Harrying of the North by the End of This Lesson YOU Will: Date Was the Harrying of the North 1069-70 a Genocide?

BIG: What do you think of when you read this word?

GENOCIDE IDEAS

What does it Can you think of mean? any examples? BACK of book

CLUE It comes from 2 other words- firstly from the Latin gēns and second Latin -cidium, from [massacre, kill]. Learning Focus: What was the impact of the Harrying of the north By the end of this lesson YOU will: Date Was the Harrying of the North 1069-70 a genocide?

Key words:

genocide = the deliberate and organised killing of a very large group of people especially those of one nationality or religion Harrying = to completely destroy Genocides

Can you think of Can you think of any genocides in any genocides History? happening now? Al-Anfal Genocide

In Iraq against Kurdish people. The campaign was led by Saddam Hussein’s cousin, Ali Hassan al- Majid, whose use of mustard gas, sarin, and VX nerve gas among other substances earned him the nickname “Chemical Ali.” It is estimated that more than 180,000 Kurds were killed. Chemical Ali was captured by the American military and executed for war crimes, including his role in the Kurdish genocide. Rwandan genocide

People in Rwanda were split into 2 groups the Hutu and Tutsi. The Tutsi were generally wealthier. The Tutsi people ruled over the Hutus until the 1990s when a revolt began. Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsi. Hundreds of thousands were killed—the preferred method of execution being the machete, as ammunition was too expensive and difficult to come by. Rape, mutilation, and the deliberate spread of disease were also used as tools of terror. Native Americans

Were wiped out in the years from 1492 when Europeans discovered the ‘New World’ or America. They took the natural resources that the Natives had lived off and brought & some say deliberately infected them with European diseases like smallpox that wiped them out. The Holocaust

From 1933 when Hitler became chancellor of Germany the Jews were persecuted. This is called anti-Semitism. Rights were taken away gradually throughout the 1930s and at the end of the decade the Jews were herded into ghettos, and eventually shuttled in train cars to concentration and death camps, where they were murdered and tortured in the most inconceivable fashion. By 1945, when the camps were liberated, at least six million Jews had been killed. Reasons for the Harrying of the North

a) William acting out of anger b) William acting strategically ( it was part of his strategy to keep power & prevent rebellion) Reasons: • Earl of Northumbria Robert Cumin was killed and thousands more Normans were killed in York, William swore revenge. • William was frustrated with the constant rebellions. • William was angry at the English leaders for not accepting him as king and for not being grateful that he had allowed them to keep their land and titles. • The northern rebels would not have an open battle with William. They scattered every time he advanced (moved forward towards them). Then would they launch surprise attacks on the Normans as soon as William went away to deal with rebellions elsewhere. William wanted to make it impossible for any rebels to remain in the area therefore he had to ‘harry’ the land. • The North of England was very different to the south. They hated Norman rule. Many wanted a Danish King. William realised he would have to put in place a harsh strategy to get them under control. They would not come onto his side unless he forced them to. • The rebellions in the North were triggering rebellions in other parts of the country. William had to crush it there and then using violent methods otherwise he would lose power. • He needed to punish the rebels so that others would not dare follow in their foot steps. • He needed to completely destroy the north otherwise the Danes would come back and get support from those in the north and start another rebellion. CHALLENGE: Order the reasons from 1-9 showing which you think was the most – least important reason for William. Write an explanation of your order Reasons for the Harrying of the North

a) William acting out of anger b) William acting strategically ( it was part of his strategy to keep power & prevent rebellion)

• Reasons:

• Earl of Northumbria Robert Cumin was killed and thousands more Normans were killed in York, William swore revenge.

• William was frustrated with the constant rebellions.

• William was angry at the English leaders for not accepting him as king and for not being grateful that he had allowed them to keep their land and titles.

