The Professional Geologist Mar/Apr 2011

Volume 48, Number 2 THE PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST MAR/APR 2011

A Publication of the American Institute of Professional Geologists

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TTPGP G Volume 48, Number 2 THE PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST MAR/APR 2011 Inside This Issue

FEATURES Rethinking the Water Resources Paradigm Barney Popkin, CPG-06547 3 AIPG 2011 Conferences 5 Peer Reviewed Article Glaciotectonic and Associated Features in the Detroit, 47 Michigan Metropolitan Area Frederick Simms, CPG-10292 6 Thank You for 25 Years 12 48 AIPG White Paper: Importance and Future Roles of State Geological Surveys AIPG Committee Members 14 AASG Thank You 16 NAGT-Who Are We? Janis D. Treworgy, NAGT President 18 Organizing Underway for Arizona Science & Technology Festival Lee Allison, MEM-0328 22 AIPG Georgia Section Conference 24 Comments David G. Rensink, AAPG President 33 AIPG Kentucky Section Conference 36 The Importance of Garnet Geochemistry in Diamond Exploration Carl F. Brink, AS-0057 43 52

ON THE COVER-The beautiful lavender color of the pyrope garnet inclusion within this small gem quality octahedral diamond crystal is an exquisite example of the diagnostic G10 calcium depleted garnet/diamond paragenesis. Garnets belong to the isometric crystal system but in nature occur only as dodecahedral and trapezohedral crystals; in this example the host diamond has clearly imposed an octahedral structure on the included garnet. The octahedron is further modified by cubic faces developed on the octahedral apices. Stress fractures can be seen emanating from the garnet crystal into the host diamond. Also visible are two tiny colorless inclusions, probably olivine. Field of View is approximately 1.8 mm. Photo by Carl Brink, AS-0057. PRESIDENT - Samuel Gowan, CPG DEPARTMENTS Alpha Geoscience, Inc. O: (518) 348-6995 17 Editor’s Corner [email protected] PRESIDENT-ELECT - Barbara H. Murphy, CPG 20 Letters to the Editor Clear Creek Associates O: (480) 659-7131 20 Members in the News [email protected] PAST-PRESIDENT - Michael D. Lawless, CPG Draper Aden Associates 21 In Memory O: (540) 552-0444 [email protected] 25 Test Your Knowledge VICE PRESIDENT - J. Foster Sawyer, CPG SD School of Mines and Technology 26 President’s Message O: (605) 394-2462 [email protected] 27 Student Chapters SECRETARY - Adam W. Heft, CPG Parsons Brinckerhoff O: (517) 886-7400 28 Test Your Knowledge Answers [email protected] TREASURER - Robert W. Gaddis, CPG 29 Executive Director’s Column Newfield Exploration Mid-Continent, Inc. O: (918) 732-1651 [email protected] 30 Professional Ethics and Practices EDITOR - Robert A. Stewart, CPG Arcadis US, Inc. 34 Hydrothink O: (860) 533-9901 [email protected] 35 Student’s Voice ADVISORY BOARD REPRESENTATIVES James F. Howard, CPG C: (270) 925-6636 37 Student Chapter News [email protected] Helen V. Madeksho-Hickman, CPG 38 Professional Services Directory HSA Engineers and Scientists O: (561) 688-9008 40 AIPG Student Application [email protected] John M. Stewart, CPG 41 New Applicants and Members Kleinfelder Southeast O: (336) 668-0093 [email protected] 48 Section News Ronald J. Wallace CPG State of Georgia 53 AIPG Store O: (404) 362-2589 [email protected]

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Barney P. Popkin, CPG-06547

Water itself is a marvelous compound. It can take several forms as a liquid, solid, or gas. It can be placid as to inspire a poet or artist – yet it can burn and explode, and it can be deadly. Its chemistry can tell its history, its age and where it has been. It can give life or take it. Without it, there is no way to have life on Earth as we know it. Yet, increasingly, public and media attention has been directed to an emerging water crisis. Creative responses to ever-increasing pressures on water resources are urgently needed. Discussions of water use, not unlike those of hydrocarbon use, have often taken the growing “need” as a given datum and then focused primarily, if not exclusively, on finding increasingly costly supplies to meet that given “need.” However, as nations are finally beginning to discover in the energy field, a barrel of petroleum saved is as good as, and perhaps much cheaper than, a barrel of oil extracted from the earth. The same is true of water, and hence effective water resource management should focus at least as much on the demand side as on the supply side. Agriculturalists have applied this principle for decades at the micro-level (e.g., drip irrigation), but such thinking is as yet less commonly or systematically applied at the country or ecosystem levels. Water can be used in so many ways: to drink, to cool, to heat, to move a turbine, to swim, sail upon, and drown or pan for gold: water in itself is clear gold. To dissolve, to dilute, to clean, to freshen, to wash, to cook. To dispose and take away. In short, water can be both a consumer product and an input into most productive processes. But, its value is not the same in all uses. To take an intuitive example, arguably, water used Aeration of treated mineral waters at Jordan’s Wadi Ma’in, to supply a hospital is being devoted to a higher value use than Zara and Mujib Water Treatment and Conveyance System, if it were washing a car or cleaning a driveway. But intuition which brings 100,000 cubic meters (26.4 million gallons) need not be the guide. Water “productivity” in a given use of fresh water daily to 700,000 people in Greater Amman can be estimated and varies widely from sector to sector and (USAID photograph). industry to industry. This is true for any scarce resource. However, an effective economic system and good business practices tend to guide labor, land and capital into their most advantage; it can be reused. Unlike a liter of gasoline which productive/valuable uses. For technical as well as political is gone once it is burned, a liter of water (or at least part of it) and social reasons, this has not necessarily been the case can be recaptured and reused over and over again, producing with water, which is not always viewed in the same way as value at each successive use, before the remainder is returned those other scarce inputs. Effective water resource manage- to the hydrologic cycle. ment therefore implies that all reasonable attempts should A hypothetical scenario illustrates the point. Assume the be made to ensure that each unit of water is put to its most following ratios for the return of water to the hydrologic cycle valuable or productive use and that, as a minimum, it is after use by: agriculture (zero to 5 percent); industry (40 not wasted by utilization in activities that generate little or percent); and household use (ninety to one hundred percent). no benefit. In many ways the consideration of water usage This implies that the sequence of access of these categories of is similar to that of energy use: conservation, technological users can have significant implications for the overall de facto efficiency, distribution grids vs. local production, etc. Unlike access to water. For example, if a hypothetical community energy, however, water resource management presents one big had 1 million cubic meters of water supply annually and the www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 3 RETHINKING THE WATER RESOURCES PARADIGM

first use was for agriculture, only five percent or so would be It can be converted to its component elements and dissolved available for industrial and household use thereby causing the constituents for new uses. community to search for a larger supply. However, if it were Reuse and recycling may also have political benefits by possible to re-sequence the usage by giving households first reducing the number of either/or choices in access to water by access, perhaps 900 thousand cubic meters could be reused different users by more often presenting partially “both” (but by industry, which in turn could return (say) 360 thousand in sequence) as an answer to the politically-charged question to be used in agriculture. Such multiple re-use would in of who gets “the” water rights. principle give the community a “virtual supply” of (1 million The table below illustrates how a given supply of water + 900 thousand + 360 thousand =) 2.26 million cubic meters might be conserved, reused, and recycled to meet several of of water access rather than one million. Of course, the issue its major uses. is not simply one of arithmetic and the real world problem of If you were thinking about developing and managing the allocation is a critical and contentious one that would have to water resources of a city, state, nation, or region several years be carefully worked out - - - a 64 percent reduction in water ago, you probably would be thinking exclusively of its natural available for agriculture would probably not be palatable - - - fresh water rivers, springs, and aquifers. You would likely not but perhaps discussion of the allocation of a potentially larger have thought about its wastewater, mineral springs, irriga- virtual supply would be easier than the allocation of the smaller tion return flows, or seawater. Today, you would be remiss to 1 million cubic meters. Alternatively, in an abbreviated sce- ignore these often abundantly available and sustainable water nario, the water could be reused only once, with households resources, made usable if not potable by treatments now read- gaining first access to the 1 million and returning between ily available. Here are some current examples: 900 thousand and a million cubic meters for agricultural use, thereby lessening the adjustment burden on the latter sector. • Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant, Buckeye, Arizona – And, of course, any scenario raises technical feasibility issues uses treated municipal wastewater from metropolitan and questions of the relative costs of sequencing and reuse Phoenix as its cooling water supply, which otherwise compared to generating new supply. But, the point is that would not be available effective water management strategizing would benefit from • Jordanian potash mines, Dead Sea – uses treated such discussions and analyses of alternatives. municipal wastewater for the City of Aqaba for mining, In the hierarchy of resource management, water can be replacing its earlier fresh-water demand productive for jobs and wealth production, and it can be read- • Tucson Parks, including Reed Park and Zoo and its Golf ily sequenced from one use to another. It can be used, trans- Course, Arizona – uses treated municipal wastewater for formed, stored and recovered. It can be conserved, recharged, landscaping, replacing its earlier fresh-water demand utilized, reduced, used and reused, and recycled for new uses.

