Year 7 Work Booklet Norman England – Project two

Can you find out the definitions to each key word? Key word Definition

Hierarchy

Feudalism

Society

Loyalty

Harrying

Rebellion

Famine

Landholding

Tithe

Monastery

Archbishop

Chancellor

Excommunication Let’s do a little bit of revision

1) Name the four claimants to the throne of England in 1066.

Answer box:

2) What date did the Battle of take place?

Answer box:

3) Name one reason why was a strong contender to the throne? Answer box:

4) Where did the Battle of Stamford Bridge take place and who was involved? Answer box:

5) What are the strengths and weaknesses of using a sword in battle? Answer box: What happened after the ? • After the Battle of Hastings, William still had to conquer England. He marched from Hastings, crossing the Thames and towards London. • Along the way, a few towns surrendered to William, which helped him secure London. • William wanted to be crowned King as soon as possible. His coronation took place on Christmas Day, 1066 at Westminster Abbey. • A fight had broken out between the Saxons and Norman soldiers outside the Abbey. • One of the problems that William and the Saxons had was that they could not understand each other’s language.

Which of William’s other problems were his biggest problems when he became the King of England? Can you rank them 1= biggest problem to 4 – smallest problem?

England was a big country. There were still in the North of England and William was worried the Vikings would join with the English and fight against William.

William did not have any money and needed to pay his army so they would protect him.

Some of Harold’s army was in London and did not like William.

Some of the English lords were not happy that William was their king. William could not trust them to keep their areas under control and needed to find a way to get his people to trust him. How did William solve his problems? Solution 1: Knowing where you belonged in society and controlling land. William said that all the land in England belonged to him. England, however, was too large for him to look after all by himself though. William introduced a new hierarchy system that would help him still own England by sharing the land out in exchange for people’s loyalty to him. This was known as the ‘Feudal System’ (land holding). Most of the people he lent land to had helped him in the Battle of Hastings. He was rewarding them for their help. The Feudal System

Task: Can you match the statements up to the right person? The first one has been done for you.

‘I give land to the knights who pay me taxes and fight for men King when I need them’. Baron ’I am at the bottom of the pile. Everyone is my lord!’

‘I own all the land’ Knight

‘The peasants are loyal to me, but I am loyal to the baron… and Peasant the king, of course!’ How much did society change for England? Study the two pyramids. One pyramid shows what the social hierarchy system was like in Anglo-Saxon England and the other pyramid shows the Norman Feudal System. The King owned most of the land. Some was owned by the Church. The king made laws along with There were over 4,000 Saxon thegns the Witan. (lords) who looked after the land for the earls. In return, they paid some money to the earls. They also were also part of the king’s army. The Earls had control of 6 Earldoms. The king owned the land, but the earls controlled it. In return, they promised to support the king.

Anglo- Saxon Hierarchy System

Peasants did not have much freedom. They had to work on the land for 2-3 days a week and pay taxes to their thegns. Slaves were the property of some peasants and worked in return for food and shelter. What are the similarities and differences between the two social hierarchies? Can you complete the table using the information on the previous slide and find 2 similarities and three differences between the two social hierarchies? The first two have been done for you.

Similarities Differences • The king was still in control of all the • The Earls have been replaced by Barons lands. and Churchmen.

• •

• •

Do you think having a Feudal System (Norman Hierarchy) was a fair way of keeping the Anglo-Saxons happy and loyal to the king?

I think this was a fair/unfair way of keeping the Anglo-Saxons happy and loyal to the king.

I think this because the Feudal System meant that… Keeping control method 2: Castle Building

Why did William need so much control? • Very few castles had been built in England before 1066. The only buildings that resembled castles in England were the Burghs (fortified towns) built in the 9th century by Alfred the Great to defend the country against Viking raids. • William built castles were built to impose Norman rule on the rebellious English. These were much better to defend against any invasion. • Castles were a vital part of William’s strategy to control England. When he landed at (a place in the South of England), one of William’s first actions was to build a castle to help keep his position in England so he didn’t lose it to the Anglo-Saxons. Everywhere the Normans went, they built castles to show they belonged there. • These castles were known as Motte and Bailey castles. They had to be built quickly and wherever the Normans wanted them.

Task: Look at the diagram below. This is a Motte and Bailey castle, one of the first castles William built in England. Can you answer the questions about this type of castle?

