de Messana, 93 Bochart, Samuel, 154–158, 297, 300 Bartolus de Saxoferrato, 86, 89, 90, 99 Bodin, Jean, 74, 211–215, 217, 315 Basil of Caesarea, 141 Boemus, Joannes, 193 Baudrand, Michel-Antoine, 187, 188, Boisguilbert, Pierre de, 23, 68, 73 191 Boisrobert, François Le Métel de, 74 Baume, Jean, 49 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Lord of, 41 Baumgartner, Martin, 257, 262, 264, Bolton, Thomas, 46, 52, 164 268, 271, 274, 309 Bombay, 4 Bavaria, 266 Bonavides, Marco, 98 Baxter, William, 158–161, 164, 295 Botero, Giovanni, 106, 260 Bayle, Pierre, 217 Bourguet, Louis, 293 Beaulieu, Augustin de, 242 Boyle, Robert, 170, 207, 263, 265–268, Beda, 119 272, 273, 274, 313, 321 Bégon, Michel, 234 Brabant, 192, 194 Behn, Aphra, 271 Bracciolini, Poggio, 212 Beirut, 174 Bracton, Henry de, 91 Belknap, judge, 96 Brazil, 212, 321 Bellarmino, Roberto, 121, 123, 131, Brett, Thomas, 141 135, 182, 207 Bristol, 26, 330 Benedictines, 299 Brown, Thomas, 162

382 Index

Browne, Edward, 170 English 1700 Treaty with Algiers, 39 Brutus, 296 English 1703 Treaty with Algiers, 39 Bruyn, Cornelis de, 160 French, with the Porte, of 1535, 176 Bucer, Martin, 134 French, with the Porte, of 1569, 176 Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, comte de, French, with the Porte, of 1581, 176 162 French, with the Porte, of 1604, 176 Bugía, 56, 59 French, with the Porte, of 1673, 175, Bullinger, Heinrich, 134 177, 178 Burnet, Gilbert, 170, 298 French, with the Porte, of 1740, 35, Busbecq, Augier Ghislain de, 209 55, 114 Byng, George, 39 Capuchins, 174 Byng, John, 84 Cardano, Girolamo, 260 Byzance, 73 Cardonne, Denis, 197, 206 Byzantium, Byzantine (Empire), 89, 97, Carillo, Joseph, 223 98, 119, 120, 123, 125, 130, Carinthia, 267 133, 169, 182, 183, 192, 232 Carteret, John, 48 Carthage, 104, 193, 197, 247, See also Caen, 154 Phoenicians Caesar, Caius Julius, 79, 109, 156, 157, Cartographic revolution, ﬁrst 297 (Renaissance), 238, 239, 242 Cairo, 9, 61, 65, 83, 144, 146, 149, Cartographic revolution, second 174, 175, 180, 197, 209, 216, (Enlightenment), 239 221, 241, 255, 279, 280–286, Cartography, 2, 238, 239, 243, 250, 289, 298 282, 319 Calcutta, 4 Empty spaces on maps, 2 Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 187 Cary, John, 23, 74 Calsurakie, Victoria, 258, 271 Casaubon, Isaac, 123, 237 Calvin, Jean, 87, 121, 125, 126, 134, Cassard (French corsair?), 234 135, 136, 140, 167, 215 Cassem Aga (Cossum Hoja), 286, 287, Cambridge, 11, 127, 128, 129, 181, 288, 289, 294 195, 202, 203, 229, 237, 248, Cassini II, Jacques, 248 251, 273, 293, 301 Cassini, dynasty of geographers, 248 Camden, William, 215, 231, 250, 253, Castellane, Michel-Ange de, 70 294, 296, 297, 300, 304 Catastrophe (geological term), 279 Campbell, Archibald, 141 Cazier, Adrien, 79 Canaan, 149, 154 Çelebi, Ka¯tib, 201, 204, Canaries, 39 205, 221 Canon law, 91, 92, 94, 180, 181 Cellarius, Christoph, 241, 244 Cantacuzino, Stefan, prince of Celsus (the 2nd cent. Platonist), 156 Valachie, 138 Celtic, 298 Canterbury, 298 Cham, 196, 214 Cantillon, Richard, 68 Chamaki, 174 Capitulations, Barbary/Ottoman with Chamberlen, Peter, 68 Europeans Chambre de commerce of Marseille, 5, English 1662/64 Treaties with 9, 10, 21, 33, 54, 61 Algiers, 36, 43 Chania, 9, 174 English 1672 Treaty with Algiers, 36 Chapelain, Jean, 74 English 1682 Treaty with Algiers, 36, Chaplains. See Levant Company 37 Charenton, 125 English 1686 Treaty with Algiers, 39 Charlemagne, 146

Index 383

Charles I, king of England, 27, 94, Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 8, 9, 13, 20, 29, 95, 166 30, 31, 32, 34, 54, 72, 74, 75, Charles Martel, 73, 146 77, 78, 79, 113, 140, 176, 200, Charles V, emperor, 73, 193, 196 205, 235, 248, 268, 276 Charleton, Walter, 296 Cole, Robert, 39, 46 Chasteauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Collier, Jeremy, 141 Castagnery, baron de, 178 Colonies, colonial, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 16, 31, Chateaurenault, François Louis 52, 61, 67, 70, 71, 75, 79, 82, Rousselet de, 234 84, 86, 94, 104, 105, 107, 110, Chazelles, sieur de, mathematician in 112, 143, 160, 169, 171, 172, Marseille, 234 185, 233, 310, 324 Chemnitz, Martin, 131 Notion, 82 Cheshire, 96 Columbus, 169, 322 Chigi, Fabio. See Alexander VII Common law, 86, 94, 95 Child, Josiah, 102, 111 Comnenus (Chronicle of Joannina), Chile, 259 192 China, 106, 219, 228, 242, 247, 249 Como, 82 Chios, 9, 174, 178, 244 Compagnie des Indes,82 Choiseul, duke of. See Du Plessis- Compass, 76, 246, 346 Praslin Compiègne, 61 Choul, Guillaume du, 183 Confessionalization, 118, 120, 317, Christian V., king of Denmark, 261 322 Chronology, chronography, 121, 133, Conring, Hermann, 120, 160, 213 135, 153, 160, 161, 231, 232, Conseil de commerce, 9, 10, 11, 78 233, 250, 253, 319 Conseil de la Marine, 48, 51, 63 Chrysanthos, patriarch of Jerusalem, Constantine, 221 172 Constantinople, 4, 11, 12, 25, 31, 33, Chrysostomos, John, 119, 141 61, 106, 112, 119, 122, 126, Church fathers, 118, 119, 125, 135, 130, 131, 132, 138, 141, 142, 156 144, 148, 155, 164, 166, 167, Chytraeus, David, 119 169, 170, 174, 183, 202, 204, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 82, 89, 154, 205, 206, 207, 208, 223, 258, 156, 225 264, 284, 289 Ciotat, 31 Constantinus, 161 Cipolla, Bartolomeo, 89, 93 Consuls Civil law, 86, 87, 90, 91, 100 British consular system, 10–12, 172, Civilizational oblivion, 215, 228 276, 324 Civilizational roots and history, 4, 154, French consular system, 5, 8–10, 143, 155, 156, 182, 220, 297, 304, 147, 181, 198, 205, 207, 276, 305, 308, 309, 311, 316, 321 324 Civilizations, extinction of, 220 Conversiones rerumpublicarum, 196, Clarendon, Edward Hyde 1st Earl of, 211–215, 368 217 Cook, John, 68 Claude, Jean, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131, Copts, 147, 150, 160, 173, 285, 354 134, 311, 314 Corneille, Thomas, 187, 188, 191 Clement, pope, 130 Cornwall, 110, 294 Climate theory, 212, 315 Correur, mémoire writer, 78 Clodius, Johann Christian, 227 Corsica, 77 Coelus, 296 Cosin, John, 121 Coke, Roger, 103 Cotterel, Clement, 287