Water Status Agricultural Use Industrial Use Municipal Use Reduce demand Select drought-tolerant crops Efficient boilers Slow the flow with flow restric- tors; beat the peak by water-use scheduling Efficient and water-wise irri- Slow the flow with flow restric- Find and fix distribution leaks gation on monitored demand tors; beat the peak by water-use Control by permit (trickle or drip, subsurface) scheduling Control by price Scientific farming Find and fix distribution leaks Control by penalty or fine Greenhouse and plastic tube Control by permit Control by rationing farming Control by price Control by permit Control by penalty or fine Control by price Control by rationing Control by penalty or fine Control by rationing Reuse Use irrigation return flows or Use cooling-tower blow-down Capture and use rooftop, street tail waters, agricultural process water and industrial process runoff and grey water for flush- wastewater and fish-farming wastewater for industrial cooling ing, landscaping, irrigation wastewater for irrigation, food and processes processing, fish farming, landscaping Recycle Use irrigation return flows or Use cooling-tower blow-down Use treated wastewater for min- tail waters, agricultural process water and treated industrial pro- ing, industrial cooling and pro- wastewater and fish farming cess wastewater for mining, irriga- cesses, irrigation, landscaping, wastewater for mining, indus- tion, food processing, landscaping, construction, fish farming trial cooling and processes, con- construction, fish farming struction

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• Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates • Irrigation return flows are often used to supplement – uses desalinated coastal seawater to meet its fresh- crop irrigation demands from California through the water demand US mid-West, especially Nebraska • Jordan’s Wadi Ma’in, Zara and Mujib Water Treatment and Conveyance System desalts natural mineral springs Mr. Popkin is an international consultant with over 40 years and wadi water and delivers it to meet part of Amman’s of experience in the US and abroad in water, wastewater, solid fresh-water demand and hazardous waste, and environmental management. He is a former USGS Hydrologist and USAID Foreign Service Officer • Irrigation return flows or tailwater recovery systems specializing in environmental management in Asia and the from wetland rice paddies are commonly used to supple- Middle East. He recently conducted water sector assessments ment industrial and other water demands in Taiwan in Kosovo, Lebanon, and Jordan. This paper was prepared with the gracious assistance of Roy J. Grohs, an economic consultant and former USAID Foreign Service Officer.

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 5 Glaciotectonic and Associated Features in the Detroit, Michigan Metropolitan Area

Frederick Simms, CPG-10292

Abstract The three sites are shown on Figure 1 and are located as follows: near Franklin along Franklin Creek on the Fort In the Detroit Metro Area, a range of glaciotectonic and asso- Wayne-Defiance Moraine; at the Clarkston Post office in ciated glacial geology features were observed in excavations. an area of outwash and moraine of the interlobate area in Near Franklin two thin clay-boulder diamictons are overlaid between the Saginaw, Lake Huron, and Lake Erie glacial by laminated sands with a thin basal conglomerate. Deformed moraine lobes; southwest of Mt. Clemens on the Mt. Clemens sand clasts occur in a complex layer between the moraines. moraine. Also, a comparison of the features and significance In the lower fissile till, a sand filled wedge and gravel-filled of the Mt. Clemens exposure is made with similar features at crack occur. The features of this sequence suggest an upper Bradtville, Ontario. plastic and lower brittle zone due to glacial deformation. The features are not strongly developed possibly related to their location near terminal moraines and a maximum advance of the ice sheet. At the Clarkston Post Office a gravelly soil horizon, water-laid gravels and sands overlie a clay-boulder diamicton. A glaciotectonic structure is 90 feet long, shows distinct compressive and extension zones and thrust surfaces that vary from horizontal to nearly 30 degrees from the horizontal. This feature is similar to others that have been described as due to ice push and associated hydrostatic pressure. Southwest of Mt. Clemens is a several hundred foot-long deformed section that consists of a succession that includes a clay-rich diamicton overlain by sands and an ice laid gravel layer with oriented striations which is succeeded by laminated sands. The Figure 1. Simplified Glacial Map of Southeast Michigan and orientation of the striations on the gravel parallel the length Southwest Ontario showing the locations of the subject sites of the mapped moraine, and the associated erosion surface with respect to the moraines and other features (from the truncates the deformed section horizontally. The section is Glacial Map of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, Geological Society of America, 1959.) interpreted to represent an ice surge followed by stagnation. The features observed at these three sites appear to conform to the surrounding known glacial geology. Key Words The Franklin Site The Franklin site is at the base of the gap created by Glaciotectonic, Diamicton, Clast, Wedge, Hydrostatic, Pore Franklin Creek in the terminus of the Fort Wayne-Defiance Pressure, Pavement, Striations, Truncated, Deformation, Moraine. An east-west geological cross-section 20 feet below Antiforms, Surge, Stagnation the surface overlooking the gap shows the observed features The author performed a field study of three excavations (Figure 2). Two thin boulder–clay diamictons occur separated in the Detroit suburbs over a period of years. A variety of by two sandy units. The lower diamicton is transected by two glaciotectonic structures and associated glacial features were sand and gravel-filled fractures filled from above. observed. These exposures were generally short-lived and the Although one of two of the filled fractures is wedge shaped extent of geologic study of the observed features was limited. it is probably not due to ice wedging. This is indicated by the This is a report of the features at the three sites with interpre- following features (Figure 3): There are no laminations in the tations of the significance related to the conditions during the sand wedge from annual freeze, thaw and filling. Compressive last glacial episodes in this part of the Great Lakes Region. features near the walls of the fractures due to ice development The features described here are not unexpected as they do not occur. The shape of the margin of the diamicton with occur on the west side of Michigan and in surrounding the fracture has the appearance of being stretched in ten- northern states and Canada. Some of these are shown on sion. It is not likely to be a sand wedge formed in dry glacial the Glaciotectonic map of North America (Aber, et al., 1995). conditions as the nearby one is filled with gravel. Sand may Certain types of features and characteristics are controversial have been washed into the cavity under or near the glacial i.e. strong pebble fabrics are not definitive of any single type front and the fracture was formed by loading and /or shear of till deposition (Johnson and Hansel, 1999).

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Figure 3. The sand wedge that transects the lower boulder-clay diamicton at the Franklin excavation.

Figure 2. East- West geological cross-section of glacial-related deposits in an excavation at the base of the gap created by Franklin Creek, Franklin, Michigan.

Figure 4. The eastern part of the Franklin excavation Figure 5. The asymmetrical, deformed medium grained sand that shows the fracture full of gravel and with irregular clast with a partially oxidized surface in fine grained sand in the and generally parallel walls. The lower diamicton is fis- Franklin excavation. To the upper left is a probable sand clast sile in the upper part in this part of the section. washout.

by glacial advance. Additionally, the other observed fracture It is apparent (Figure 4) that the upper till thins and ter- which is mostly gravel-filled has parallel walls (Figure 4). Till minates to the east at least in part due to erosion where it wedges (some irregular in shape) have been identified in brittle is replaced upwards by a thin basal conglomerate and thin zones associated with deformation tills in Ontario (Hicock bedded sands. and Dremanis, 1992) which support the interpretation that In the eastern part of the exposure the lower diamicton this feature is due to glacial and associated water pressure has fissile upper part possibly due to shearing. There is no derived stresses. evidence for increased porosity in this zone that sometimes Sand clasts and sand clast washouts occur in the intervening occur with deformable beds or deformation tills (Boulton 1979, fine to medium sand unit. Similar features have been described Boulton and Hindmarsh, 1987). Another possibility is that it is in glacial deposits not too far to the east on the north shore a subglacial lodgement diamicton and it would be paired with of Lake Erie in Ontario (Hicock, 1992). See also the cover of the upper diamicton which may be superglacial diamicton. It GSA Today and the article (Runkel et al., 2010) that describes would appear from this sequence that some lateral stress was frozen sand clasts in modern and ancient environments. The allocated to the intervening, sandy glacial tectonite. asymmetric, porous sand clast is partially rounded with an The features observed here are like those which have been upper part that appears displaced eastward (Figure 5). To used to assert two different views concerning the prevalence or the upper left is another possible clast that has been washed non-occurrence of deformable beds. As pointed out by Johnson out by erosion. It is similar in shape and size to the nearby and Hansel (1999) the lack of, or weak deformation in subtill deformed clast. These features suggest that this layer is a sediments had been used as evidence for and against the glacial tectonite that has been deformed by the glacial move- deforming bed model. ment as reflected by the occurrence of diamictons, likely of Sand lenses associated with diamictons plus deformed and subglacial orgin, just below and above. transported blocks of cohesionless sand have been seen elsewhere in the upper Midwest and suggested to Clayton, et al.,

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(1989) that a pervasive deformed clay-rich bed did not occur petency, as indicated by the similar nature of the folds. These beneath the rapidly moving southern Laurentide Ice Sheet at are abruptly succeeded to the east by several folds that are least in large areas west of the Great Lakes. several feet in amplitude. This part of the structure shows The fissile upper part of the lower diamiction probably some gravel alignment and shear fractures. It is very dense and represents some brittle shear. Perhaps the sand unit with without any roots suggesting that it has been stain hardened. sand clasts and the fissile upper part of the lower till, along Above is the sharp horizontal fault surface that is wavy where with the undeformed sediment-filled fractures represent the the tops of the underlying folds have been removed (Figure 7) ductile A layer and brittle B layer found by Boulton, and At Myrdalsjokull, Iceland and elsewhere there are glacially Hindmarsh, (1987), and others under some glaciers. Further, deformed deposits that include variably horizontal thrust- the amount of deformation has not been extensive enough to planes that truncate the tops of folds (Kruger, 1994). destroy the clasts as the location is near the terminus of the Above the fault the organic rich debris zone has gravel that glacier that might have been thin and a deforming bed was is randomly oriented except possibly at the interface. Large not extensively developed. cobbles and boulders occur in this zone. The Clarkston, Michigan Site At the Clarkston post office there was an excavation with a 150 foot east-west wall and a 30 foot north-south wall. From east to west a sequence of compressive to extensive features was exposed (Figure 6) that is described below. At the west end the excavation displays a gray diamicton at the base followed upward by horizontal sand and gravel zones. The upper organic gravel is difficult to interpret because some of it may be disturbed or removed.

