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Assessment of the Ecological Integrity of Lower Sabaki River

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Assessment of the Ecological Integrity of Lower Sabaki River ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY OF LOWER SABAKI RIVER USING MACRO-BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS LUCY KAPOMBE A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree ofMaster of Science in Fisheries of Pwani University NOVEMBER, 2016 ii iii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis tomydear husband Salim Shehe and our children Noella, Matildaand Jabali. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I am grateful to theAlmighty God for giving me this golden opportunity and the grace to overcome the challenges that were ahead. My sincere gratitude go to my supervisors, Prof.Eric ChenjeMwachiroand Dr. BernerdMulwa Fulanda both of whoam incredibly indebted for their guidance, support and inspiring suggestions which have been precious for the development of the content of this thesis. I am grateful to the State Department of Fisheries through the Kenya Coastal Development Project for funding this research study and my entire M.Sc. Program in Fisheries at Pwani University. I thank my work mates at theFisheries Directorate (Kilifi County), State Department of Fisheries and the Blue Economy,the Facultyat Pwani University, and fellow students from the Department of Biological Sciences, for their support andencouragement. I cannot forget to thank thetechnicians from Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research InstituteMombasa Station: Mr.JosephKilonzi, Oliver Ocholla, Gilbert Omondiand Mr. Paul Okumu, for their assistance during myfield surveys and laboratory work. Last, but not least, special thanks to my family for their love,support and encouragement throughout this study. v ABSTRACT The present study was conducted at the lower reaches of the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River system that empties its water into the Indian Ocean.The objective of the study was to assess the ecological integrity of the lower Sabaki River using macro-benthic invertebrates as biological indicators. Macro-benthic invertebrate samples were collected monthly from December 2015 through February 2016 using a scoop net of 500µm mesh-size,at three selected sampling stations (St.-1-downstream station, St.-2 middle station and St.-3-uppermost station). Physico- chemical parameters were measured in-situusing digital meter sensor probes and water samples collected at each sampling stationfor nutrients analysis. The nutrients; phosphorus and nitrogen were analysed using the APHA-2012standard methods and procedures.Species diversity, richness and evenness were calculated using Shannon-Wiener-diversity Hʹ, Margalef’s Dʹand Pielou’s Jʹ Evenness indices, respectively. A total of 24,479 specimensbelonging to 4 classes, 11 orders,23 families and 23 species were sampled. Results showed higher species richness and evennessat St.-3 while St.-1 recorded the lowest richness and evenness. Shannon diversity index was <1 at all the sampling stations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results showed that twocomponents;PC-1 and PC-2 explained 100% of the water quality variability in the sampled stations withpH, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates showing positive loadings in both PCs. Similar correlations between these parameterswith species richness, diversity and evenness were also evident in the analysis with Pearson correlation.This study revealed that macro-benthic invertebrates could be used as potential indicators of the integrity of the lower Sabaki River, which was confirmed with the correlations with physico-chemical parameters. Key words: Sabaki River, Ecological integrity, Biological indicators, Macro-benthic inverterbrates vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION………………………………………………DECLARATION ........................................................... ERROR!………… BOOKMARK…………………ii NOT DEFINED. DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................…..iii III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................……….......... iv IV ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………..ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ v V LISTLIST OFOF TABLES…TABLES ................................…………………………………………………………………….……................................................................................... VIII viii LISTLIST OFOF FIGURESFIGURES ................................…………………………………………………………………..……….................................................................................... IXix LISTLIST OFOF PLATES……PLATES ................................…………………………………………………………………...……........................................................................................ Xx ACRONYMSACRONYMS ANDAND ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………...…….ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... XI.xi CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Problem Statement ............................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Justification of the Study .................................................................................................. 4 1.4. Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................................... 5 1.4.1. General Objective: ............................................................................................................ 5 1.5. Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 5 1.6. Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 7 2.1. The Concept of Ecological Integrity ................................................................................ 7 2.2. Biological Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................ 11 3.1. Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Sampling Stations ........................................................................................................... 12 3.3. Sampling Procedures ...................................................................................................... 14 3.3.1. Physico-chemical parameters ......................................................................................... 14 3.3.2. Macro-benthic Inveterbrates ........................................................................................... 14 3.3.3. Nutrients ......................................................................................................................... 15 3.4. Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 16 vii 3.4.1. Species Diversity Indices ........................................................................................ 16 3.4.1.1. Shannon-Wiener Index ....................................................................................... 16 3.4.1.2. Pielou Jʹ Index .................................................................................................... 17 3.4.1.3. Margalef’s Dʹ Index ........................................................................................... 17 3.4.2. Principal Component Analysis ............................................................................... 18 3.4.3. Correlation Analysis ............................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS .................................................................................................... 19 4.1. Physico-chemical Parameters ................................................................................. 19 4.2. Nutrients ................................................................................................................. 20 4.3. Macro -benthic Invertebrates .................................................................................. 21 4.3.1. Species Composition and Abundance .................................................................... 21 4.3.2.Species Diversity Indices ...................................................................................... 27 4.3.3. Principal Component Analysis ............................................................................... 27 4.3.4. Correlation between Physico-chemical parameters and Macro-invertebrates........ 30 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 32 5.1. Physico-Chemical Parameters ................................................................................ 32 5.2. Macro -Benthic Invertebrates Composition, Abundance and Diversity ................. 34 5.3. Correlation between Physico-chemical parameters and Species Diversity ............ 37 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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