384 Index

Councils and synods, ecumenical and Dartmouth, William Legge, Earl of, 46 particular Davenant, Charles, 67, 74 Council of Caesarea (196), 133 David, viii, ix, 161 Council of Florence (1438–45), 122, Davies, John, 86, 94, 95, 96, 99, 123, 132 102, 109 Council of Lyon (1274), 91 Davila, Enrico Caterina, 216 Council of Nicea II (787), 121, 132 Decision-making, 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, Council of Trent (1545–63), 128 32, 72, 85, 185 Synod of Greek Church, Bethlehem Dee, John, 6 (1672), 127, 141, 142 Defoe, Daniel, 104, 105, 112, 271, 295 Synod of Greek Church, Deism, 295 Constantinople (1277), 122 Delisle, Guillaume, 241, 249, 282, 309 Synod of Greek Church, Delphi, 156 Constantinople (1639 and Deluge, 162, 228, 280, 288, 289, 292, 1642), 128 298, 309 Synod of Greek Church, Demetrius, Jewish-Hellenistic Constantinople (1672), 127, 128 Chronographer, 133 Synod of Greek Church, Democritus, 224 Constantinople (1691), 142 Denham, Benjamin, 165 Synod of Greek Church, Jerusalem Denton, Henry, 165 (1672), 127 Derham, William, 261 Covel, John, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, Derne, 262, 277, 278, 279, 280 141, 142, 152, 164, 165, 170, Des Herbiers, sieur de, 234 171 Descartes, René, 15, 69, 208, 227 Crawford, John, 127, 164 Deslisle, Guillaume, 249 Crete, 47, 174 Deusing, Anton, 261 Cromwell, Oliver, 166 Devonshire, 110 Crouch, Henry, 28, 29, 42, 52, 331, 339 Diacono, Paolo, 192 Crusades, crusader(s) (ideology), 57, Dickinson, Edmund, 155, 156, 157, 73, 104, 135, 143, 146, 198 297 Cucu, 258 Digby, John, 26 Curione, Celio Agostino, 192 Digby, Kenelm, 26, 130, 199, 262–265, Cyprian, Caecilius, of Carthago, 119 268, 270, 275, 276 Cyprus, 61, 63, 80, 174 Dionyisos IV, patriarch of Cyrill of Alexandria, 119 Constantinople, 142 Diplomacy, diplomatic practice and D., R. 271 scripturality, 9, 120, 123, 177, D’Avity de Montmartin, Pierre, 187, 186–189, 201 188 Djerba, 225 Dadichi, Rali, 195 Dodwell, Henry, 129, 130, 131, 132, Dadichi, Theocharis, 195, 287, 133, 137, 141, 153, 161, 162, 288, 294 164, 232, 240 Dalmatia, 174 Dominicans, 299 Damascus, 149, 174 Donatus, Aelius, 213 Dan, Pierre, 195, 196, 214, 215, Donneau, Hugues, 88, 89 220, 239 Dorchester, 26 Danaus, 301 Dorléans, Pierre Joseph, 217 Dapper, Olfert, 187, 188 Drayton, Michael, 231 Dardanelles, 187 Druidism, 154–163, 294, 297, 298, Dartmouth, 26 299, 300, 304, 305

Index 385

Du Perron, Jacques Davy, 122, 123, Spanish, 1, 320 125 Trade empires, 1, 4, 20, 107, 112, Du Plessis-Praslin, César, duke of 114, 310 Choiseul, 32 English Church, 12, 134, 137, 141, 160, Du Sault, Denis, 49, 50, 271, 277 165, 167, 171, 172, 173, 182, Du Tot, Pierre or Nicolas, 68 183, 286, See also Anglican Du Val, Pierre, 187, 188 English Outport cities or medieval Dublin, 130, 161, 354 Cinque ports, 25, 26, 27, 38, 96 Duclos, Samuel, 268 Englishness, 25, 29, 34, 42, 46, 48 Duguay-Trouin, René, 79, 281, 282 Enlightenment, 2, 13, 141, 194, 209, Dupleix, Simon, 154 217, 219, 229, 240, 251, 303, Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe, 121, 122, 304, 320, 324, 347, 352, 358, 123, 124, 125 361, 369, 370, 371, 374 Durand, Philippe-Jacques, 50 Ent, George, 266 Durazzo, 9 Entanglements, 7, 13, 18, 183, 184, Duret, Claude, 213 311, 320 Duval, Pierre, 191 Éon, Jean (i.e. Mathias de Saint-Jean, Ord. Carm.), 23, 44, 77, 331 East India Company, 11, 26, 85, 106, Epistemic ﬁelds, 2 110, 111 Epistemic forces, 237 East Indies, 87, 242 Spatialization, 8, 81, 230, 237–251, Eastland Company, 26 253, 254, 308, 309, 312, 319 Ecclesiology, 117, 148 Standardization, 8, 51, 230–237, Economy, 22 253, 312, 319 Edward III, king of England, 95 Epistemic movements, 2, 7, 8, 114, 116, Edward VI, king of England, 95 323. See Ignorance, Egypt, 59, 76, 82, 140, 150, 159, 160, non-knowledge cycles 174, 179, 196, 197, 198, 200, Erasmus, Desiderius, 245 201, 203, 206, 216, 217, 218, Erastus, Thomas, 215 240, 257, 272, 275, 281, 283, Ericander, Magnus, 149 284, 285, 297, 301 Eros, 160 Eleazar, 150 Erpenius, Thomas, 198 El-Ifra¯n¯,ı 221 Erzeroun, 174 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 6 Estelle, Jean Baptiste I, 144, 145 Empire Estienne, Henri II, 159 and religion, 117–184 Estrées, Jean, comte d’, 233, 234 as synchronizer of epistemic Ethiopia(ns), 138, 141, 174, 207, 212, movements, 323 258, 271, 285 British, 1, 4, 6, 20, 86, 112, 117, 172, Eucharist, 117, 118, 119, 121, 124, 229 126, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, Empire and science, 1, 6, 255, 316 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, Enlightenment empires, 2, 320, 324 139, 141, 147, 182, 202, 321 French, 1, 4, 20, 81, 112, 117, 142 Eucherius of Lyon, 169 Imperial actors, 1, 8 Euclid, 224 Imperial frames of thought, 18, 20, Euphrates, 212 21, 22, 72, 73, 79, 83, 109, 111, Eusebius Norimbergius, 259 113, 114, 184, 295, 319 Euthymius Zigadenus, 121, 132, 135 Ottoman, 4, 10, 76, 81, 82, 177, 201, Eutychius, 198 210, 212, 336, 352, 362 Evelyn, John, 82, 264, 266, 321 Portuguese, 1 Exeter, 26