To the east are thin-bedded folds, a few inches in ampli- Figure 7. Truncated folds at the west end of the tude, composed of sands and gravels evidently of similar com- deformed structure at the Clarkston Post Office.

Figure 6. East-West geological cross-section of the deformed glacial-related deposits at the Post Office in Clarkston, Michigan.

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Figure 8. North-South geological cross-section of the deformed glacial-related deposits southwest of Mt. Clemens, Michigan.

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Further east a few feet is the start of the fault which dips extruded into the sands above. In addition to the large anti- at a 20 – 30 degree angle to the east. Cobbles occur that are forms, two other sizes of folds occur: small chevron folds that oriented parallel to the fault plane. To the east the dislocated often are attributed to be common between lithologic units with zone has several displacement surfaces. Other workers have significantly different physical properties such as the clays and been able to locate the displacement zone in sands and gravels sands that are involved here and asymmetrical folds that are at similar sites by locating repeated sections of similar lithol- one to three feet in amplitude. There is an oxidized surface ogy as indicated by grain size variations. layer that has been partially stripped off the upper surface Further east at the section base the diamiction is exposed of the diamicton. There is also some stretching suggested by at base of the excavation as an antiform with a convulution small normal faults between antiforms. in the thin bedded sands above and an associated oxidized The significant feature is the boulder pavement that trun- horizon that emphasizes the structure. The convolution may cates the large antiforms and occurs at the base of the upper be related to hydrostatic pressure. The asymmetry of the gravelly-sand layer. A Phi Diagram shows the orientations convolution may indicate a stress gradient from the east or of fold axes, beds, diamicton-sand contacts, and azimuths of the proximal end of the structure. striations on the upper surface of boulders and gravels of the Further east toward the proximal end is an extensional pavement (Figure 9). The average striation orientation sug- zone with an upper gravel zone down-dropped along a nor- gests that movement of the ice that truncated the diamicton mal fault. The basal boulder diamicton is exposed at a higher moved in direction parallel to the long direction of the mapped elevation at the bottom of the excavation than further west. Mt. Clemens Moraine. In this part of excavation small stretched boudins occur with Figure 9. A Phi small normal faults in sands that are typical of this part of Diagram (lower such structures. hemisphere) of the fold axes (dots) and Other deformed structures like this that include distal folds bedding plane and out in front, low angle faults that become steeper toward the contact orientations proximal end and a lower till that has been extruded into (circles, straight, overlying layers have been described elsewhere such as at the dash-straight lines) margins of the Turtman glacier in Switzerland. Those struc- on the deformed diamicton and sand. tures have been attributed to glacier advance and associated The azimuth of the hydrostatic pressure (Eybergen, 1986). striations on the This glaciotectonic structure is on the shallow western slope upper surfaces of of a north trending, crescent-shaped ridge. Martin, (1955), pebbles and boul- shows an elliptical moraine surrounded by outwash suggest- ders of the boulder pavement at the ing an ice advance in the area that may be the cause of the base of the upper described structure. About a half of mile to the east, two gravel water-laid till are filled cracks occur in gravel that are similar to the ones that indicated by short occur at the Franklin site. lines. This site is in a former glacial interlobate area where the ice advance moved in several directions. This might be an A question arises why the last movement of the ice would optimum situation for enhanced ice push and associated high occur parallel to the moraine rather than some large angle pore water pressure to develop such a glaciotectonic struc- to the moraine length. Albino and Dremanis (1988) found ture. Similarly, the Waterloo Moraine in Ontario, Canada a similar situation at Bradtville, Ontario on a moraine of is a complex interlobate or kame moraine with deformation approximately the same age (Figure 1) that indicated that structures that are attributed to high pore water pressure there was change in stress gradient and ice flow from large (Arnaud, 2005). angles to the ice margin to parallel to the margin. Hicock (1992) concluded that other features similar to those found in at the The Mt. Clemens Site Mount Clemens represented fast ice flow. Deformed beds are The third described disturbed glacial feature is located often associated with surges as for example those associated southwest of Mt. Clemens on the N33°E. trending Mt. Clemens the Taku Glacier in Alaska. In the summer of 2001 the Taku Moraine that has been mapped as a water laid moraine in glacier started to readvance at a rate of 30 cm. per day and some areas along its length (Martin, 1955). A gap occurs push moraines formed 1- 10 meters high along a nine kilometer in the Clinton River valley just to north that expresses the wide terminus (Motyka, 2003). moraine though the topography is relatively level where the We can also speculate about the thinly-layered gravelly exposure lies. sand above the boulder pavement. This has been mapped as The exposure was in a north trending drainage ditch that water-laid till over an extensive distance by Helen Martin. displayed a 400 foot lateral section of a contorted, boulder- It could be a melt out till which are associated with stagnet clay diamicton that is overlain with bedded sands and grav- ice flows. Glacial surges are often followed by stagnated ice els. These features die out to the north but the full extent to in some glacial environment situations. Therefore, this may the south is unknown. Six large antiforms occur with thinly be an expected sequence - the striated pavement represents a laminated gravelly sands containing angular and deformed surge that deformed the underlying diamiction and the upper diamicton blocks that have broken off from the lower deformed gravelly sands representing stagnation of ice that usually layer. A typical section (Figure 8) has truncated antiforms follows. A similar sequence has been recognized on the Lake and at the horizon of truncation, striated boulders occur. The Michigan Lobe (Kehew, et al, 2003) and elsewhere. middle section displays the lower plastic clay-rich diamicton

10 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org PEER REVIEWED ARTICLE

Summary Iceland, C.A. ReitzelsForlag, Rosendahls Bogtrykkeri, Esbjerg 233p. These three excavations display an array of structural and associated features that appear to be related to the stresses Motyka, R.J., and Echelmeyer, K.A., 2003 (January), Taku that developed as glaciers covered this part of Michigan. The Glacier (Alaska, U.S.A) on the move again: active defor- Franklin site is near the terminus of linear moraines where mation of proglacial sediments, Journal of Glacialogy, the weak development of any deformable bed could occur. Volume 49, No. 164 pp. 50-58(9), publisher International The Clarkston site is in a glacial interlobate area where high Glacialogical Society. hydrostatic pore pressure might develop and the resulting Martin, H., 1955, Map of the surface formations of the structure. The Mt. Clemens site is on a linear moraine that Southern Peninsula of Michigan, Geological Survey had been mapped as partially water-laid suggesting two styles Division, Michigan Department of Conservation, of glacial action – the second in response to the first. Manuscript maps and field notes. Runkel, A.C., Mackey T.J., Cowen, C. A., Fox D.L., 2010 References (November), Tropical shoreline ice in the late Cambrian: Albino, K., and Dremanis, A., 1988, A time-trangressive Implications for Earth’s climate between the Cambrian kinetostatigraphic sequence spanning 180 degrees in a Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification single section at Bradtville, Ontario, In Glaciotectonics, Event. GSA Today, vol. 20, no 11, pp. 4-10. forms and processes, Edited by D.G. Croot, A. A. Balkema, Also see http://www.geospectra.net/glatec_biblio/index.htm Rotterdam, pp. 11-28. for a data base on glaciotectonic structures in North Aber, J.S. Bluemle, J.P., Brigham-Grette, J., Dredge, L.A., America. Sauchyn, D. J. and Ackerman, D.L., 1995 , Glaciotectonic Reviewed by AIPG Associate Editors: Ed Baltzer, Map of North America: Geological Society of America and CPG-08861, Solomon Isiorho, CPG-07788, and U Kar Winn, Chart Series MCM 079, p. 1 – 6. CPG-11219. Arnaud, E.V., 2005 (October), Deformation in Quaternary Glacial Deposits of the Waterloo Region, Canada, Paper # Frederick E. (Gene) Simms, Ph.D., has considerable experi- 190-12, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, ence in assessing and using raw materials in products associated with the automotive and related industries and evaluating Glacial Map of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, soil, ground water and associated real estate in Michigan. Geological Society of America, 1959. He is a certified underground storage tank professional and Boulton, G.S. 1979, Processes of glacier erosion on different project manager with Service Environmental Engineering substrata, Journal of Glaciology, 23, pp 15-38. in Sterling Heights, Michigan and teaches Geology and Boulton, G.S. and Hindmarsh, R.C.A., 1987, Sediment defor- Geography part-time at Wayne County Community College, mation beneath glaciers: rheology and sedimentological Detroit, Michigan. consequences, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, B9 pp. 9059-9082. Clayton L., Michelson, D.D., and Attig, J.W., (1989), Evidence against pervasively deformed bed material beneath rapidly moving lobs of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet, Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 62, pp. 203 - 208. HAVE YOU SIGNED UP A MEMBER Eybergen, F.A. 1986, Glacier snout dynamics and contem- porary push moraine formation at the Turtmanglacier, LATELY? Wallis, Switzerland, INQUA Symposium on the Genesis REQUIREMENTS FOR and Lithology of Glacial Deposits, pp. 217-231. PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP Hicok, S. R., 1992 (March), Lobed interactions and superposi- tion in subglacial till near Bradtville, Ontario, Canada, EDUCATION: Boreas Vol. 21, pp 73-88. 30 semester or 45 quarter hours in geological sciences* Hicok, S.R., and Dreimanis, A., 1992, Deformation till in the with a baccalaureate or higher degree Great Lakes region: implications for rapid flow along SIGN-UP FEE (prorated): the south-central margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Dec-Mar = $100; Apr-Jun = $75 Canadian J. Earth Sci. Vol. 29, pp. 1565-1579. Jul-Sep = $50 Oct-Nov = $25 Johnson, W.H., and Hansel, A. K. 1999, Wisconsin, Episode ANNUAL DUES: $100 plus Section dues glacial landscape on central Illinois: A product of subglacial deformation processes? In Glacial Processes Past and APPLICATION: Available on website Present, Ed. Mickelson, D.M., Attig J.W. GSA Special www.aipg.org Paper 337, pp 121 – 135. *As defined by the American Geological Kehew, A.E., Beukema, S.C., Bird, B.C. and Kozlowski, A.L., Institute, a geological science is any of the subdis- Late Wisconsin Readvance of the Lake Michigan Lobe: ciplinary specialties that are part of the science A Possible Surge Driven by High Pore Pressures, Paper of geology, e.g., geophysics, geochemistry, paleon- 42-13, XVI INQUA Congress, July 2003. tology, petrology, etc. Kruger, J, 1994, Glacial processes, sediments, landforms and stratigraphy in the terminus region of Myrdalsjokull,

