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Subduction of Continental Material in the Banda Arc, Eastern Indonesia

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Subduction of Continental Material in the Banda Arc, Eastern Indonesia GEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA Medelingen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht No. 90 SUBDUCTION OF CONTINENTAL MATERIAL IN THE BANDA ARC, EASTERN INDONESIA Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace-element evidence from volcanics and sediments 24-016 CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Vroon, Pieter Zeger Subduction of continental material in the Banda Are, Eastern Indonesia: Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace-element evidence from volcanics and sediments / Pieter Zeger Vroon - [Utrecht: Faculteit Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht]. - (Geologica Ultraiectina, ISSN 0072-1026; no. 90) Proefschrift Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht. - Met lit. opg. ­ Met samenvatting in het Nederlands. ISBN 90-71577-44-9 Trefw.: geomorfologie ; Oost-Indonesie. SUBDUCTION OF CONTINENTAL MATERIAL IN THE BANDA ARC, EASTERN INDONESIA Sr-Nd-Pb isotope and trace-element evidence from volcanics and sediments SUBDUCTIE VAN CONTINENTAAL MATERIAAL IN DE BANDA BOOG, OOST INDONESIE Bewijs met behulp van Sr-Nd-Pb isotopen en sporenelementen van vulkanieten en sedimenten (MET EEN SAMENVATTING IN RET NEDERLANDS) PROEFSCRRIFT TER VERKRUGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF. DR. J.A. VAN GINKEL, INGEVOLGE RET BESLUIT VAN RET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN IN RET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP MAANDAG 16 NOVEMBER 1992 DES NAMIDDAGS OM 16.15 UUR DOOR PIETER ZEGER VROON GEBOREN OP 26 MEl 1963 TE CULEMBORG PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. R.D. SCHUILING CO-PROMOTOR: DR. M.J. VAN BERGEN Dit proefschrift werd mede mogelijk gemaakt met financiele steun van het Greshoff Rumphius Fonds Aan Marietta Aan mijn ouders CONTENTS Voorwoord v Summary Vll Samenvatting ix Chapter 1. General introduction 1.1. Sediment subduction 1 1.2. Why the Banda Arc? 3 1.3. Scope and organisation of this study 3 Chapter 2. Geological, volcanological and tectonic framework of the Banda Sea area 2.1. Geology and tectonics of East Indonesia 5 2.2. The volcanic Banda Arc 7 2.3. Volcanological remarks, sample distribution and rock-types 8 Chapter 3. Sr, Nd and Pb isotope systematics of the Banda Are, combined sUbduction and assimilation of continental material 3.1. Abstract 13 3.2. Introduction 14 3.3. Results 15 3.3.1. Rock types and SiOz-KzO relationships 15 3.3.2. Sr and Nd isotopic compositions 17 3.3.3. Pb isotopic compositions 23 3.4. Discussion 24 3.4.1 Introduction 24 3.4.2. Evidence for local effects of assimilation 25 3.4.3. Geological arguments against large-scale effects of assimilation 31 3.4.4. Acidic melts derived from subducted continental material? 31 3.4.5. Source-mixing models assuming an I-MORB mantle wedge 33 3.4.5.1. I-MORB + bulk SCM 33 3.4.5.2. I-MORB + fluid/melt derived from SCM 35 3.4.6. Source mixing models assuming an alB-type mantle wedge 37 3.4.7. Models invoking mantle wedge magma mixing (MWMM) 39 3.5. Conclusions 41 Chapter 4. Trace-element constraints on the role of subducted continental material in the Banda Arc 4.1. Abstract 43 4.2. Introduction 44 4.3. Results 46 4.3.1. Major elements 46 4.3.2. Trace elements 47 4.3.2.1. Large ion lithophile elements 48 4.3.2.2. Rare earth elements and Yttrium 48 4.3.2.3. High field strength elements 50 4.3.2.4. Scandium, Chromium and Cobalt 50 4.3.3. Correspondance with trace-element signatures of local sediments 52 4.4. Discussion 52 4.4.1. Introduction 52 4.4.2. REE mixing-melting models 55 4.4.2.1. Assumptions for the mixing step 56 4.4.2.2. Assumptions for the melting step 56 4.4.2.3. Evaluation of mixing-melting models 58 4.4.3. Evidence for SCM from incompatible trace-element ratios: comparison with local sediments, MORB, OIB and other island-arcs 59 4.4.4. Comparison with isotope evidence 64 4.4.5. Additional role of fluids 65 4.4.6. Two-stage source contamination? 68 4.5. Conclusions 70 ii Chapter 5. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic and trace-element signatures of the East Indonesian Sediments: provenance and geodynamical implications 5.1. Abstract 73 5.2. Introduction 74 5.3. Tectonic framework and lithofacies of the Banda Sea area 75 5.3.1. General 75 5.3.2. The back-arc basin 75 5.3.3. The volcanic Banda Arc 77 5.3.4. The fore-arc basins 77 5.3.5. The structural highs and collision complex 77 5.3.6. The subduction trenches 78 5.3.7. The North Australian and New Guinea continental slope and shelf 78 5.3.8. Outline of the North Australia-West New Guinea geology 79 5.3.9. Previous geochemical work 79 5.4. Sample selection and analytical techniques 80 5.5. Results 80 5.5.1. General geochemical characteristics of sediment types 81 5.5.2. Trace-element variations in