386 Index

Experimentum crucis, 274, 275, 279, Galata, 177, 178, 208 314 Gale, Theodore, 157, 158, 159 Expilly, Louis-Alexandre, 83 Galen, 212 Expilly, Pierre d’, 280 Galilei, Galileo, 69, 265, 313 Galland, Antoine, 126, 197, 200, 202, Fabricius, Georg. See Ricius 204, 223, 339 Falloppio, Gabriele, 259, 260 Gallicanism, 180 Falsiﬁcation, 256, 274, 289, 290, Gardiner, Stephen, 131 291, 292, 305, 306, 308, 310, Gassendi, Pierre, 208 311, 318 Gaza, 150 Featherstone, Henry, 130 Geneva, 125 Feudal law, 27, 93, 94, 185 Genghis Khan, 194 Fez, 56, 164, 192, 196, 197, 221, Gennadios II Scholarios, Georgios, 122, 328, 332 123, 126, 141 Ficino, Marsilio, 228 Genoa, 33, 45, 46, 49, 57, 59, 60, 77, Fictionality, 269–275 83, 90, 93, 97 Fitton, Peter, 262–266, 270, 271, 275, Gentili, Alberico, 98 276 Geoffrey of Monmouth, 296, 304 Fitzherbert, Anthony, 96, 332 Geognosis, 279, 313 Flanders Company, 26 Geology, 257, 265, 292, 309, 313, 314 Flood (biblical). See Deluge Petriﬁcation, 256–309 Florence, 59, 122, 123, 130, 132, 133, George II, king of England, 286 212, 213, 262, 265, 337, 365, George of Denmark, 165 370, 377 Gerard of Cremona, 267 Folkes, Martin, 289 Germanos of Constantinople, 132 Forstmeier, Albrecht Wilhelm, 46 Germany, 66, 106, 120, 124, 257, 304 Foucault, Michel, 6 Gesner, Konrad, 258, 259, 260 Fowler, Edward, 166 Gessner, Johannes, 292 Frachetta, Girolamo, 106 Ghirza, 283, 284 Frampton, Robert, 165, 166, 171 Gibraltar, 38, 39, 46, 77, 81, 104, 105, Franciscans, 177 234, 249 François I, king of France, 175 Glossopetrae, 259 Frankfurt a.M. 232 Goar, Jacques, 121 Fraternal correction, 180 Goddard, John, 45 Frederick (III?) of Habsburg, duke of Godefroy de Bouillon, 73, 176 Austria (1348), 267 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 304 Free trade, 30, 72, 81, 82, 103, 107, Goffe, William, 68 108, 109, 111, 112 Göhre, 48 Freeing of ships. See Naturalization Gold, 263 Frejus, 31 Golius, Jakob, 255 French Company, 26, 106 Gonzague-Clèves-Nevers, Charles II, Frenchness, 32, 33, 34, 44, 50, 55 duke of, 73 Friedrich, landgrave of Hassia, 257 Gosselin, Antoine, 154 Frisch, Johann, 196 Goths, gothic, 29, 150, 155, 214 Fronde, 8, 79, 124 Gotteswald, 259 Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 227 Gabriel Severos, patriarch of Gottschling, Caspar, 196 Philadelphia (Venice), 132 Gournay, Vincent de, 65, 68, 71, 73, 82 Gadderer, Jacob, 141 Gramaye, Jean-Baptiste, 188, 191, 192, Gagnier, Jean, 188, 200, 245 193, 194, 196, 233, 239, 251

Index 387

Granada, 56, 58 Harrison, John (clock inventor), 246, Granger alias Tourtechot, Claude, 281, 248 282, 283, 284, 285, 289 Harrisson, John, 169, 170 Graunt, John, 69 Hartlib, Samuel, 68 Greaves, John, 255 Harwood, Thomas. See Hill, Thomas Greece, 123, 131, 174, 238, 243 Hassel, Henrik, 213 Greek Church, 3, 12, 15, 118, 119, 122, Hay du Chastelet, Paul, 74 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 132, Haywood, John, 229 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, Hazard, Paul, 13 141, 142, 147, 154, 155, 163, Hebden, messenger of Robert Blake, 171, 182, 195, 232, 306, 311, 262 317, 318 Hebenstreit, Johann Ernst, 223, 246, Greenland, 272 255 Grégoire, Pierre, 213 Hebert, Arthur, 39 Gregory X, pope, 91 Hebrew, 155, 156 Grifﬁn, John, 141 Heidelberg, 245 Grimaldi, dynasty of Monaco, 78 Heliopolis, 301 Grosset, jesuit at Seyde, 145, 146 Helmstedt, 120, 336 Grotius, Hugo, 18, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, Henri IV, king of France, 74, 121, 124, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 146 93, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, Henrietta Maria, of England, 264 102, 120, 123, 170, 207, 212 Henry VIII, king of England, 6 Mare liberum,86–90 Henshaw, Thomas, 272 Guernsey, 28, 52 Herbelot, Barthélemy d’, 187, 188, Gueuvin de Rademont, 23 194, 203, 204, 205, 208, 244, Guicciardini, Francesco, 215, 231 271 Guido de Baysio, 92 Herculaneum, 256, 290 Guilhaumier (Guilhermy), vice-consul Hercules Ogmius, 156 of Derne, 278, 280 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 304 Guilleragues, Gabriel-Joseph de Hermes Trismegistos, 158 Lavergne, 204 Hermogenianus, 91 Guinea, 39, 272 Herod the Tetrarch, 180 Guy de Villeneuve, Jean-François- Herodotus, 229 Raymond, 187, 189, 191, 194, Hersent, Charles, 74 197, 198, 233, 235, 236 Hertfordshire, 154 Hervet, Gentian, 121 Habsburg, 81 Hesronita, Johannes, 237 Haëdo, Diego, 192 Heza¯rfenn (Hussein Effendi), 201 Hafsid dynasty, 59, 221 Hickes, George, 166 Halle, 195 Hierogrammaton, 294, 300, 301 Halley, Edmond, 286, 287, Hierotheos of Dristra, 141 293, 302 Hill, Abraham, 272 Hallifax, William, 128, 149, 152, Hill, Thomas, 293 165, 170 Hind, William, 165 Hamuda Carvi, 224 Hippocrates, 212 Hanno, the Carthaginian, 242 Hippolitos of Theben, 133 Hanover, 46 Hirtius, Aulus, 188, 241 Harbins, George, 287, 288 History of knowledge, 15, 318, 344 Harley, Edward, 2nd Lord of Oxford, History of science, 7, 15, 310, 313, 317, 288 318, 324