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 11 MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

Thank You for 25 Years

The following members have Kathryn Epp CPG-06787 received their 25 year pin and certifi- Northfield OH Albert L. Lamarre CPG-06798 cate. Your dedication to AIPG through- Ralph W. Ezelle, Jr. CPG-06812 Dublin CA out the years is truly appreciated. It has Marrero LA Paul W. Lambert CPG-06974 ensured the growth and success of the Phillip L. Fitzwater CPG-06837 Valparaiso IN Institute. Please join AIPG headquar- Oakland CA ters in thanking these members for their James W. Langman, Jr.CPG-06879 George C. Flowers CPG-06937 continuous support. Centennial CO New Orleans LA Linda K. Aller CPG-06919 David A. Lawler CPG-06880 Thomas W. Fowler CPG-06827 Lewis Center OH Berkeley CA Morris Plains NJ David J. Allison CPG-06850 Randall L. Lentell CPG-06881 Curtis J. Freeman CPG-06901 Greenville PA Council Grove KS Fairbanks AK Harry S. Audell CPG-06771 Dan O. Madison, Jr. CPG-06910 Frank T. Gay CPG-06955 Dana Point CA Greenville SC Twinsburg OH David M. Avant, Jr. CPG-06896 Scott B. McDaniel CPG-06783 Roy E. Gephart CPG-06857 Sandersville GA Topeka KS Richland WA John D. Beam, Jr. CPG-06920 Thomas R. Michael CPG-06817 Drew A. Gould CPG-06985 Lexington KY Pittsburgh PA Yardley PA John W. Beck CPG-06897 James T. Mickam CPG-06824 Rhea L. Graham CPG-06858 Minnetonka MN Liverpool NY Sacramento CA John C. Brower CPG-06853 Joachim Mohn CPG-06768 Michael N. Greeley CPG-06922 Whitehall MT Munich Germany Fairfax VA Syver W. More CPG-06981 Jonathan M. Brown CPG-06898 Ralph D. Gruebel CPG-06841 Tucson AZ Reno NV Nacogdoches TX Sean C. Muller CPG-06942 Robert B. Cheek CPG-06975 Wayne A. Hamilton CPG-06833 Greenwood VillageCO Durham NC Houston TX James K. Muntzert CPG-06911 Michael T. ChristopherCPG-06806 Howard M. Harlan CPG-06821 Victor CO Springfield PA Littleton CO Dennis B. Murphy, Sr. CPG-06912 Michael G. Collentine CPG-06758 Frank C. Healy CPG-06842 Punta Gorda FL Madison WI Denver CO Ronald M. Naman CPG-06882 Rodney A. Combellick CPG-06936 Mark A. Herndon, CPG-06902 Somerset NJ Fairbanks AK Hixson TN Edward A. Nemecek CPG-06980 Radu R. Conelea CPG-06871 Randall T. Hicks CPG-06777 Phoenix AZ Reno NV Albuquerque NM Stephen D. Noel CPG-06883 Michael P. Convery CPG-06773 Gary L. Hix CPG-06903 Phoenix AZ St. Paul MN Tucson AZ Carl E. Norman CPG-06831 Michael A. De Cillis CPG-06986 Ellen F. B. Hodos CPG-06966 Houston TX Bay Shore NY Carson City NV Lonnie D. Norman CPG-06799 Dwight E. Deal, PhD CPG-06828 Matthew R. Hoovler CPG-06876 Downingtown PA Aurora CO Golden CO Erik E. Olsborg CPG-06822 Julett R. P. Denton CPG-06774 William K. Johnson, Jr.CPG-06789 Windsor CA Woodbridge VA Charleston SC Christopher S. Peters CPG-06913 John F. Drake CPG-06808 Donald E. Jones CPG-06782 Okemos MI Oklahoma City OK Annapolis MD Richard M. Powers CPG-06765 Ivy B. Dupree CPG-06854 John G. Kuhn CPG-06908 Lakeland FL Coushatta LA Oro Valley AZ William F. Rapier CPG-06759 Steven S. Edgerton CPG-06921 Plano TX Raleigh NC

12 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

Thank You for 25 Years

Douglas C. Ratcliff CPG-06933 Curtis C. Stanley CPG-06895 Thomas L. Uphoff CPG-06763 Austin TX Spring TX The Woodlands TX Albert M. Richnafsky CPG-06766 Jackie E. Stephens CPG-06832 Joseph B. Vance CPG-06918 Ripley NY Mead WA Mechanicsville VA James V. Roberts CPG-06885 Michael H. Stewart CPG-06848 Robert L. Vincent CPG-06866 Beckley WV Evergreen CO Wichita KS William D. Robison CPG-06914 David W. Stoner CPG-06992 Gregory L. Wallace CPG-06867 Fallon NV Syracuse NY Scottsdale AZ Robert A. Saar CPG-06815 Milton A. Surles CPG-06890 Erick F. Weiland CPG-06892 Irvington NY Houston TX Tucson AZ Dennis R. Sasseville CPG-06814 Lewis W. Teal CPG-06932 Walter D. Wells, Jr. CPG-06993 Bedford NH Plant FL Houston TX Anthony S. Scales CPG-06989 Charles M. Thomas CPG-06761 Christopher M. White CPG-06893 Big Stone Gap VA Snellville GA Boston MA Jeffrey T. Schick CPG-06926 Thomas A. Trebonik CPG-06769 Jane M. Willard, PG CPG-06979 Gahanna OH North Canton OH St Paul MN Paul V. Smith CPG-06847 Harley A. Tucker CPG-06865 Milton A. Wiltse CPG-06945 Salem NH Canoga Park CA Fairbanks AK Philip G. Smith CPG-06888 Tom A. Tveten CPG-06944 Thomas R. Wood CPG-06928 San Anselmo CA Naperville IL Tallmadge OH

Should I become a CPG? Have a you been thinking about upgrading your membership to CPG? If the answer is yes, What are your waiting for? To find out if you have the qualifications go to Article 2.3.1 of the AIPG Bylaws. The AIPG Bylaws can be found on the AIPG website or the directory. The CPG application can be found on the website under ‘Membership’. Just follow the instructions. The basic paperwork includes the application, application fee, transcripts, geological experience verification and sponsors. If you have any questions, you may contact Vickie Hill, Manager of Membership Services at aipg@ aipg.org or call headquarters at 303-412-6205. www.aipg.org

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 13 AIPG White Paper: Importance and Future Roles of State Geological Surveys