East Indonesian Sediments 83 5.5.2.1. LILE 83 5.5.2.2. REE 85 5.5.2.3. HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) 85 5.5.2.4. Transitional elements (Sc, Co, Cr) 86 5.5.3. Isotopes 88 5.5.3.1. General ranges and correlations 88 5.5.3.2. Comparison with Indian-, Pacific- and Atlantic-Ocean sediments 88 5.5.3.3. The 147Sm/I44Nd ratios and Nd model ages 89 5.6. Discussion 91 5.6.1. Introduction 91 5.6.2. The provenance of East Indonesian sediments 91 5.6.3. Some implications for continental fragments in East Indonesia 96 5.6.4. Geochemical comparison between the East Indonesian sediments and Average Upper Continental Crust 97 5.6.5. Implications for the recycling of continental material in the Banda Arc 100 5.7. Conclusions 101 iii Chapter 6. Implications for island-arc magmatism, the nature of the subducted continental material and EMIl OIB sources 6.1. Introduction 103 6.2. Implications for island-arc magmatism 103 6.3. The nature of SCM: subducted continental crust or continent-derived sediments? 104 6.4. Is EMIl OIB source generated by sediment subduction? 108 Ileferences 113 Appendices 129 Curriculum Vitae 205 Chapter 3 has been submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research under the title 'Sr-Nd-Pb systematics of the Banda Are, Indonesia: combined subduction and assimilation of continental material'. Co-authors: M.J. van Bergen, W.M. White and J.e. Varekamp. iv VOORWOORD Dit proefschrift kwam tot stand met hulp en medewerking van veel mensen. Allereerst wil ik mijn co-promotor, Manfred van Bergen, bedanken. Zijn eTlthousiasme voor alles wat met vulkanen te maken heeft en zijn precieze werkwijze ("beter geen getal dan een slecht getal") hebben mij sterk gestimuleerd. Onze vele discussies over de Banda Boog en analyse-technieken hebben een grote invloed gehad op het eindresultaat van mijn onderzoek. Mijn promotor, professor R.D. Schuiling, wil ik graag bedanken voor het doorlezen van de manuscripten en zijn waardevolle suggesties. De basis voor dit onderzoek is gelegd tijdens de Snellius II expeditie in 1984-1985, onder de gezamenlijke leiding van de Stichting Onderzoek der Zee (SOZ) en het Indonesische Instituut voor wetenschap (LIPI). De organisatoren van Thema 1 "Geologie van de Banda Zee", Prof. Dr. H.E van Hinte en Dr. H. Hartono hebben dit onderzoek in eerste instantie mogelijk gemaakt. De monsters voor deze studie zijn verzameld gedurende een succesvol gezamenlijk veldwerk door Rene Poorter, Manfred van Bergen, Joop Varekamp, Achmed Wirakusumah, Rizal Erfan, Kardi Suharyono, Terry Sriwana en Connie van Bergen. Hen en de bemanning van het Indonesische onderzoekschip 'Jalanidh' wil ik bedanken voor de prettige samenwerking in het veld. De samenwerking met de Vulkanologische Dienst te Bandung (VSI) is essentieel geweest, zowel tijdens het veldwerk als gedurende het verdere verloop van dit onderzoek. De sedimenten zijn verzameld en bewerkt door de vakgroep marine geologie van de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam. Gerard Klaver wil ik bedanken voor de introductie in de chemie van de sedimenten. Aangezien de data van dit proefschrift verkregen zijn door middel van vele verschillende analyse technieken hebben veel mensen tot de resultaten van dit proefschrift bijgedragen: de mensen van de slijpkamer, Bob Stokvis en Jan Drenth voor de monstervoorbereiding, Theo van Zessen, Vian Govers en Joep Huijsmans voor het XRF werk, Thea Meertens en Chiel Eussen voor het INAA werk, Peter Wilkens voor de CaC03 bepalingen en Else Henneke en Jurian Hoogewerff voor organisch koolstof. Het grootste gedeelte van het isotopenwerk werd uitgevoerd aan het SIGO, nu onderdeel van de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam. Lodewijk IJIst, Koos van Belle, Piet Remkers, Richard Smeets, Ehrard Hebeda, Pauline Smedley, Frans Benavente, Bert Voorhorst, Paul Andriessen en Jan Wijbrans wil ik bedanken voor hun hulp en bijdragen. Prof. Dr. W.M. White, verbonden aan de Cornell Universiteit, Ithaca (VS), wil ik bedanken voor de mogelijkheid om Pb-isotopen te analyseren op de massa-spectrometer, en zeldzame aarden op de ICP-MS. Mike Cheatham's hulp was onmisbaar bij deze analyses. v Marlina Elburg heeft zeer veel werk verzet met het opwerken van Sr-isotoop preparaten en de interpretaties van Serna, terwijl Timo Fliervoet en Patrick Speck in hun doctoraal scripties de data van respectievelijk Nila en Banda gemodelleerd hebben. Appendix 3 werd kritisch bekeken door Dr. M.F. Thirlwall en Simon Vriend. De Audio­ Visuele Dienst van het Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen (Utrecht), met name Jaco van Bergen-Henegouwen, wi! ik bedanken voor het vele tekenwerk. Zowel op het SIGO als in Utrecht heb ik een goede tijd gehad. Hiervoor wi! ik bedanken: Kay Beets, Jose van Duin, Jan Schijf, Peter Valbracht, Marjan van der Wiel, 'de Egyptenaar', Hans Eggenkamp, Guiseppe Frapporti, Geert-Jan de Haas, Else Henneke, Timo Nijland, Bertil van Os en het Chalet Universitaire.
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