• The northern rebels would not have an open battle with William. They scattered every time he advanced (moved forward towards them). Then would they launch surprise attacks on the Normans as soon as William went away to deal with rebellions elsewhere. William wanted to make it impossible for any rebels to remain in the area therefore he had to ‘harry’ the land. • The North of England was very different to the south. They hated Norman rule. Many wanted a Danish King. William realised he would have to put in place a harsh strategy to get them under control. They would not come onto his side unless he forced them to. • The rebellions in the North were triggering rebellions in other parts of the country. William had to crush it there and then using violent methods otherwise he would lose power. • He needed to punish the rebels so that others would not dare follow in their foot steps. • He needed to completely destroy the north otherwise the Danes would come back and get support from those in the north and start another rebellion.

CHALLENGE: Order the reasons from 1-8 showing which you think was the most – least important reason for William. Write an explanation of your order Impact of the Harrying of the north 1069-70

Immediate impact = happened in the days/months/next year following the harrying

Long term impact = happened 10/20 years later – into the rest of William reign

TASK: Go through the impacts and code them using the letters below: I = immediate impact LT = long term impact Impact of the Harrying of the North (immediate & long term)

Impact I or LT? As many of 100,000 people died. The impacts were similar to a natural disaster. Immediate Human corpses were decaying in the street, swarming with worms. There was no one to bury the bodies, they were either impact = dead themselves or had fled. happened in There were no further uprisings from Anglo-Saxon (English) people in the north for the rest of William’s reign. the The Domesday Book was a record of landholding in England based on local surveys, it was done in 1085. it showed that in days/months/ Yorkshire the centre of the Harrying of the North that the region had not recovered from the destruction nearly 20 years later. There were also between 80,000 and 150,000 less people. next year Without any crops to eat or animals to slaughter and eat people starved. following the harrying When the Domesday survey was done from 1085 over 20 years later it was found that villages had still not recovered from the Harrying of the North. For example in Garforth, Leeds the value of the area in 1066 was 60 shillings, it was worth only 30 around 1086. Headingley was worth 40 shillings in 1066 and only 4 shillings in 1086. Long term It led to fear amongst the Anglo-Saxons. impact = The Danes did not come back to Yorkshire/Northumbria to gain support for another rebellion in the years after, this was happened because there was nothing there to support them. 10/20 years Due to the burning and destruction of food sources there was a famine. People were driven to eat the flesh of horses, later – into dogs, cats and even human beings. There were reports of cannibalism and people selling themselves into slavery for food. the rest of Going forward from this William made the decision to replace the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy with Normans. William reign Houses were burnt down which meant no protection from the cold winter, people froze to death.

The pope criticised the Harrying of the North, so for the rest of his reign (until his death) William devoted much time and money to the church in order to make amends for what he’d done. William destroyed seeds for the next years crops, so there was no hope of starting again.

Refugees fled Yorkshire and went as far as the Midlands. genocide = the deliberate and Was the Harrying of the North a organised killing of a very large group of people especially those genocide? of one nationality or religion

• Read through the evidence on the sheet • Any evidence you think supports the idea of the Harrying of the North being a genocide highlight in one colour. • Any evidence you think counters the idea of the Harrying of the North being a genocide highlight in a different colour.

• Go back through the causes and impacts – can you find further evidence to show the Harrying of the North was/wasn’t a genocide?

I believe that the Harrying of the North was/was not a genocide. A genocide is when… (use definition) Evidence to support my argument includes… (pick best 2 pieces of evidence) This shows that… (explain) My argument is stronger because…. genocide = the deliberate and organised killing of a very large group of people especially those of one nationality or religion Genocide or not?

THINK

KEY REASON True or False?

1. A genocide is the killing of a national/ethnic group on a large scale

2. One of the causes of the Harrying of the North was the Norman rebellions against William

3. Another cause of the harrying was to destroy the North to prevent a Swedish invasion

4. Famine and death of at least 100,000 people was a long term impact of the harrying

5. A long term impact of the harrying was that towns/villages did not recover for at least 20 years