By A Committee of Members of the American Institute of Professional Geologists

State geological surveys are vitally the public and private sectors consider- to public health and safety including important to the economy of each state able support on all types of important mineral resource development, oil and and to the nation. The information they environmental and natural resource gas exploration, dam safety, utilities collect and disseminate is used by other issues. Continued support of our state siting and design, waste disposal facil- state agencies, by consultants, industry, geological surveys is critical since the ity siting and design, investigation and developers, and the public as critical services they provide are invaluable. remediation of contaminated sites, and input in local and regional economic The state geological surveys serve our water well drilling. State surveys also development plans, resulting in an eco- country in a significant role by providing serve as repositories for important geo- nomic advantage to the state. The infor- unbiased and sound scientific research, logic information and specimens such mation is essential for the responsible geologic data and maps, and reports to as geophysical data logs and rock core. and sustainable development of a state’s the public, industry, academia, govern- These type of data repositories save mineral, energy, and water resources, ment agencies as well as local, munici- the private sector millions of dollars in safe development and modernization pal, county, state, and federal legislators exploratory costs each year. Review of of infrastructure, protecting the public and regulators. The responsibilities of properly catalogued and archived rock from losses due to geologic and natu- the surveys vary somewhat from state core allows consultants, academia, and ral hazards or anthropogenic hazards, to state, depending upon the enabling other public agency resource specialists and the wise use of the state’s natural legislation, the specific needs of each and scientists to better understand the resources for tourism and recreation. All state and the traditions under which subsurface conditions at a site by using of these are significant to the economy of each survey evolved. A thorough under- previously obtained resource informa- the state and to the nation by providing standing of the state’s geology is required tion and reducing the need to obtain jobs and various revenues, preventing to make informed decisions pertaining costly and perhaps redundant samples. or minimizing loss due to hazards and to the state and regional energy, water, The surveys are managed and staffed natural disasters, and by increasing our mineral and land resources and to make by geologists, hydrogeologists, geo- understanding of the earth’s resources this information available to the public. physicists, hydrologists, engineering and the need for sustainable use. In many cases the longevity of a particu- geologists, GIS and spatial analysts, The American Institute of Professional lar survey has allowed it to become the and other earth sciences professionals Geologists (AIPG) formed a special com- state’s most valuable source of informa- that have extensive knowledge of the mittee to evaluate the importance of tion on natural resource issues. Some earth’s natural resources in their states state geological surveys in today’s world surveys were established well over 150 and surrounding region. These highly and the future roles of the surveys. years ago and others are approaching 70 trained and qualified individuals play The committee included AIPG members to 80 years of existence. State geological an important role in conducting geologic, who are familiar with and often work surveys continue to be a critical resource hydrologic, and geologic hazards investi- with the surveys. The committee mem- for the nation. gations and providing services that may bers researched each geological survey, About one-third of the state geological be used to advise, inform, and educate interviewed the State Geologists (the surveys function under a state university stakeholders about the importance of directors of the surveys), and reviewed system while the other two-thirds oper- earth sciences in public policy decisions. guidance statements, organizational ate as part of state government, either The surveys also provide outreach to the structure, programs, funding levels and as a stand alone agency or as part of a public, local government, state agencies, staff roles of the surveys across the larger state governmental entity. Most federal agencies, and industry; stimulate country. The committee concluded that state surveys are non-regulatory where- research, study, and activities in the state geological surveys provide critical as some have enforcement duties. All earth sciences by supporting K-12 and functions in a cost effective manner that provide data and information in support university level education; and share greatly enhances each state’s economy of other agencies that have regulatory expertise by participation in professional and environment. The surveys provide responsibilities particularly with regard organizations and at conferences.

14 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org AIPG WHITE PAPER: IMPORTANCE AND FUTURE ROLES OF STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS

In the past, surveys conducted geo- with other state surveys and federal maps, data sets, and reports and with a logic mapping, often in support of min- agencies add to the value of information greater economic value. eral resource development. Today, in from each survey. The surveys routinely The surveys contribute important addition to traditional mapping and data assist the consulting community, indus- data to the USGS and other federal agen- collection, the surveys provide much try, other local, state and federal agencies to compile assessments of minerals, broader services focusing on human cies, to create the best solutions and at energy, alternative energy, water, natu- health, the environment, natural geolog- an economic benefit from shared profes- ral hazards, and other resources and ic hazards and anthropogenic hazards, sional knowledge and cooperative work. information that are important to our energy and mineral resources, water Most state geological surveys actively nation. Mineral and water resource data resources, land-use planning, agricul- participate in federally-sponsored pro- submitted to USGS on a state basis are ture, economic development, education, grams that lead to a better and more highly valuable to the USGS in evaluat- earth resources development, climate comprehensive understanding of the ing known and potential resources and change, sustainability, public policy sup- geology and subsurface resources of our mining trends (quantity, quality, and port, and tourism and recreation. A nation. projections). current trend is toward providing all The survey’s designated leaders are The AIPG committee strongly sup- data and reports in a digital format as the State Geologists, who coordinate ports the state geological surveys. The well as accessing the archives of older nationally through the Association of committee advises against neglect or reports and making them available in American State Geologists (AASG). This termination of any of the primary state a digital format. This digital format has group shares ideas, issues and projects survey functions and highly recommends increased the value of the surveys by that enhance the group’s ability to better continued and even greater support providing easier accessibility to geologic serve our nation. The state geologists for the long term and broad-reaching data and information to the public, state, often work closely with their state leg- benefits afforded by the services of the and federal agencies. islators as well as with members of the surveys. It is vitally important that the The surveys develop and provide an United States Congress to provide advice surveys continue their efforts to conduct array of publications for the general on how legislation may affect natural their work relevant to the issues of public as well as strong technical reports resources, the environment, and geologic today and the future, to provide basic and data collections that are used by hazards. As an example, AASG is tak- data and continue to map the geology geologists and other earth science pro- ing the lead role in exploring America’s and resources of each state, to continue fessionals in public agencies and private geothermal energy potential through the trend of providing information in a industry. Typical environmental and an $18 million grant issued by the US digital format, and to continue to work on geological hazard reporting and mapping Department of Energy (DOE) to develop cooperatively-funded projects, especially projects may include hazard zone maps a National Geothermal Data System for those issues that are of value to each for earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, (NGDS). Each state geological survey state and the entire nation. It is essential rock fall and other slope failure, sink is involved in compiling, digitizing, and to maintain these valuable programs holes, areas with accelerated soil erosion documenting their existing data for pop- that are important to the public health and other adverse soil conditions, land ulating the NGDS in a coordinated effort and safety, to the environment and sus- subsidence and earth fissures, volcanic that can be easily referenced to evaluate taining our resources, and the overall activity, areas prone to flash flooding an area’s geothermal potential. Private economy of each state and the nation. and debris flows, shoreline and stream industry is also involved in this project, Our nation’s state geological surveys erosion, geomagnetic storms, avalanche which will lead to new software and serve a fundamental role in resolving zones, radon, arsenic, and other local database resources of great future value many of the important issues facing our hazards. These reports and maps may for many public and private sectors. world today and in the future. Continued be used to identify, inventory, assess, Most state geological surveys participate support of our state geological surveys is and mitigate geologic and subsurface in the US Geological Survey (USGS) critical. Each state is fortunate to have environmental hazards to promote safe Federal Cooperative Mapping Program, a resource such as its state geological and responsible land use, and to facili- part of the National Geologic Mapping survey. tate emergency preparedness. Other Act of 1992, which funds quadrangle important studies include identification mapping either through the STATEMAP of natural resources such as oil, natural or EDMAP programs. Each participating gas, coal, geothermal energy, mineral survey prepares geologic maps in an FREE RESUME resources, water resources (including ongoing effort to map the entire United POSTING conditions related to water quality and States on a statewide basis at a scale quantity), subsurface storage of CO2, that is consistent and of the quality and POST AND VIEW hydraulic fracturing associated with detail to also be used to compile seamless RESUMES FOR shale gas extraction, and the need for digital maps for the entire country. State FREE ON THE alternative energy. It is critical to have geological surveys also participate in the a thorough understanding of these Geosciences Information Network (GIN) AIPG NATIONAL resources and their related geological which links databases in the US state WEBSITE VIEW JOB settings for environmentally safe, eco- geological surveys (through AASG) and LISTINGS FOR FREE nomic, and sustainable development. the USGS geology, geography, water, The surveys regularly provide staff and biology databases. Cooperative pro- www.aipg.org and technical resource support to other grams such as these allow the state Click on Jobs. state agencies. Cooperative programs geological surveys to provide more useful www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 15 16 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org EDITOR’S CORNER How We Speak

Robert A. Stewart, CPG-08332

As I was finishing my last column, Heavy regional accents may also hin- media such as careerbuilder.com and How We Write, in the January/ der employees if the audience views their monster.com. Corrective action for poor February 2011 TPG, and thinking ahead speech as incomprehensible, and the speech comes in many forms. At the to this column, I recalled an article speaker inarticulate and uneducated. higher end are professional coaches and from the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) Think My Cousin Vinny – the judge speech therapists hired by employers. the topic of which seemed to make a asks Vinny “What is a ‘yute’?” Vinny’s Less expensive and more practical is good complement in terms of subject response “Oh, excuse me your honor, asking a supervisor for an appraisal, matter. The WSJ runs the occasional these youths...” self-rehearsal, and regular mentoring column “Managing Your Career,” and with a supervisor. this particular item is entitled To Win Foul Language The WSJ article was published while Advancement, You Need to Clean This should come as no surprise. A my kids were, respectively, a freshman Up Any Bad Speech Habits.1 The plant manager seeking a promotion to (my son) and junior (my daughter) in title says it all, and the author provides a corporate post was hindered by rou- high school, and in fatherly fashion, I a variety of telling examples to make tine and frequent use of expletives. His missed no opportunity to remind them her point. employer hired an executive coach (a of its central themes. For tentative woman) to help him with the problem for speech – “Are you asking me or telling Teen Speak eight weeks. The employee was able to me?” Vulgarities? “I know what you hear Like, it is so cool to land a new job, change his habit, helped by the fact that at school – leave it there!” Teenspeak? and, like, I’m actually doing geology and he tended not to curse around females. “Like, do you want me to talk like this gettin’ paid, dude! Well, yes, all of this The coach also taught the manager to around your friends?” may be true, but the impression was avoid slang and use more formal lan- My daughter has since graduated negative in terms of winning the respect guage during meetings. The employee from university, and for three years of clients for one 23-year-old woman. The was promoted. was a paid tour guide for prospective woman’s boss made her concerns clear, students. In her senior year, during and asked her new hire to be mindful Tentative Speech a tour a parent asked her what she of creating a positive impression as had learned from the experience. She There are many tentative speech pat- an early-career professional and not quipped that she could walk backwards terns that convey a sense of indecisive- an adolescent. The employee remarked around campus without tripping, didn’t ness and lack of confidence. Beginning “How you talk should not be how you’re use “like” in her conversation, and fin- sentences with “I think...” or “Well...” judged, but of course it is.” ished her declarative sentences without do not establish the speaker as confi- an upward inflection. dent in presenting the subject matter Poor Grammar that follows. Similarly, “uptalk” presents My son decided to join the U.S. Navy The president of a larger publishing the same problem, in which declarative after high school, and after six months company rejected sales and editorial sentences end with a rising inflection. I of pre-enlistment training, began his candidates because they exhibited gram- often encounter this speaking style, and professional career as a new recruit in matically incorrect speech. “It’s as if they it leaves me wondering if the speaker Great Lakes, Illinois. His first letter pulled out a baseball cap and put it on is asking or telling. Lublin noted that home was a two-page photocopy from backward,” the publisher complained. a middle manager with this problem the Navy that explained the program to “It simply reflects a low level of profes- benefited from a speech coach, and the the parents. Each recruit was required to sionalism.” Poor grammar is considered result was a more confident employee fold the paper, put it in an envelope, and unprofessional not just by employers, with greater respect from supervisors. address the envelope for mailing. At the end of the photocopy was about half an but also recruiters, whose fees depend on Speaking professionally is an asset inch for a personal note – “I have never the success of the candidates they pro- that is widely recognized and discussed heard more profanity…ever!” mote, and the recruiters want to make a in print (WSJ and others) and electronic good impression as well.