Usually built by the The safest and local English people. highest part of the About 15 metres high. castle. The last line This led from the bailey to of defence. the stairs climbing the motte.

The entrance to the bailey, guarded by the baron’s soldiers.

This made it harder to reach the walls of the bailey. The wooden fence A large yard with surrounding the bailey storerooms, kitchens, stables and guardrooms. 1) Which part of the motte and bailey castle would be the best place to see an incoming invasion?

2) Why would it be hard for invaders to attack the castle?

3) What are the disadvantages to building a motte and bailey castle?

4) Who do you think would live in the bailey and why do you think they would live there? How did the Normans build a motte and bailey castle?

When choosing a location for a castle, the Normans had to smart and choose very carefully. Task: Have a look at the map below and think about what the good and bad features are of each of these sites to build a castle.

D OPEN COUNTRY (land with not many trees) MARSH (a wet land that C can flood during A wet seasons.

HILL B TOP WOODED AREA

Site Good feature about this site Bad feature about this site

A) Hill top A h___ t__ would allow the Normans to Building a m___ on a hill see any i______coming to a____ the could potentially make the castle. castle un____. Larger hills require much more piled earth than s_____ hills. It is h____ to build a large castle. B) Wooded A w____ a____ meant that the Normans Wood can easily catch area would be h____ away from enemies. They f____. If wood can burn would also have a large supply of w_____ down, that meant that the to build more c______. wood around the c____ could burn down easily too. C) Open An o___ c_____ allowed motte and bailey There would not much country c_____ to see who was coming to the surrounding the m___ and castle. b_____ castle to p_____ the N______.

D) Marsh A m____ provided easy access for Marshes are usually w______to place around a m_____ and unstable. This may mean b_____ castle. that castles might s___ into the m____. Can you explain which site is the best location for building a new castle using the evidence from your table?

I think the best location for a castle is site____.

I think this because…

What other castles did the Normans build? As motte and bailey castles were constructed out of wood, which meant they could easily be chopped or burnt down, the Normans created stronger castles. As early as 1070, a few lords with the time, money and a suitable location began to build their castles in stone. These were known as stone keep castles. If a castle had good strong walls, a keep was not needed. Lords were able to just build towers instead. A second castle that developed in Norman England was the concentric castle. This was a much larger castle than motte and bailey and stone keep castles. Concentric castles would provide the defender with more opportunity to hurt any attacking force. Keeping control method 3: Destroying rebellions

• William now had two realms to run – England and Normandy. • William faced multiple threats during the first few years of his reign in England, not just from the Anglo-Saxons, but from his Norman earls too. These rebellions broke out in different parts of England.

Do you think the Anglo-Saxons would still be angry that a Norman king had invaded their land?

I think the Anglo-Saxons would be happy/angry because…

How do you think William would react if he found out his people were trying to get rid of him and were not listening to his rules?

I think William would react….. Because….

One rebellion that was considered as controversial was the Harrying of the North. William had had enough of the Northern Englishmen disliking him as the new King of England, so he decided to teach them a lesson.

Task: On the next few slides, can you read through the story of the Harrying of the North, answer the questions about the sources, and decide how the Harrying of the North has been interpreted by scholars? Story Task: Read through the information about the Harrying of the North. As you read the information, bullet point 1/2 key points from each paragraph.

Title of each paragraph The Harrying of the North 1069 Fill in the gaps.

The Harrying of the North was a terrible People in the incident that happened in 1069. William N___ were not was not happy that the people in the happy with W____ as king of North did not like William’s rule. He E____ marched up North and brutally dealt with the northerners.

After William attempted to establish C_____ were no longer effective control in the North by building castles as D____ and garrisons, however, this had been invaders had undone by Danish invasions and English still managed to lords rebelled against him. r____ against William.

William thought that a harsh punishment The H____ of was needed. In 1069 he marched up the N_____ saw North again with an army. He made sure William take back full c_____ that he had full control over the North of of the North. England. This was known as the Harrying of the North.

William sent out troops to kill people, William p____ burn buildings and fields, take money the northerners and destroy large areas of land. Many by burning people fled the North to avoid the killing b_____, f______and and the famine. Even more castles were killing many built, and the slaughter of the North had people. The shown that William was in charge and no destruction that the Normans one would dare to rebel against him created caused again. a f______. Sources Now, read the sources and answer the following questions.