388 Index

History, concept of Ibn Ab¯-Dı ¯na¯r,ı 222 Cyclical, 148, 211, 213, 215, 220 Ibn al-At¯r,ı 199 Depth, 162, 299 Ibn al-Ra¯hib, 198 Eternity, 134–138, 147 Ibn Duqma¯q, Ibra¯h¯mı ben Muhammad, Human historicity, 134–138 199, 203 Humanist, and prognosis, 186 Ibn el-Qa¯di, 221 Paleohistory, 299, 309 Ibn Khaldun, 191, 199, 206, 221, 253 Teleological, 162 Ibn Ouacif Shah, 285 Verzeitlichung, 162 Ibn Y¯usuf,199, 206 Hobbes, Thomas, 237, 238, 313 Ibnu-Rasu, 193 Holme, George, 164 Ibrahim Effendi, belonging to Qasimi Holy Land, 12, 57, 145, 177, 179, clan, leader of Arab troops in 238, 257 Cairo, 216 Homer, 169 Ibrahim Kheznadji Pascha, 52 Hondius (de Hondt), cartographer Icard, Augustin-François, 65 dynasty, 191, 249 Icelandic, 155 Hooke, Robert, 258, 259, 261, 266, Iconoclasm, 132, 269 275, 280, 321 Ignatius, saint, 133, 137, 148, 368 Hooker, Richard, 168, 170 Ignorance, 1–4, 107, 117 Horsal, Ruben, 303 Agnotology, 16 Hoskins, John, 272, 273 Awareness of, 142, 220–230 Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, 122, 123, Conscious, 14, See also non- 129, 149, 198, 199, 207, 333, knowledge 361 Constructive power of, 2, 22, 317 Hough, Abraham, 152 Exposition of, 2 Howard, Charles, 272 History of ignorance, 2, 3, 8, 13, 14, Hudson, Charles, 46 15, 19, 147, 184, 190, 210, 241, Hudson, John, 188, 240 255, 317, 318, 322 Huet, Pierre-Daniel, 68 Negative (non-)knowledge, 14, 16 Hughes, John, 165 Nescience, 3, 13, 14, 15, 19, 21, 24, Huguenots, 8, 67, 117, 120, 121, 125, 28, 56, 60, 119, 134, 138, 182, 137, 145, 154, 182, 347, 361 186, 194, 197, 210, 219, 230, Humanism, 12, 86, 87, 89, 90, 94, 99, 252, 253, 274, 314, 316, 317, 100, 102, 119, 194, 229, 231, 318, 321, 322 296, 303 Non-knowledge, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, Hungary, 272 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 56, 113, Hunt, Thomas, 195 114, 115, 116, 118, 127, 142, Huntington, Robert, 128, 149, 150, 147, 148, 163, 184, 186, 191, 152, 153, 154, 164, 166, 170, 203, 230, 240, 246, 253, 256, 171, 204, 207, 232 307, 308, 313, 314, 316, 317, Hurlers, group of stones in Cornwall, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323 294 Epistemic, 16, 17, 182, 184, 311, Hussain bin Ali, 222, 224 319 Hussainides, 217, 222, 225 Non-knowledge cycles, 7, 115, Hussites, 136 147, 148, 184, 253, 307, 313 Huygens, Christiaan, 69, 268, 321 Operative, 16, 17, 114, 116, 181, Hyde, Thomas, 195 311, 322 Sociology of, 13, 14, 314 Iba¯diyya, muslim sect, 225 Specified/unspecified, specification Ibn Ab¯ı Zar, 202 of, 2, 3, 15, 17, 18, 21, 57, 60,

Index 389

83, 97, 127, 153, 183, 204, 227, Jesuits. See Mission 230, 253, 307, 317, 318, 321 Jewel, John, 121 Thomist terminology of, 14 Jews, Jewish, 11, 22, 31, 44, 66, 148, Unconscious. See Ignorance, 149, 153, 159, 183, 251 nescience Jode, Cornelis de, 260 Unknowns, 2, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, Johannes Andreae, 91, 92 28, 35, 60, 71, 83, 113, 114, Johannes Monachus. See Lemoine 118, 138, 147, 155, 156, 168, John Damascenus, 132 182, 202, 204, 205, 210, 219, John the Baptist, 133, 180 220, 225, 229, 230, 250, 256, John the Evangelist, 133 257, 292, 305, 307, 308, 309, Joinville, scientiﬁc traveller and 314, 317, 319, 322 draughtsman, 281, 282, 283 Auto-referential, 17, 114, 253, 311 Jones, Inigo, 296, 297 Heteronomous, 17, 314 Jones, Jezreel, 287 Willed/unwilled, 14, 16 Joseph de Paris (François Le Clerc du India, 4, 106 Tremblay, called father/le père), Ingenuis, Franciscus de. See Sarpi 174 Inter caetera, papal bull (1493), 87, 88 Joshua, 151 International law (ius gentium), 78, 87, Juan II king of Castille, 58 89, 90, 91, 96, 100, 175 Julfa, 174 Dominium maris. See Public law, Julia, Mariano, captain of Port dominium Mahoney, 47 Ireland, 28, 52, 53, 94, 155, 166, 296, Jupiter Ammon, 282, 301 354, 365, 366 Justin, 159, 299 Irnerius, 91 Justin Martyr, 161 Isaac, 157 Isfahan, 174 Kabasilas, Nikolaos, 121, 122, 132 Ius commune Kalil Pasha, of Tripoli/Barbary, 277, Mos gallicus, 86, 89 283 Mos italicus, 86, 90, 94, 99 Kallinikos, patriarch of Constantinople, 142 Jacobites (Christian church), 129, 198 Kallistos II Xanthopoulos. See Jacobites, Jacobitism, 52, 165 Nikephoros Jacobus, 133 Karamanli, 217 Ja¯jarm, 268 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein Jamaica, 38, 110 von, 134 James I, king of England, 74 Karyophylles, Johannes Matthaios, James II, king of England, 127 123, 132 Jannon, Hugo, 126 Karyophyllos, Johannes Byzantios, 123 Jansenism, 18, 117, 126, 130, 137, 142, Kedrenos, Georgios, 192 182, 183, 311, 318 Kehr, Georg Jakob, 227 Japan, 155 Kh¯uja,222 Japhet, 151 Khura¯sa¯n, 268 Jayme II, king of Aragón, 58, 59 Kircher, Athanasius, 160, 207, 240, Jenkinson, Anthony, 260 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, Jeremiah II, patriarch of 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, Constantinople, 119, 122, 131 275, 279, 280, 284, 285, 295, Jersey, 28, 52 300, 306, 309, 314 Jerusalem, 141, 142, 146, 152, 171, Knolles, Richard, 208 176, 177, 257, 301, 352 Knowability, 154

390 Index

Knowledge, 1, 107, 113, 117, 153. See Lemaire, Claude, 51, 143, 144, 146, implicitly always Ignorance 175, 209, 276, 277, 278, 279, König, Reinhard, 213 280, 283, 288, 289, 292 Koran, 208 Lemaire, Louis, 209, 278 Kritopoulos, Metrophanes, 120, 347 Lemoine, Jean, 92 Kuhn, Thomas, 7, 8, 310, 313, 314 Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, 304 Ku¸sadası, 174 Leo Africanus, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, Kyrillos Lukaris, patriarch of 192, 193, 201, 213, 226, 239 Constantinople, 119, 120, 122, Leo VI, emperor, 89 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 131, Leopold I, emperor, 146 132, 133, 135, 136, 141, 142, Levant Company, 5, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 312 44, 47, 52, 85, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 115, 129, 148, La Condamine, Charles Marie de, 248, 155, 163, 164, 166, 167, 172, 282, 321 175, 207, 208, 273 La Croix, Phérotée de, 187, 188, 195 Chaplains, 52, 127, 128, 130, 147, La Croix, sieur de, secretary of Nointel, 149, 150, 152, 155, 163–173, 176, 177, 195, 201, 243 180, 182, 195, 198, 246, 273, La Faye, Jean-Baptiste de, 48, 196, 201, 276, 286, 288 236 Monopoly, 44 La Goulette, 206, 247 Organisation, 10–12 La Pailleterie, Charles David de, 234 Levett, John, captain fo the ship Royal La Rochelle, 124, 323 George,38 La Rue, François. See Rueus Levi, 150 Lafitte, archivist of the French Marine Lhuyd, Edward, 158, 288, 295 ministry, 186, 235 Liberal, liberalism, 18, 108, See Free Lanarca, 9 trade Larta, 9 Libya, 282 Lastman, Cornelis Jansz, 242 Lichfield, 196 Lateward, William, 208, 231 Lightfoot, John, 148, 149, 150, 154, Latitudinarians, 166, 168 164 Laud, William, 130, 133, 168, 173 Linus, 160 Law, John, 23, 30, 68 Lionne, Hubert de, 9 Lawrence, Richard, 45, 46, 47, 49, 223 Lister, Martin, 297 Laws of nature, 16, 256, 314, 315, 317 Livorno, 11, 25, 33, 35, 43, 44, 262, Lawson, John, 36 265 Le Bret, Cardin, political writer, 74 Livy, Titus, 188, 228, 241, 244 Le Clerc du Tremblay, François. See Lloyd, William, non-juring bishop, 133, Joseph 165 Le Roy, Louis, 213, 215 Locke, John, 15 Le Tellier, Jean, 242 Lomellini, Genoese noble family, 77, 82 Lebret, Cardin, first president of the London, x, xii, 3, 7, 11, 21, 26, 29, 34, Provence parlement, 55, 61, 62 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 48, 106, 107, Lee, Leonard, 68 158, 185, 188, 207, 244, 247, Léger, Antoine, 120 253, 265, 266, 274, 276, 286, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 82 288, 289, 293, 297, 306 Leiden, 220, 251 Longitude/latitude measurement, 200, Leipzig, 227, 251 212, 238–246, 248, 249, 309 Lemaire, André-Alexandre, 79, 80, 81, Longuerve, Louis du Four de, abbé, 272 216, 218 Lot, 260, 271

