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LNGT 0250 Morphology and Syntax

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LNGT 0250 Morphology and Syntax LNGT 0250 Announcements Morphology and Syntax • Any questions on HW 1? • Any interesting findings from Ethnologue? • Mark your calendar for a talk by Prof. Norma Mendoza‐Denton on Fri Feb 27 @ 4:30 in Robert A. Jones conference room. Lecture #3 Feb 16th, 2015 2 Today’s agenda IPA • A crash course on articulatory phonetics and • What’s the IPA? the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). • The IPA is a special alphabet to represent • So, to start, what’s articulatory phonetics? human speech in the form of symbols for individual sounds like [p], [s], [a], etc., as well • Articulatory phonetics focuses on the study of as for other phonetic features that how speech sounds are articulated in human characterize pronunciation. language. 3 4 Some IPA links Consonants vs. Vowels • Link to the IPA chart. • There are two major types of sounds in human language: consonants and vowels. How do they differ? • In terms of articulation, consonants are produced • Link to an interactive chart to insert symbols. when the airflow is obstructed in the vocal tract, while This will be quite useful when we do phonetic vowels are produced with relative free flow of the airstream in the vocal tract. transcription exercises. • Both consonants and vowels can be described in terms • Listen to IPA sounds. (Download it HERE if of a number of individual articulatory features. you’d like.) • We start with consonants. But let’s look at the human • Or this link. vocal tract first. 5 6 1 The vocal Articulation of consonants tract • Consonant sounds can be characterized according to three main phonetic properties: a) place of articulation, b) manner of articulation, and c) voicing. 7 8 Places of articulation Places of articulation • Labial, e.g., bilabial [p] and labiodental [f]. • Velar, e.g., [k], [ɡ], and [N], the last one is • Dental, e.g., French [d] in dire. English has the final sound in king. interdental [T] as in thorn and [D] as in there. • Uvular consonants: These are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula, • Alveolar, e.g., [t], [s], [n], and [ ]. ® e.g., French [{] and Arabic [q]. • Alveopalatal, e.g., [S] as in shoe, [Z] as in • Pharyngeal consonants: These are produced vision, [tS] as in choose, and [dZ] as in jam. at the pharynx, e.g., Arabic [] and [÷]. • Palatal, e.g., [j] in yes. • Glottal consonants: These are produced at the glottis, e.g., [h] in hill and [Ɂ] in uh-oh. 9 10 Manner of articulation Stops, Fricatives, and affricates • Stops, e.g., [b], [p], [t], [d], [k], [ɡ], and [/]. • Speech sounds are also differentiated by the • When the air escapes through the nasal, way the airflow is affected as it travels from rather than the oral, cavity, nasal stops are the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose. produced, e.g., [m], [n], and [N]. This is referred to as the manner of • Fricatives, e.g. [f], [v], [s], [z], [T], [D], [S], [Z], articulation for the sound. and [h]. • Affricates, e.g. [tS] as in church, and [dZ] as in jump. 11 12 2 Fricatives and affricates Liquids (aka Approximants) • Acoustically, fricatives and affricates can be • Liquids: In the production of these sounds, divided into two types based on their relative there is some obstruction of the airflow in loudness. The noisier ones are called stridents the mouth, but not enough to cause any real (aka as sibilants): [s], [z], [S], [Z], [tS], and constriction or friction, e.g., [l] and [r]. [dZ]), whereas the quieter ones are called ([T] • [l] is called a lateral sound, because the air and [D]) are nonstridents. escapes through the sides of the tongue. 13 14 Liquids (aka Approximants) Glides (aka Semi‐vowels) • There are several varieties of “r” in the world’s languages. The “r” could be a trill, as in Spanish • Glides, e.g., [j] as in yes and [w] as in wood. perro (=‘dog’), in which case it is transcribed as [r]. • The “r” could also be a retroflex, as the case is in • Some English speakers produce a voiceless American and Canadian English, and is transcribed as glide at the beginning of words like when, [®] in the IPA. which, and where. It is transcribed as [„]. • Another sound commonly identified with “r” is the Wheat thins flap, which occurs in North American English in words like writer and rider. This sound is transcribed as [R]. 15 16 Voicing Describing consonants • Consonant sounds are also divided into two types, voiced and voiceless, based on whether • A consonant can thus be described in terms of they are produced with or without vibration of vocal cords. these three parameters: place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. [b], [d], and [z] are voiced. • [p], [t], and [s] are voiceless. For example, [p] is a bilabial, voiceless stop, whereas [z] is an alveolar, voiced fricative. • Now, describe [f], [m], and [w]. 