Source A It was horrible to see. Houses, streets and roads were empty. Human Source B bodies rotted as there was no one “In his anger at the English Saxon left to bury them. People died by barons, William said that all crops and fighting and starvation… between herds, houses and food should be and Durham no village was burned to ashes, so that the people in lived in. the North starved.

Written by a Saxon Monk from That winter, a famine fell upon the Durham. people, that more than 100,000 young 1) What were the consequences of and old people starved to death. I think William’s decision to show that he was in William was harsh.” control of England? Diary –Orderic was a Answer box: monk (priest who was English but grew up in Normandy after William left)

Source C 2) Does Orderic think that people thought William was to blame? According to Orderic, William said on his Answer box: deathbed:

“I was wrong to persecute the Saxons of England in York. They died because of me and they were stabbed by my soldiers or died because I starved them. My soul is stained with the blood of those that I killed.” Answer box: 3) Did William regret what he had done? Can we trust the evidence of the Chronicler, Orderic?

SOURCE D:

From the 1070 – This shows William’s men sacking a Saxon village .

4) The Bayeux Tapestry was created by William’s half brother, . Can we trust this Norman view? Answer box: Scholarship – Historians’ opinions

‘The Harrying of the North was the most horrific action of William’s career. ”Nowhere else had William shown such cruelty,” said Orderic Vitalis in the 12th century. Some have accused William of being wrong to kill so many people, while others have said that this was normal for a king to kill a lot of people.’ (M. Morris, 2013)

‘After a few weeks, William had not only punished those who did not like William’s rule. He also made sure they could not send him back to Normandy.’ (J. Aitcheson, 2016).

1) Are these interpretations positive or negative views of William’s Harrying of the North?

2) Highlight two sentences which show they are positive/negative. Keeping control method 4: The

Look at the source and answer these questions:

1) What can you see in the source?

2) What do you think is happening in the cartoon?

3) Why do you think this might be happening?

What do you think William the Conqueror used this book for to help him keep control of England?

I think William might use a book to help him educate people/control people/write a diary of his time in England. What was the Domesday Book? William the Conqueror was keen to know all about the country that he had conquered and how much it was worth. In 1085, William sent officials all over England to visit every village and ask a series of detailed questions. They interviewed the priest, the steward (the man who organised the farm work in the village) and six elderly villagers in each village. The officials took a year to visit over 13,000 villages. Soldiers who travelled with them threatened to kill people if they didn’t tell the truth. A second group visited the villages later to check the people had been honest.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=om_BIzXaVwU Task: Can you watch the video and choose the correct answer to the question?

1) Why did William want every ‘free man, every slave, every farm’ etc. in the country to be counted? a) To raise money and an army b) To know who his people were

2) Who was sent all over England to collect this information? a) Farmers b) commissioners

3) Were the English happy about this new survey? a) They were upset as they remembered what happened in the North b) They were happy to be recognised by the king!

4) What language was the survey written in? a) French b) Latin

5) What does ‘Dom’ mean in ? Why did the English feel this way? a) Judgement. The English thought they were being examined, counted and judged. b) Judgement. The English thought they were being looked after by the King. Write two PEE paragraphs explaining how effective William the Conqueror’s methods were of keeping control in England. One method that William the Conqueror used to keep control of England was…

For example, he solved his problem of… by… (Describe in detail using the information from the work you have just completed about solving William’s problems and how he kept control of England).

I think this method of control was effective because…

Another method that William the Conqueror used to keep control of England was…

An example of this method was… as it solved his problem of….. (describe in detail how this method allowed William to keep control of England).

I think this method was more/less effective than…. because…

Overall, I think William’s methods of control were wholly/partially/not very effective because… I have identified one method of how effective William the Conqueror was at keeping control of England.

I have described one how effective William the Conqueror was at keeping control of England and why this was effective.

I have explained why this method was effective for William to keep control of England. I have described two reasons how William’s methods of control were effective. I have reached a judgement as to how effective William’s methods were for him to keep control of England with a balanced argument. PIN mark your paragraph. Your teacher will look at this paragraph and PIN mark it too.

How did religion influence every day medieval life?