Index 391

Louis the Just, king of France, 146 Markos Eugenikos of Ephesos (also Louis XIII, king of France, 176 Mark(us) Ephesos), 122, 132 Louis XIV, king of France, 9, 31, 48, 52, Mármol, Luis de, 187, 188, 191, 192, 54, 74, 117, 143, 144, 146, 163, 193, 195, 207, 209, 232, 239, 177, 249, 278 251 Louis XV, king of France, 55 Maronites, 129, 147, 157, 173 Louis, Duke of Burgundy, 144 Marseille, 5, 8, 10, 12, 21, 29, 30, 31, Louis, saint, king of France, 142–146, 32, 33, 34, 44, 45, 48, 49, 57, 163 61, 62, 65, 66, 77, 79, 83, 194, Louvain, 194 227, 281, 285, 315 Louvre, 264 20 percent duty, 30, 31, 32, 48 Löwenklau, Johannes, 193 Edict of March 1669, 29, 30, 32, 34, Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus, 156 79, 83, 115, 311 Lucas, Paul, 276, 279 Marshall, Thomas, 150, 151, 152, 155, Lucerne, 259 165 Ludolf, Heinrich Wilhelm, 138, 165, Marsham, John, 159, 207 166 Marta, Giacomo, 98 Ludolf, Hiob, 138, 139, 140, 141, 149, Martigues, 31 150, 152, 153, 165, 207, 232, Martin I, king of Aragón, 60 272 Martin, Joseph, 280, 281 Ludwig, Christian Gottlieb, 196, 222, Martin, Samuel, 12, 43, 236 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, Martinenq, François, 179 246, 255, 289, 314 Masseik, Nicolas van, 209 Luke, John, 128, 164, 273 Massimiliano Transilvano, 242 Luther, Martin, 119, 134, 136 Matteacci, Angelo, 98 Maty, Charles, 191 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 74, 102, 106, Maundrell, Henry, 167 211, 212, 228 Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, Machon, Louis, 74 comte de, 8, 13, 34, 54, 55, Macpherson, James, 304 61, 62, 64–71, 206, 216, 278, Madonna, 259 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 317, Madras, 4 319 Magellan, Fernando de, 242 Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, 85, 272 Magini, Giovanni Antonio, 245 Medici, Cosimo I, 213 Mahomad Aben Nacer, king of Medici, dynasty, 130 Granada, 58 Medici, Ferdinando II de’, 262, 264, Mahomet Veluzir. See Sa’ada 265 Maillet, Benoît de, 197, 216, 217, Medieval, Middle Ages, 9, 14, 15, 20, 218, 279 51, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 71, 73, Maiorca, 46 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, Malachi, 208 99, 101, 102, 104, 114, 118, Malaga, 24, 37 119, 121, 123, 126, 131, 132, Malta, 47, 49, 257, 259, 133, 134, 135, 136, 144, 145, 261, 275 158, 176, 185, 186, 189, 190, Malta, hospitaller order of St. John 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, of, 45, 83, 257, 258 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, Mamluk dynasty, 59, 218, 284 206, 207, 210, 211, 215, 221, Manetho, 158 222, 226, 228, 231, 238, 239, Marcianus, 87, 91, 92, 99 243, 247, 252, 253, 255, 259, Mariotte, Edme, 268 267, 274, 296, 303, 309, 321

392 Index

Medieval, Middle Ages (cont.) Merton, Robert, 14, 15 Arabic Middle Ages, 193, 194, 197, Messina, 49 198, 207, 210, 211, 239, 253, Metamorphosis, 257, 260, 262, 264, 321 273, 304 Mediterranean, 1, 3, 4, 8 Metempsychosis, 159, 201, 298 Mediterranean trade, 5, 8, 21, 22, 28, Metusiosis (Μετουσίωσις), 122, 123, 29, 39, 65, 66, 79, 103, 113, 128, 131, 132, 141, 142, See also 116, 201, 310, 315, 323 transubstantiation Competition of European powers, 6, Micah, 208 22, 23, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 54, Michael I Kerularis, patriarch of 59, 60, 66, 75, 80, 111, 146, Constantinople, 133 249, 306 Micro-/Macro-historical approaches, Corsair economy, 22 19, 21–22 Two-level system, 22, 23, 34, 35, 55, Mildenhall, 203 60 Milos, 174 Medusa, 294 Minorca, 46, 84 Megenberg, Konrad von, 267 Minutius Felix, Marcus, 169 Mehmet Pasha, governor of Seyde, 144 Mission, 117, 140, 143, 147, 169 Mekka, 47, 257 Anglican, 117, 170, 171, 175 Mela, Pomponius, 188 Catholic, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, Melanchthon, Philipp, 87, 119, 168, 181, 182, 183, 259 215, 321 Capuchins, 144, 174, 177, 205 Meletios Syrigos, 123, 128, 141 Jesuits, 166, 170, 174, 177, 178, Melkites, 132, 133, 147 242 Melon, Jean-François, 68, 73, 79 Congregatio de propaganda ﬁde, Mémoires, 10, 29, 31, 32, 34, 54, 65, 143, 170, 171, 173, 175, 179 66, 67, 71, 73, 77, 78, 79, 82, Theory, 138–141, 175 84, 85, 186, 187, 189, 196, 197, Moghila, Petrus, 128, 129 216, 218, 219, 233, 235, 236, Moivre, Abraham de, 69 237, 240, 249, 268, 276, 278, Monaco, 78 279, 280, 281, 285, 306 Mongault, Nicolas-Hubert, abbé, 82 Mercantilism, 2, 4, 6, 7, 20, 22, 24, Montchrestien, Antoine, 23, 73, 76, 77, 27, 34, 50, 51, 56, 59, 71, 72, 79, 112 76, 81, 83, 85, 102, 113, 114, Montesquieu, Charles Louis de 313 Secondat, baron de La Brède et as nationalization of commerce, 3, 4, de, 68, 209 20, 21, 24, 44, 103, See also Moore, Adam, 68 National, nationality Moore, John, 68 Balances of trade, 20, 111 Morand, Sauveur François, 283 Bullionism, 20, 76, 111 Morel, Guillaume, 121 Protectionism, 28, 33, 35, 36, 54, 55, Morin, Jean, 149 59, 76, 79, 83, See also Mornay. See Duplessis-Mornay protection Morocco, 42, 83, 144, 174, 187, 191, Mercator, Gerhard, 187, 191, 245, 249 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 202, Mercedarians, 57 215, 221, 226, 233, 235, 287 Merchant Adventurers, 106, 150 Moses, 149, 150, 152, 153, 158 Merchib Ibn Yacob (Mopherrege), 149 Moüette, sieur, 187, 188 Mercœur, Duke of. See Vendôme Mount Gerizim, 149, 150, 151, 152 Mercury, 263 Mount Libanon, 174 Merlin, 296 Mourguz, Etienne de, 209