17 18 3 English consonants Aspiration • The same consonant can also be pronounced differently in different positions in the word. • For example, English voiceless stops (p, t, k) are produced with an extra puff of air when occurring initially. Compare your pronunciation of the [p], [t], and [k] sounds in both words in each of the following pair: pan vs. span tar vs. star cool vs. school 19 20 An example of IPA diacritics: [h] for aspiration IPA diacritics • The voiceless stops in the first words are • There is a list of diacritics on the IPA chart for characterized as “aspirated” sounds, which phonetic features that characterize distinguish them from the unaspirated consonants. You do not need to know what voiceless stops that do not occur initially. each one signifies; but when you see them in • In phonetic transcription, we indicate this a dataset, you now know what they are. difference in aspiration by superscripting the aspirated sound with the diacritic [h], e.g., pit [phIt]; spit [spIt]. 21 22 http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/# Ingressive pulmonic consonants • The consonants we talked about so far are all produced by egressive pulmonic airstream. • Visit this link for the articulation of the • consonants of American English, German and Ingressive pulmonic consonants are typically used for emotional effects. Spanish. Examples from Swedish and Scottish. 23 24 4 Nonpulmonic consonants Articulatory sequence for an Ejective Velar Stop [k’] • Human languages also have consonants that are produced by nonpulmonic airstream, either glottalically or velarically. • Glottalic airstream gives us ejectives and implosives, whereas velaric airstream gives us clicks. Adapted from Asbey & Maidment. 2005 25 26 Articulatory sequence for a Bilabial Implosive [ɓ] Articulatory sequence of an Alveolar click [!] 27 28 Peter Ladefoged’s sound files • Ejectives in Lakhota • Implosives in Sindhi • Clicks in !Xóõ Vowels • Hear nonpulmonic sounds on the interactive IPA chart HERE. • For a non‐linguist demonstrating and teaching clicks in Xhosa, you may watch this youtube video. 29 30 5 Vowels Parameters for vowel articulation • Vowels are distinguished from consonants in • Therefore, to distinguish between different that the passage through which the air travels vowels, we rely on four other features: is never so narrow as to obstruct the free flow (a) Tongue height: High, Mid, and Low of the airstream. (b) Which part of the tongue is involved: • It’s not possible, however, to characterize Front, Central, and Back vowels according to the same features that we have used in characterizing consonants. Why? (c) Lip rounding: Rounded and Unrounded (d) Tenseness or laxness of the vocal tract: Tense and Lax 31 32 American English vowels American English vowels ɑ 33 34 Another example of IPA diacritics: Diphthongs Nasalization of vowels • Two vowels may combine together to form a diphthong. Examples of diphthongs in American • Vowels can be either oral or nasal. English are given below: • In English, nasal vowels typically occur before [aI] as in die [aU] as in now nasal consonants. Compare, for example, the [ ] as in toy çI vowel in bat and ban. In transcription, the • Note that the vowels in bait and boat are also typically pronounced as diphthongs, and are diacritic [~] is placed over the vowel to therefore frequently transcribed as [eI] and [oU], indicate that it is a nasalized vowel, as in ban respectively. æ ũ • In many books, the second vowel of an English [b ̃ n] and boom [b m]. diphthong is frequently represented as a glide: [ej] or [ow]. 35 36 6 http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/# Transcription • Now visit this link again for the articulation of • Phonetic transcription is a representation of the vowels of American English (German and the pronunciation of a word using IPA Spanish are also available if you like to check symbols. out these). • Transcription could be broad, in which case a minimal amount of phonetic detail is given, or narrow, in which case more detailed phonetic differences are provided (e.g., aspiration of voiceless stops and nasalization of vowels are marked with diacritics). 37 38 Broad vs. Narrow Phonetic Transcription Transcribing sentences Word Broad Narrow Transcription Transcription Broad: ?[ɹenɪŋ][ɹeɪnɪŋ̃ ] [nom tʃamski ɪze lɪŋgwɪst hu titʃɪz æt ɛmaɪ ti] ?[lɛktʃəɹ] or [lɛkʃəɹ][lɛktʃəɹ] or [lɛkʃəɹ] ?[saʊndz] [saʊ̃ndz] Narrow: ?[fənɛtɪks] [fənɛtɪks] [nõm tʃɑ̃mski ɪz ə lɪŋ̃ gwɪst hu tʰitʃɪz ət ɛm̃ aɪ tʰi] ?[tʌŋɡ][tʰʌŋɡ̃ ] 39 40 Next class agenda References • We start morphology. Read Chapters 1‐2 of • Michael Dobrovolsky’s chapter on phonetics in Lieber. O’Grady et al’s (2005). 41 42 7.
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