1. Wall Street Journal, October 5, 2004, by Joann S. Lublin. http://online.wsj.com/article/0,,SB109692925453535824,00.html, accessed March 14, 2011.

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 17 NAGT – Who Are We?

Janis D. Treworgy, President of NAGT 2010-2011, Professor of Geology, Principia College, Elsah, IL [email protected]

As professional geoscientists, you may Faculty who desire a professional sup- a large number of teaching activities daily run up against jaw-dropping igno- port group. and related materials that are available rance about our home, Planet Earth. online: Whether or not you go into your local Publications • http://nagt.org/nagt/teaching_ school’s classrooms to share a little about NAGT publishes in several differ- resources/activities.html your profession with the students, you ent formats. We are introducing a new • http://serc.carleton. may be concerned about what if anything publication, In the Trenches, which will edu/teachearth/search. they are learning in school about the feature articles on teaching activities html?q1=sercvocabs__74%253A3 earth sciences. You share the concerns and tips for teachers, as well as book • http://serc.carleton.edu/ that drive geoscientists who support reviews and columns, such as “Ask Your NAGTWorkshops/search. the National Association of Geoscience Colleague.” This magazine is targeting html?q1=sercvocabs__13%253A1 Teachers (NAGT). NAGT’s mission is teachers at all levels. It has a glossy, “to foster improvement in the teaching of NAGT has sponsored collections of four-color, hard-copy format and each the earth sciences at all levels of formal some more specialized teaching materi- of its annual four issues focus on a and informal instruction, to emphasize als focused on: theme. In this first year the themes are the cultural significance of the earth sci- • Teaching in the Field: http://nagt. climate change, teaching in the field, ences and to disseminate knowledge in org/nagt/ield/index.html service learning and learning in the local this field to the general public.” environment, and use of seismic data. • Inquiry-Based, Hands-On Activities: Our membership includes college and Educators find that ideas and activities http://nagt.org/nagt/teaching_ university faculty (~66%), K-12 teachers shared in our publications have immedi- resources/activities_collection.html (~12%), educators working with the pub- ate application to their work. • Hazards: http://serc.carleton.edu/ lic, and geoscientists who are interested Our flagship publication is The teachearth/site_guides/hazards. in education but may not be a formal Journal of Geoscience Education (JGE). html educator. We are an eclectic group. The journal includes scholarly articles • Teaching Introductory Geoscience Courses NAGT Organization on geoscience education research and on curriculum and instruction, as well • Teaching Geoscience with NAGT is run by an Executive as commentary in the form of columns Visualizations Committee consisting of elected volun- and editorials. It is now an online pub- • Teaching Quantitative Skills, teers who typically serve for three to six lication, with hard copy available at an Thinking, and Reasoning years (http://nagt.org/nagt/organiza- extra fee. Content for its four annual NAGT, together with NSF funding, tion/index.html). We employ a part-time issues will have open access after one also sponsors On the Cutting Edge work- Executive Director and support staff who year. This journal has evolved and con- shops, both face-to-face and virtual, for keep the organization running smoothly. tinues to evolve since its first issue 60 geoscience educators on a variety of top- We also hire an editor for our Journal of years ago. The articles help the reader ics including: Geoscience Education. NAGT is funded understand the learning process and primarily by membership dues, as well how to effectively present information • Pursuing an Academic Career in the as by donations and income from publica- to students and the public. Geosciences tions. NAGT has a number of geographic We also publish, in collaboration with • Early Career Geoscience Faculty: sections across the country, including the American Geological Institute (AGI), Teaching, Research, and Managing parts of Canada. The smaller section 1) an environmental geology textbook, Your Career structure allows members to focus their Living with Earth by Travis Hudson, • Building Strong Geoscience efforts more locally and thereby address that was recently published and 2) a Departments the geology of their region and come Lab Manual in Physical Geology that • Designing GIS and Remote Sensing together at less expense for meetings, is a popular choice for many geology Courses field trips, and workshops. They can departments. • Teaching Geoscience Online also more effectively collaborate with K-12 teachers in their region. We are Teaching Resources • Energy and Climate Webinars and currently considering modifying and Book Club extending our sections or groups to Because geoscience educators need • Temporal Learning Journal Club materials to teach concepts and skills in include international regions and specif- • Teaching Mineralogy, Petrology, and innovative ways, NAGT has been instru- ic interest groups like Two-Year College Geochemistry in the 21st Century mental in fostering the development of

18 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org NAGT-WHO ARE WE?

Many others: http://serc.carleton. nagt.org/nagt/policy/index.html); you in geoscience education programs who edu/NAGTWorkshops/workshops.html don’t have to be a NAGT member. focus on developing materials for K-12 As someone who came into teaching education while gaining experience in later in my career as a geologist, I have Distinguished Speakers Series teaching in the field, lab, and classroom. Currently this program is functioning in greatly benefited from some of these NAGT provides speakers on a variety Mammoth Cave National Park (http:// workshops as well as from the publica- of geoscience education topics ranging nagt.org/nagt/programs/GTIP.html) tions and online materials. They are a from alternative assessment to innova- and has been well received by teach- rich gold mine! tive strategies for teaching, to curricular ers in the region who benefit from the reform and course design. If you are program. Programs looking for a speaker for one of your lun- NAGT supports a variety of other cheon meetings or seminars, consider an NAGT-Sponsored Programs activities as well, all with the goal of NAGT Distinguished Speaker (http:// addressing the needs of innovative and nagt.org/nagt/programs/dsp.html). There are a number of projects that effective geoscience education at all lev- Speakers also will do workshops and NAGT sponsors, or endorses, that align els and venues. in-person consultation with researchers with our mission. Members may request and geoscience departments. access to NAGT resources. These proj- Student Support Programs. ects are typically funded by NSF and Sponsored Sessions and Events currently include: • NAGT offers partial scholarships for • Building Strong Geoscience undergraduates to attend geology As the geoscience profession has real- Departments field camp (http://nagt.org/nagt/ ized the need to strengthen and support programs/field_scholarships.html). geoscience education, NAGT’s mission, • Climate Literacy and Energy Awareness Network (CLEAN) • Since 1965, NAGT has collaborated there has been an increasing number Pathway (http://cleanet.org/cln/ with the USGS in support of their of sessions on some aspect of geoscience index.html; http://www.global- Summer Field Training Program, a education at professional conferences for change.gov/) student internship program that has geoscientists as you may have noticed. placed many of the 1500 participants This shift has required a greater recog- • DWEL: Digital Water Education in full-time jobs at the USGS (http:// nition by all of us, from the practicing Library nagt.org/nagt/programs/usgs_field. geoscientist in the field and their bosses • EET: Earth Exploration Toolbook to the K-12 teacher and faculty and html). They take only the best stu- • Geoscience in Two-Year Colleges dents from field camp programs, as administration of academic institutions, that effective geoscience education is the • The Math You Need, When You Need recommended by their faculty. You It might consider tapping this pool of responsibility of all of us. For us to be able • MARGINS Data in the Classroom students for employment opportuni- to maintain some balance in our lives, ties. we should all get “credit” for our work • On the Cutting Edge: Professional in this line, rather than be penalized for Development for Geoscience Faculty • We also encourage excellence in teach- it when it detracts from our other work ing at an early stage in one’s career • Starting Point: Teaching Entry Level or research. We have made progress. At through an Outstanding Teaching Geoscience the GSA in Denver in 2010, there were Assistant Award (http://nagt.org/ • Teach the Earth: A SERC Portal for 22 topical sessions related to geoscience nagt/programs/ta.html). Geoscience Faculty education, or 8% of the topical sessions; this is one of the three largest of 38 • Web-based Interactive Landform Other Awards topical categories at the GSA confer- Simulation (WILSIM) NAGT supports educators through a ence. There are many education sessions • Workshop on Atmospheric Science variety of awards. Some include mon- at regional GSA meetings and at the and Climate Literacy etary or membership benefits (http:// American Geophysical Union meetings nagt.org/nagt/programs/awards. as well. These meetings also include an Conclusion html). If you know a precollege teacher increasing number of workshops and Whether you are a formal geoscience in your area who has done an exceptional field trips focusing on geoscience educa- educator or not and whether you are a job in teaching and promoting interest tion (http://nagt.org/nagt/programs/ member of NAGT or not, you can find in the geosciences, consider nominat- sessions.html). support from NAGT for a wide range ing her/him for the Outstanding Earth of activities that aim at improving the Science Teacher Award. Geoscience Teachers-in-the-Parks public’s understanding of our Planet You may have heard of the National Earth. You can find much information Education and Public Policy Park Service’s Geoscientist-in-the-Parks on our website: http://nagt.org. We NAGT has written position statements program that grants interns an opportu- are partners with you in reducing the on specific issues related to geoscience nity to collaborate with NPS staff on a ignorance. education. We also manage a couple of variety of projects from building inven- email lists for discussion on public policy tories, writing field guides, to giving and science literacy. If you are interested interpretive talks for park visitors. Since in either of these topics, we invite you to 2006 NAGT has extended this program go to our website and sign up (http:// by funding a parallel opportunity for K-12 teachers and recent graduates