Index 393

Much-Munden, 150 Newcastle, Duke of. See Pelham-Holles Muhammad b. al-Hasan, governor/ Newfoundland, 38 sultan of Tunis, 197 Newton, Isaac, 69, 160, 236, 239, 247, Muhammad Pasha al-Nishanji, 216 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 264, Muhammad, the prophet, 198, 225 286, 289, 292, 293, 300, 301, Muhammed Ab¯uRa¯s, 221 302, 303 Muley Ismael, sultan of Morocco, 204 Nicolaus Siculus, 93 Müller, Johann Ernst, 213 Nicole, Pierre, 125, 126, 130, 134, 135, Mun, Thomas, 20 147 Munden, John, 39 Niger, 239 Murcia, 58 Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos, Musaeus, 159, 160 133, 232 Muscovy Company, 26 Niketas Choniates, 135, 192 Mutationes. See Conversiones Nikolaos Methonensis, 122, 132, 135 rerumpublicarum Nilometer, 255 Niniveh/Moussoul, 174 Nafplio, 9, 174 Niobe, 260, 272 Nanni, Giovanni, 158 Noah, 162, 197, 214, 280, 298, 300, Naoussa/Paros, 174 302 Naples, 49 Nointel, Charles-François Ollier, National, nationality, 2, 6, 15, 17, 21, marquis de, 123, 126, 142, 177, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 35, 178, 183, 195, 202, 204, 223 45, 51, 53, 55, 56, 60, 71, 72, Non-jurors, 173 75, 83, 102, 113, 114, 115, 116, Norbury, George, 208 253, 315, 317, 319, 320, 322 North Africa, 50, 60, 82, 104, 189, 192, Natural history, vii, 8, 160, 162, 185, 194, 195, 204, 206, 213, 215, 246, 247, 257, 259, 292, 305, 217, 219, 222, 225, 226, 227, 307, 308, 309, 314, 316, 319 228, 232, 239, 240, 244, 245, Natural law, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 247, 256, 269, 271, 280, 282, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 212, 317 287, 294, 306 Permissive law, 97 Northumberland, 110 Naturalization Norwich, 237 of men, 25, 29, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, Nubia, 285 49, 55, 62, 64 of ships, 42, 43 Oblivion, 220, 227, 228, 229, 230, 314 Naudé, Gabriel, 74 Observation Navigation Act, 24, 25, 29, 38, 52, 86, Protoethnological reﬂexions, 101, 102, 103, 107, 115, 194, 138–141 311, 315 Obsopoaeus, Johannes, 295 Naxos, 174 Ockley, Simon, 194, 200, 202, 203, Negri, Salomon (Sulaima¯n al-Aswad), 204, 229, 237 195 Oedipus, 240, 257, 275 Nephtys, 300 Oekolampad, Johannes, 118, 119, 134 Neptune, 300 Oldenburg, Henry, 265, 272, 273, 321 Nestorians, 129 Oppède, Henry de Maynier de Forbin, Netherlands, 21, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38, 43, baron d’, 31, 78 51, 54, 65, 75, 77, 81, 86, 88, Oran, 46, 56, 144 94, 97, 106, 120, 124, 147, 149, Orientalism, 210 150, 232, 233, 242, 284 Origines, 156 New York, 110 Orpheus, 159, 160

394 Index

Orry de Vignori, Philibert, 69 Peter Butrus III, patriarch of Antioch, Ortelius, Abraham, 187, 188, 191, 238 133 Ossian, 304 Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, 141 Ouguela, 277, 278, 282, 283, 288, 309 Pétis de la Croix, François I, 195, 206 Overton hill, 302 Pétis de la Croix, François II, 195, 197, Ovidius, Publius O. Naso, 260 200, 201, 202, 206, 223, 277 Oxford, 4, 11, 47, 120, 130, 148, 150, Petrarch, 154 151, 158, 169, 170, 181, 188, Petrus, ﬁrst pope, 180 189, 195, 197, 202, 203, 208, Petty, William, 23, 67, 68 220, 229, 232, 237, 241, 244, Peutinger, Konrad, 188, 244 245, 251, 288, 293 Peyssonnel, Jean André, 244 Pezron, Paul-Yves, 158 Pace, Giulio, 90, 98 Philippians, 133 Padova, 93 Philippus I, emperor (Julius Philippus), Pagi, Antonio, 133 180 Paine, Thomas, 172 Phineas, 150 Palermo, 43 Phoenicians, 79, 104, 118, 154–163, Palmyra, 301 182, 183, 196, 214, 252, 295, Panagiotis Nikussios Mamunas, 123 297, 298 Papillon, Thomas, 111 Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, Papin, Denis, 273 119, 122, 130, 132 Parikia/Paros, 174 Phrygians, 159 Paris, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 30, 34, 35, 44, 61, Phut, 300, 302 65, 66, 69, 78, 127, 129, 139, Picard, Jean, 154 141, 174, 179, 185, 197, 200, Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, 238 202, 204, 205, 207, 216, 218, Picquet, François, 126 220, 232, 237, 247, 251, 253, Pigafetta, Antonio, 242 268, 271, 272, 276, 278, 279, Pignon, Pierre-Jean, 65, 66, 71, 281, 280, 283, 284 282, 283, 284, 285, 289 Parlement de Provence, 31 Pindar, Paul, 26 Pascal, Blaise, 15, 209 Piques, Louis, 139, 140, 141, 153, 232, Passports 272, 314 Congés, 39, 44, 48, 54 Pisa, 92 Sea-passes, 24, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 45, Pitrolf, chancellor to duke Frederick 46, 53 (III?) of Austria, 267 Patavinus, Mantua. See Bonavides Plato, 215, 224, 228, 229, 259 Patmos, 174 Pliny the elder, 156, 188, 241 Patrice, French navy ofﬁcer, 278 Pococke, Edward, 128, 164, 170, 198, Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de, 3 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 206, Pelham-Holles, Thomas, duke of 208, 215, 232, 237, 254, 311 Newcastle, 46, 47, 49, 223 Pointis, Jean-Bernard de Saint-Jean, Peloponnes, 9, 238 baron de, 234 Pepys, Samuel, 84 Political arithmetics, 60, 67, 68, 69, 70, Peregrino, Antonio, 98 71, 114, 116, 281, 312, 317 Perrault, Claude, 268 Polybius, 211, 213, 299 Persepolis, 294 Polycarp, saint, 133 Persia(ns), 106, 156, 199, 202, 219, Pompeii, 256, 290 257, 300 Pontchartrain, Jérôme Phélypaux de, Pestalozzi, German Calvinist merchant 62, 63, 144, 145, 202, 243, 277, at Constantinople, 126 279, 280