Religion played a very important role in people’s lives in the Middle Ages. It was with them every minute of every day. When the Normans took over England, they made sure that everyone followed the same religion as them to make sure they got into heaven and avoided hell.

Task: Can you think of two examples that would send you to heaven and hell? The first ones have been done for you. Heaven • Going to Church on Sundays and Holy days • • Hell • Stealing money • •

The Normans introduced different ways to show how people could get into heaven and avoid going to hell. These would be going on a pilgrimage, buying your way into heaven, visiting your local priest or becoming a monk or nun. Task: Can you copy and paste the following cards into their correct information boxes? The first few have been done for you.

Visiting a priest Going on a pilgrimage

• Priests were meant to help • The further and harder you people live good lives travelled on a religious journey, the sorrier you showed yourself to be.

Buying your way into heaven Becoming a monk or nun

• Rich people paid for colleges to • They took vows not to marry, be set up where people did have no belongings and live nothing but pray for their soul. simple lives.

• A nun or monk’s daily life was • People bought their way into lived by strict rules. They heaven. This was meant to were expected to pray for free people from their sins long hours each day. and go straight to heaven when they died.

• People believed by going to a • People would confess their holy place or touching a holy sins to a priest at a Mass object, this could help you get every Sunday, and he would to heaven. forgive them.

• Priests encouraged people do good things e.g. helping the sick and homeless. What happens when you challenge a King’s religious authority? Over the next 100 years, the Church became very powerful in England collecting taxes from the Anglo-Saxons and Normans. After William the Conqueror’s reign ended, many of the kings who succeeded him thought themselves just as powerful as the Church. King Henry II of England (1154-1189) decided to challenge the Church’s power as he wanted more power for himself. This then led to a dispute involving the King, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and four knights…

Task: Watch the video below. After that, can you find the correct order of the story and write your answer in the answer box?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JczRpnjNKwc

C) Becket came back to England A) Terrified after upsetting Henry B) Henry and Becket became best and excommunicated some by not giving him more power, friends. Henry made Becket bishops. Henry then shouted, ‘will Becket fled to France. Archbishop of Canterbury. no one rid me of this troublesome priest?’

D) Henry wanted more power E) Four knights heard Henry F) Henry was upset that Becket than the Church and asked thought he wanted Becket dead. had been killed. He felt awful that Becket to help him. Becket was The knights went to Canterbury this had happened to his friend. not so sure. and killed him. I think the correct order is: Who do you think was responsible for Thomas Becket’s death in 1170? Read the evidence below. Sort the cards out by deciding which cards suggest that Henry II, Thomas Becket or the Knights were to blame for Becket’s death in 1070.

This evidence will be used in your final extended writing task.

Thomas Henry II The Knights Becket

He wanted to control the Church Shouted “Will no one rid because it had more power than me of this troublesome he did in Medieval England priest?!” Appointed three bishops Overheard the King shouting and whilst Becket was in France rode off to Canterbury as a result. They thought that the King had given fearing for his life them direct orders Abandoned his rich lifestyle and Refused to get rid of the became very religious. He dedicated his life to the Catholic Church and to church courts as requested the Pope

Broke into Canterbury Cathedral, Was disloyal to his friend. For example, he found Thomas Becket and sliced off refused to get rid of the Church courts the top of his head with their swords which had not been punishing members of the Church correctly

Promised to return to England and behave as Fled to France because he requested but as soon as he returned he excommunicated three bishops. Excommunication upset the King and feared means cutting a person off from the Church and was for his life. seen as horrific in medieval times Made Thomas Becket Archbishop of Perhaps killed Thomas Canterbury. Becket had previously been his Chancellor and had helped his run the Becket to win favour with government. He thought he could be trusted. the King. Write two PEE paragraphs explaining who you think was responsible for Thomas Becket’s death in 1170.

I think ….. was responsible for Thomas Becket’s death in 1170.

The evidence I have that suggest this is….. (use the evidence from the video and card sort to describe your evidence).

This explains why… was responsible for Becket’s death because his actions led to….

I also think that ….. was responsible for Becket’s death.

The evidence I have that suggest this is…..

This explains why… was responsible for Becket’s death because his actions led to….

Overall, I think the person that was mostly responsible for Becket’s death was… (this should be the person from your first paragraph). They were more responsible than…. because….