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 19 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Dear Editor: and encounter, even if we are given very The charge of the NSF Advisory You will be pleased to know that we little information in the beginning. Committee on Geosciences is to have compiled a complete list of out- It does not matter what specialty in • Provide advice, recommendations and standing earth science teachers receiv- geology you undertake. Even if you spend oversight concerning support for the ing awards through the NAGT OEST most of your career sitting in front of NSF’s geosciences research and edu- program for 2010. A complete list of a computer and writing algorithms for cation portfolio. the OEST winners with addresses is modeling, you still need to base your • Be a base of contact with the scien- included with this mailing for your con- model on something that is in the real tific community to inform NSF of the venience. On behalf of NAGT, I want world. You have to know how accurate impact of its research support and to sincerely thank you and your orga- the model is and this can only be done NSF-wide policies on the scientific nization for bringing additional visibil- by real world investigation and hav- community. ity and stature to geoscience education ing the training to conduct your own • Serve as a forum for consideration of through your support of NAGT’s award investigations. Sure field camp is get- geosciences initiatives and research program. ting more expensive. This is a serious thrusts. concern, but the burden of the expense Dr. Gregory Wheeler • Provide broad input into long-range of field camp should not be a reason for Chairman OEST Award Program, plans and partnership opportunities. Cathryn Manduca, not taking the course, nor for geology • Perform oversight of program man- Executive Director NAGT departments to decide that the course can be eliminated. agement, overall program balance, The American Institute of Professional and other aspects of program perfor- Raphael Ketani, CPG-09003 Geologists has agreed to provide a one- mance for geoscience activities. year subscription to The Professional Geologist to the following winners: MEMBERS IN Eastern Section-Heather McArdle THE NEWS Far Western Section-Nick Crooker New England Section-Jennifer Judkins Central Section-De Anna Tibben Pacific Northwest Section-Chris Hedeen Southeastern Section-Bryan Freeman Southwestern Section-Laura Lukes Dear Editor: Is field camp still relevant? You bet it is! I would not hire a geologist who had not taken a field geology course. They say a picture is worth a thousand Casey Joins Gannett Fleming words. Well, an outcrop is worth a mil- (Houston, Texas)-Kimberly A. Casey, lion or more! You can read all of the CPG-10221, P.G., has joined the Risk textbooks you want about a particular Assessment and Management Group body of rocks, or articles about specific Lee Allison, MEM-0328, appointed (RAM Group) of Gannett Fleming, Inc. geologic problems. However, this does to NSF AC-GEO-I’m honored to report Gannett Fleming is an international not translate into knowledge about every that I’ve been appointed to a 3-year planning, design, and construction man- outcrop or geologic problem that you will term on the Advisory Committee for the agement firm. encounter in your career. Geologic field Geoscience Directorate of the National Casey is located in the firm’s Houston, study is not like building a bridge where Science Foundation, beginning imme- Texas, office and serves as a principal the principles of construction are the diately. hydrogeologist for the firm. Her respon- same from bridge to bridge. The Geoscience Directorate (GEO) sibilities include business development, When you encounter a body of rock in includes the Earth Science (EAR), as well as conducting and supervising the field or are given a field site to look Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences activities related to the cost-effective over, the answers are not so obvious, (AGS), and Ocean Sciences (OCE) divi- management of contaminated sites. even if the rocks look like something sions. The Fiscal Year 2011 budget These activities include risk-based you have seen in a book or an article. request for GEO is $955 million. site characterization, regulatory nego- Being exposed to rocks in the field forces As the principal source of federal tiations, risk assessment, and remedial one to attack the problem head on and funding for university-based fundamen- activities. to “rummage around” in one’s brain for tal research in the geosciences, the With 20 years of environmental con- answers. It’s scary, at first, and a little Directorate for Geosciences addresses sulting experience managing public and bit of a puzzle - to say the least. If you the Nation’s need to understand, predict, private sector projects, Casey has sig- try to make your own personal discovery and respond to environmental events nificant experience with environmental about the outcrop or site, then you are and changes. GEO-supported research regulatory programs at the local, state, thinking - and this is what separates also advances our ability to predict natu- and federal levels. She has managed all geologists from other scientists and ral phenomena of economic and human projects for a variety of clients within engineers. It’s your brain the employers significance, such as climate changes, a wide range of industries and has want, not just your knowledge. It’s our hurricanes, and earthquakes. successfully managed diverse teams of ability to make sense out of what we see professionals. Her scope of expertise

20 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

includes regulatory closures and strat- is an active member of the American 1991 and the National AIPG Martin Van egy development; merger, acquisition, Association of Petroleum Geologists, Couvering Memorial Award in 2006. divestiture, and due-diligence assess- the American Council of Engineering ments; groundwater management; spill Companies of New Mexico, American response; and litigation support. Institute of Professional Geologists, Casey holds a bachelor of science American Society of Civil Engineers, degree in geology from Sam Houston Rocky Mountain Association of IN MEMORY State University. A resident of Houston, Geologists, and the Society of American Casey is a licensed Professional Military Engineers. Ralph M. Barnard Geoscientist with the Texas Board of Professional Geoscientists and a CPG-02169 Certified Professional Geologist with Member Since 1970 the American Institute of Professional August 26, 2010 Geologists. Myrtle Beach, South Carolina Charles E. Bondurant CPG-08627 Member Since 1992 September 6, 2010 Fredericksburg, Texas BCI CEO Rick Powers completes Willard P. Fuller term as AGI President-Richard M. Powers, CPG-06765, President and CEO CPG-01680 of BCI Engineers & Scientists, Inc. Member Since 1967 recently completed his term as president December 28, 2009 Brazie Named Transportation of the American Geological Institute San Andreas, Group Manager of Gannett Fleming (AGI). West, Inc.(Albuquerque, N.M.)-Mike Power’s term ended on November California E. Brazie, CPG-05164, P.E., has been 1, 2010, when he passed the gavel to named transportation group manager incoming AGI President Skip Hobbs. He Charles W. Johnston of Gannett Fleming West, Inc., a New will continue to serve on the Institute’s CPG-01389 Mexico-based engineering corporation Executive Committee until November Member Since 1966 specializing in planning, design, and 2011, which will complete six years of construction management. Brazie, a vice continuous service to AGI, a nonprofit May 8, 2010 president and senior project manager, is federation of 49 associations that rep- Seminole, Oklahoma based in the firm’s Albuquerque, N.M., resent more than 120,000 geologists, office. geophysicists, and other earth sciences. Glenn E. Miller With this promotion, Brazie is respon- During his tenure as president, MEM-0449 sible for business development, technical Powers said AGI increased its member- oversight, and overall management of ship, hosted a very successful geoscience Member Since 2003 staff working in the areas of road and education summit, increased communi- January 3, 2011 bridge design, traffic analysis, drain- cation with its member societies, and Fowlerville, Michigan age, geotechnical engineering, intelli- reviewed its current business model to gent transportation systems, and related assess its relevance for the future. In Billy J. Morris work. In addition to serving as principal his new role as past president, Powers for the firm’s transportation projects, will continue his emphasis on increased CPG-02624 he will continue to be responsible for communications and planning for the Member Since 1974 project management. While primarily institute’s future. April 13, 2010 responsible for work within New Mexico, In addition to his AGI service, Powers Rockwall, Texas he and his staff provide support services has held leadership roles in several other in transportation analysis and design for professional societies. He has served Roy G. Sharrock other clients throughout the U.S. as national president of the National Brazie holds a bachelor of science American Institute of Professional CPG-01688 degree and a master of engineering Geologists (AIPG) and Florida Section Member Since 1967 degree in geological engineering from President for the Society for Mining, October, 2010 the Colorado School of Mines. He is Metallurgy and Exploration and AIPG. a registered professional engineer in In recognition of his professional accom- Garland, Texas Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, plishments, Powers was awarded AIPG Utah, Texas, and Wyoming. Brazie also Florida Section Geologist of the Year in

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 21 Organizing Underway for Arizona Science & Technology Festival