Index 395

Populationism, 62, 67, 69, 70, 83, 85, Purchas, Samuel, 260 112, 115, 317 Puritanism, 167 Porphyrius, 156 Pythagoras, 156, 157, 215, 298, 300 Port Mahoney, 46, 47, 81 Portolan maps, 239, 243, 249 Quadrant, 246 Port-Royal, 117, 124, 125, 142, 182 Portugal, 25, 29, 39, 87, 97, 106, 110 Racine, Jean, 278 Postel, Guillaume, 183 Raimondis, Joseph-Dominique de, 144 Pottier de La Hestroye, Jean le, 23, 30, Raleigh, Walter, 228, 241 79, 336 Ramée, Pierre de la, 154 Poullard, Pierre, 280 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 188, 191, Pound, James, 286 200, 242 Pouttion, Joseph, 277, 280, 281 Ransoming of captives, 27, 45, 48, 50, Praed, John, 23 57, 58, 59, 60, 264, 275 Pregitzer, Johann Ulrich, 213 Ras Sem, 261, 277, 278, 280, 283, 284, Prevesa. See Larta 286, 288, 289, 292–295, 303, Prideaux, Humphrey, 237, 240 304, 305 Prisca theologia, 159, 160, 293, 300, Rasht, 174 302, 365 Rauwolf, Leonhard, 255 Procopius of Caesarea, 188 Ravenna, 159 Proportionality, 64–68 Ravius, Christian, 284 Protection Rawlinson, Richard, 195 British p. of Protestants, 172 Ray, John, 264 Civil and Common Law concepts of, Razilly, Claude de, seigneur de Launay, 89, 90, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 76 102, 103, 104 Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de, French p. of Christian faith, 73, 147, 280, 321 173–181 Reformation, 56, 107, 119, 124, 134, Medieval forms of, 58, 59, 95, 96, 97, 136, 137, 193, 322, 323 100 Regency (Régence of Philippe National p. concerning the shipping, d´Orléans), 63 23, 31, 35, 36, 43, 45, 46, 47, Rehoboam, 301 48, 49, 54, 62, 64, 70 Renaissance, 10, 154, 158, 159, 160, Protectionism. See Mercantilism, 186, 211, 220, 221, 228, 230, Protectionism 238, 239, 251, 296, 303, 322, Proteus, 160 323 Protogonos, 160 Renaudot, Eusèbe, 123, 129, 131, 136, Provence, 80, 345 141, 175, 197, 285 Ptolemy, Claudius, 188, 194, 238, 239, Renegados, 252 240–245, 249, 254 Rhodos, 98, 297 Kanon poleon, 240, 244 Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 241, 244 Public law, 78, 88 Richard I Lionheart, king of England, dominium, 86, 88, 90–99, 101, 104, 147 131 Richard II, king of England, 96 Dominium, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93–99, Richelieu, Armand-Jean Du Plessis, 101, 104, 131 cardinal, 8, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, French lois fondamentales, 181 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 112, 176, Jurisdictio, 86, 89, 95, 97, 142, 179, 261 181 Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 247 Pulgar, Fernando del, 192 Ricius (? perhaps Fabricius, Georg), 193

396 Index

Roberts, A. 270, 271 S., T. 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 281 Roberts, Lewes, 102, 103, 105, 106, Sa’ada, Muhammad, 224 107, 113, 208 Saalfeld/Thuringia, 260 Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, 192, 198 Sacheverell, William, 162 Rollright Stones, 294, 296, 304 Saint-Amans, François d’Isarn, baron Romain, father capuchin, prefect of the de, 233 jeunes de langue at Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel de, Constantinople, 205 abbé de, 68, 79 Roman law, 86–104 Salamanca, school of, 87, 88 Law of partnership (societas) Salé, 234 Communio pro indiviso, Salé Aga, envoy of Tripoli/Barbary, 286 89, 99 Sallustius, Gaius S. Crispus, 188 Property law Salonica. See Thessaloniki Donatio,88 Samaritans, 118, 147–154, 155, 161, Inventio,88 163, 182, 183, 232 Occupatio,89 Sammarco, Ottavio, 213 Prescription, 90 Sammes, Aylett, 162, 297 Res communis, 86, 87–102 Samogedes, 260 Res nullius,89 Samonas of Gaza, 132 Rome, (Ancient) Roman, 72, 87, 88, Sanchoniathon, 157, 158, 161 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, Sanson, Nicolas, 187, 188, 191, 241 101, 104, 127, 134, 145, 168, Sanuto, Livio, 187, 188, 191 174, 175, 179, 181, 189, 190, Saracens (i.e. ‘Arabs’), 193, 204, 214, 193, 194, 200, 212, 213, 229, 237, 335 219, 231, 238, 244, 251, 257, Sardinia, 58, 77 266, 282, 296, 297, 298, 300, Sarpi, Paolo, 90, 98, 337 323 Savage, Thomas, 208 Roo, Paul de, 140 Savoy, 49, 78, 144 Rooke, Lawrence, 272 Savoy, Marie-Adélaide de, 144 Rosetta, 179, 196, 197, 216 Scaliger, Justus Caesar, 149, 193, 232 Rosnevès, sieur de, French navy officer, Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, 292 234 Schooten, Frans van, 242 Rosset, François, 179, 180, 196, 197, Science, 8, 16 216, 217, 218 Scientific expeditions, 79, 227, 262, Rouillard, Sébastian, 154 275–285 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 209, 253 Scientific revolution, 3, 7, 8, 15, Rowlands, Henry, 162 255–309, 310, 314, 316, 341 Royal Society, 5, 12, 127, 139, 160, Scotland, 53, 94, 96 188, 189, 241, 257, 258, 264, Scythians, 159, 212 265, 268, 272, 273, 276, 279, Seaman, William, 207, 208, 215 286, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, Secrecy, 13 301, 303, 309, 310, 314, 321 Security, 35, 36, 53, 93, 101, 103, 108, Rubatel, Julien, 179, 180 111, 172, 371 Rudbeck, Olaf, 160 Segelmessa, 213 Rueus, Franciscus, 259, 260 Seignelay, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Russia, 106, 141, 260 marquis de, 8, 32, 48, 75, 82, Rutherford, Andrew Lord, Earl of 144, 276, 277, 349 Teviot, 164 Selden, John, 72, 81, 82, 86, 97, 98, 99, Rycaut, Paul, 12, 195, 208, 100, 101, 102, 109, 204, 237, 232, 236 337, 343, 365, 372, 374

Index 397

Sel¯m,ı sultan, 197, 217, 218 Spain, 25, 29, 46, 57, 66, 77, 88, Seller, Abednego, 133 97, 110, 170, 191, 194, 233, Serpent, serpentine, 160, 294, 295, 297 300, 301 Spanish Company, 26, 106 Sesostris, 301 Sparwenfeld, Johann Gabriel, 271 Sévin, François, abbé, 138 Spatialization. See Epistemic forces, Seyde (Saïda, Sidon), 9, 144, 145, 174, Spatialization 177, 178, 285 Spinoza, Baruch, 298 Sguropulos, Sylvester, 123 St. Macaire. See Wadi El Natrun Shaw, Thomas, 128, 164, 188, 189, St. Mandrier, 49 194, 197, 198, 200, 222, 236, St. Remo, 49 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 248, St. Tropez, 31 249, 251, 252, 255, 286, 288, Standardization. See Epistemic forces, 289, 290, 292, 293, 303, 306, Standardization 309, 314 Stanhope, James, 45 Sherman, Rowland, 171, 208, 229, 231 State, stateness, 5, 6, 9, 11, 22, 23, 24, Ship lists (rôles d´équipage), 45 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 50, 51, Ship money, 26, 27, 94, 95, 101, 102 55, 60, 61, 62, 74, 75, 80, 81, Sichem, 149, 150, 153, 155 85, 108, 111, 112, 147, 174, Sicily, 49, 58 180, 181, 211, 213, 215, 216, Sidon. See Seyde 217 Simmel, Georg, 13 Steensen, Niels, 265 Sin, 14 Stillingﬂeet, Edward, 168 Sionita, Gabriel, 237 Stonehenge, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, Siwar, 282 302, 303, 304 Skete, 283 Strabo, 95, 101, 104, 156, 188, 238, Skippon, Philip, 264 244 Sloane, Hans, 188, 241, 244, 245, 246, Straccha, Benvenuto, 98 286, 306 Strasbourg, 44, 359 Smith, Edward, 149 Stuart, Ann, queen of England, 165 Smith, Thomas (chaplain, non-juror), Stuart, dynasty, 165, 166, 172 126, 128, 129, 130, 148, 149, Stuart, Henrietta Maria. See Henrietta 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 164, Maria 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 195, Stukeley, William, 160, 293, 294, 295, 297 296, 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, Smith, Thomas (Governor of EIC), 26 304, 305, 309 Smyrna, 4, 9, 11, 25, 47, 61, 164, 166, Suarez, Roderigo, 98 170, 174, 177, 178, 187, 207, Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, baron de 273, 276 Rosny, duke of, 74 Smyth, Edward, 128, 164, 273 Susa, 226 Soame, William, 39 Sweden, 38, 47, 52, 147, 271 Soliman Hoja, 287 Switzerland, 259 Solinus, Gaius Julius, 188 Syracuse, 49 Solomon, 146, 161, 272, 301 Syria, 198 Somerset, 110 Syriac, 200 Souheïli Efendi, 203 Syros, 174 Southampton, 26 South-Sea Company, 28 Tabarca, 77, 82, 174 Sovereignty, 74, 78, 81, 92, 106, 147, Tacitus, Cornelius, 169 179, 180, 214, 217 Tamerlan, 199

398 Index

Tangier, 4, 84, 105, 164, 195, 300 Tournai, 192 Taral, mémoire writer, 83 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, 243, 244, Tarsky, Alfred, 14 255, 280 Tartars, 260 Trabzon, 174 Tassin, Antoine, 283 Trade, economics, commerce, 20–72, Tassy, Laugier de, 196, 201, 232 104–111. See Mediterranean Tatianus, 161 trade; Mercantilism Taxes, duties, impositions, 27, 30, 32, Cloths, 80, 110 78, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, Coal, 110 See also Act of Frauds, Commercium,29 One percent duty; Argiers duty; Foreign trade, 4, 29, 81, 107, 108 Marseille, 20 per cent duty; Ship Tin, 110 money Trajan, emperor, 133 Taylor, Jeremy, 120, 123, 124 Translation, translators, 1 Teonge, Henry, 167 Dragomen, 10, 19, 62, 123, 140, 205, Terray, Joseph Marie, abbé, 69 206, 251, 283, 285 Testaferrata, Eugenio, 258 Enfants de langues, 62, 138, Thames, 38, 39, 96 205–210, 219, 285 Theodosius I, emperor, 180 Transubstantiation, 15, 53, 121, 122, Theodosius II, emperor, 133 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, Theophilus of Antioch, 161 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, Theophilus of Caesarea, 133 142, 317 Theophylact, 119, 121, 122, 131, 132, Treaty of Utrecht, 49 135 Treaty of Westphalia (Peace of 1648), Thessaloniki, 9, 174 323 Thessaly, 302 Tremecén, 56, 59 Thévenot, Jean, 244 Trinitarians, 57, 58, 214, 223, 295 Thévenot, Melchisédech, 200, 209, 242 Trinity, trinitarian, 165, 295, 371 Thevet, André, 193 Tripoli, Barbary, 9, 11, 47, 50, 51, 65, Thirlby, Styan, 229 83, 144, 164, 174, 192, 201, Thomas Aquinas, Thomism, 14, 87, 202, 209, 216, 217, 223, 235, 123, 166, See also Ignorance, 236, 249, 252, 257, 258, 259, Thomist terminology of 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, Thou, Jacques-Auguste de, 187, 188, 266, 268, 269, 270, 273, 275, 194, 215 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, Thracians, 160 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, Thucydides, 237 309 Thurloe, John, 262 Tripoli, Libya. See Tripoli, Barbary Thurmair. See Aventinus Tripoli, Syria, 61, 174, 216 Tillotson, John, 168 Trogus, 159 Titus, 146 Troilo, Franz Ferdinand von, 196 Toland, John, 10, 168 Troy, 296, 297, 298 Tollot, Jean-Baptiste, 196, 201 Truguet, Laurent-Jean-François, Tongil, 258 236 Tonyn, chaplain at Algiers, 164 Truilhard, vice-consul at Cairo, 216 Torres, Diego de, 187, 188, 191, 192 Trumbull, William, 172 Toulon, 31, 34, 47, 277 Tübingen, 131, 132 Toulouse, 187, 262 Tunis, 9, 11, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, Toulouse, Louis-Alexandre de 50, 56, 61, 66, 73, 83, 143, 164, Bourbon, Comte de, 278 174, 175, 187, 192, 193, 196,

Index 399

197, 201, 202, 206, 209, 214, Villeneuve, Louis-Sauveur, marquis de, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 225, 205, 219 226, 235, 236, 241, 244, 247, Virgil, Publius V. Maro, 154, 241 252, 271, 272, 276, 281, Vitiza (Witiza), king of Visigoths, 193 283 Vitruvius, Marcus, 296 Tupinambá, 321 Vives, Ludovico, 155, 297 Turenne, Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne, Voltaire, 209, 217 vicomte de, 125 Vossius, Isaac, 133, 139 Turkey, 106, 109, 110, 111, 129, 174, 272 Wadi El Natrun, 283 Turkey Company, 26 Wake, William, 171 Turner, Francis, 288 Wakeman, George, 208 Twyne, John, 297, 298 Waldensians, 136 Typhon, 300 Wales, 96 Waller, Richard, 261, 262 Ulpianus, 99, 100 Walther, captain of the ship Susannah, Umayyads, 194 43 Ussher, James, 148 Walwyn, William, 107–111 Utrecht, 30, 284 Wanley, Humfrey, 129, 130, 141, 170 Valencia, 49, 58 Wansleben, Johann Michael, 140, 188, Valincour, Jean-Baptiste de Trousset, 194, 285 278 Wase, William, 165 Valla, Lorenzo, 161 Wells, Edward, 149 Valle, Pietro della, 149 Welwood, William, 86, 90, 91, Van Helmont, Jan Baptista 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, van, 260 109 Vandals, 214 West Country Company, 26 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 23, 68, West Indies, 39, 272 69, 85 Westphal, Joachim, 134 Vendôme, Louis de Bourbon, duke of, Weymouth, 26 31 Wheeler, George, 129 Venice, 59, 65, 83, 90, 92, 93, 97, Whiston, James, 103, 109, 110, 111 98, 99, 101, 127, 130, 131, White, Robert, 52, 53 132, 164, 178, 186, 206, 263, White, Thomas, 264 264 Whitehall, 38, 43, 52, 172 Venture de Paradis, Jean-Michel, 206, Whiting, captain of an English ship, 218, 219 262, 265 Vermigli, Peter Martyr, 130, William I, king of England, 172 131, 135 Williams, Edward, 128 Vernon, Edward, 84 Willughby, Francis, 264 Vernon, James, 45 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 291 Véron de Forbonnais, François, 68 Wisham, James, 41, 42 Versailles, 9, 10, 32, 34, 44, 61, 64, 65, Wolff, Christian, 227, 228 70, 83, 144, 145, 179, 185, 187, Wolstenholme, John, 26 277 Woodward, John, 286, 309 Verzeau, Jean, 170 Woolley & Cope, English merchants, Victor I, pope, 133 208, 229 Villalpando, Juan Bautista, 301 Worm, Olaus, 160 Villault, Nicolas, 188 Worsley, Benjamin, 110

400 Index

Wotton, William, 194 Zakynthos. See Zante Wren, Christopher, 293 Zante, 9 Wyclifﬁsts, 136 Zebedaios, 133 Ziyya¯n¯de,ı 221 Yerevan, 174 Zonoras, Johannes, 192 Y¯usuf ben Ahmad, Ahmad ben, 199, Zoroaster, 157, 295, 297 203, 204 Zwingli, Huldrych, 134