Lee Allison, MEM-0328 Arizona State Geologist

Planning is moving quickly for a 2012 • Highways and Wildlife – Arizona • Build Your Own Optical Illusion - Arizona Science and Technology Festival Game and Fish Steve Macknik and Susan Martinez- intended to rival the best such events • Discovery Day - Southwest School of Conde Lab in the nation. Jeremy Babendure, who Naturopathic Medicine • Mind and Machine - Kinetic Muscles was co-director of the hugely successful • Walk For Brain Tumor Research - • Toy Shop Engineering – EVIT San Diego Science Festival, has moved Students Supporting Brain Tumor • Science of Collaboration - Gangplank to Arizona State University to set up a Research major event for Arizona. Jeremy told • The art of science – Gangplank • Arizona Water Festivals - Project me that in just under two months they Junior Wet have met with over 50 organizations • Intro into Computer Programming in industry, academia, the community • A Day at Barrows Neurological Using Scratch – Gangplank Junior and K12 and now have over 100 con- Institute - Barrows Neurological • Intro into Electronics – Gangplank cepts in the works and likely 200 by Institute Junior the end of February. The first USA • FutureScape City Nanotechnology • Intro into Robotics – Gangplank Science & Engineering Fair, held on Tour - ASU’s CSPO Junior the Capitol Mall in Washington, DC • A Mathematical Walking Tour of the • Intro into Green Science – Gangplank this past fall, was an incredible success Botanical Gardens - Carole Greenes, Junior drawing 500,000 visitors to over 1,500 ASU Prime free exhibits. The year 2012 is Arizona’s • Intro into Bioscience – Gangplank Neighborhood Science Conversations- Junior Centennial which should provide an Experience science one’s own neigh- • Intro into Space Exploration – incentive to make our event special. borhood with dozens of programs that Gangplank Junior AZGS will be assisting Jeremy and highlight exciting careers in science, his team with engaging the Tucson com- foster debate on pressing issues of the • Intro into Geology – Gangplank munity in the Festival. He graciously day, provide hands-on experiences for Junior agreed to let me share their list of ten- people of all ages. • Biotech Teacher Workshop - Adrienne tative concepts from the early meet- Scheck ings. Remember, these are all subject Hubs • Science is Fun – ASU CEEE to change. And if you want to become • GPA: Is it a plague on education? - involved, contact Jeremy: • Chandler – Innovations; Gangplank ASU School of Business Jeremy Babendure, Ph.D., Director, • Glendale – Deer Valley Rock Art • Big Brother and Technology - ASU Arizona Science and Technology Festival Center College of Law Office of Public Affairs, Arizona State • Mesa – Mesa Community College; University Email: [email protected], Polytechnic Elementary • Intellectual Property and Phone: 480-250-7764 • Phoenix – University Public School; Entrepreneurship - ASU College of Law Here’s the preliminary list of ideas: In Benchmark Charter School the field science and collaborator events- • Scottsdale – Skysong • Health Care and Entrepreneurship - ASU College of Law Interface with science professionals in • Tempe – ASU Museum of the field at local companies, institutions, Anthropology, ASU Museum of Art, • Does My Dog Have Valley Fever? - research centers and parks. Dozens Barrett Honors College ASU SOLS of programs already proposed from • The Future of Health Monitoring – organizations including Arizona Game Programs Biodesign and Fish, ASU, Barrows Neurological • From Fish to Hook - Arizona Game • Hohokam Canals and Long Term Institute, Botanical Gardens, CHW, Water Use - ASU SHESC Project Wet, Southwest School of and Fish • Soil Labs to determine prehistoric Naturopathic Medicine • Arizona Wildlife – Arizona Game and land use - ASU SHESC • Crayfish Boil - Arizona Game and Fish • Uncovering Myths of 2012 - ASU Fish SHESC

22 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org ORGANIZING UNDERWAY FOR ARIZONA SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FESTIVAL

• Forensic Anthropology - ASU • Science, Innovation and • Marty Schultz – Former VP of Pinnacle SHESC Entrepreneurship - Miss Science and West Capital • Model of Complex Systems - ASU Biz in a Box • Quentin Wheeler – Dean, ASU College SHESC • Hands-on displays of fossils and bones of Liberal Arts and Sciences • Travelogues about Ethiopia, and/or “digging for fossils” display - • Neal Woodbury – CSO, Biodesign Tanzania, and South Africa - ASU ASU SHESC SHESC • Letters to Lucy” as an interactive Year Round Programs booth; hosted by becoming human. • Pandemics in Arizona - ASU SHESC • Junior Researcher Speaker Series org - ASU SHESC • Alternative Imaginations: Rethinking – Barrows and ASU Undergraduate Knowledge Systems – ASU CSPO • Legacies on the Landscape - ASU Researchers SHESC • Science Debates –ASU CSPO The Art of Water – ASU SHESC, SRP, • Solar Innovations – ASU Fulton Maricopa County Office of Education School of Engineering Science Cafe’s • School Water Audit – Project Wet • Bioengineering (Robotic Arms, Man- • Anne Stone, Neanderthals – ASU • Pay it Forward Science – Benchmark Machine Interface) – ASU Fulton SHESC Charter School at 6:45 PM School of Engineering • Brenda Baker, mummies – ASU Remember, these are all subject to • Aerospace and Mission – ASU Fulton SHESC change. If you want to become involved, School of Engineering • CSPO will produce 3 science café’s, contact Jeremy: • Helping Blind with Imaging Tools – including one in Spanish Jeremy Babendure, Ph.D., Director, ASU Fulton School of Engineering Arizona Science and Technology Festival Signature Events • “Ask a Biologist” - ASU SOLS Office of Public Affairs, Arizona State • Science is Fun - ASU CEEE University Email: [email protected], High energy, thought provoking Phone: 480-250-7764 events that draw crowds in the hun- • One if By Land, Two if By Sea, Math in dreds to thousands. Events already in Our Nation’s History - ASU Prime development include: • The Science of Magic – Steve Macknik Zone 100 Presenters and Susan Martinez-Conde Pairing 100 of Arizona’s most inspir- • Medical Careers of the Future – ing leaders in science & technology with CHW local secondary schools • Weird Science – Gangplank • Mark Jacobs – Dean, Barrett Honors College • 2 Premiere Origins events - ASU Origins • Chuck Kazilek - “Ask a Biologist’s Dr. Biology” ASU SOLS World Premiere • Lawrence Krauss –Director Origins Conferences Initiative; Co-Director Cosmology Initiative Multiple world-class science conferences will be planned and draw visitors to Arizona during the Festival to experience the exciting events. • International Conference of Sustainable Science, ASU GIOS • Conference on Law and Sustainability, ASU College of Law EXPO Booths and Performances Highly visible exhibition providing engagement and exchange opportunities for children, teens, families, and local science professionals with dozens of hands- on activities, performances, interactive demos, science challenges, and family- oriented science entertainment. • Prehistoric Kids Zone - Deer Valley Rock Art Center • The Egg Drop Challenge - Coyote Middle School www.geodm.com or www.aipg.org

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 23 24 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Answers on Page 28

Robert G. Font, CPG-03953

1. This important marine invertebrate (well represented in the fossil record) has two valves (shells) protecting or covering the animal on its dorsal and ventral sides (upper and lower surfaces). Morphologically, there is inequality of the two valves in shape and size and equilateral symmetry of each valve. What is it?

a) Pelecypod b) Bryozoan c) Brachiopod

2. In rock mechanics, which of these types of fractures would you expect to be essentially parallel to the direction of the

major principal stress σ1?

a) Release fracture b) Shear fracture c) Extension fracture.

3. We are in need of a source of sodium. Which of the following minerals would provide us with such?

a) Cryolite b) Cerargyrite c) Sylvite

4. What would you say is the probability of recurrence (e.g., the probability of occurrence in any given year) of a “50-year” flood?

a) 2% b) 5% c) 50%

5. In the structural analysis of a tectonic structure, consider two positive force vectors of substantial magnitude, where vector “a” is the force vector in the “x” direction and vector “b” is the force vector in the “y” direction. We would expect their “scalar product” or “dot product” to be zero (a • b = 0), but what would their “cross product” (a x b) tell us?

a) The “cross product” would give us a scalar quantity, equivalent to the “work” done by force vector “b” in moving an object along the path of force vector “a”. b) The “cross product” would give us the force vector in the “z” direction, perpendicular to both “a” and “b’’. c) The “cross product” would give us the force vector which is the “resultant” of both vectors “a” and “b” in the plane that contains them. d) The “cross product” would lead to a natural disaster of catastrophic proportions!

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 25 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Advocacy……. Apparently a Confusing Topic

Samuel W. Gowan, CPG-07284

Advocacy for the profession of geology is one of AIPG’s in fact, are ethically bound to advocate for their clients. This primary goals. I ordinarily would not consider this a subject often places professional geologists in conflict with lawyers, but for a President’s message, but I recently found an occasion to professional geologists will be well respected if they adhere to get fired up on the topic. My attention was drawn to advocacy the proper application of the science and leave client advocacy during an American Geological Institute (AGI) member society to the lawyer. meeting in early November 2010. AGI is a society whose mem- My view of advocacy by AIPG is to promote the science of bers do not comprise individuals, but rather consist of entire geology and the ability of professional geologists to apply the societies such as AIPG, AAPG, GSA, AGU, and many others science to address related issues. We must keep in mind that that collectively represent more than 120,000 geologists, our membership consists of a wide range of applied specialties geophysicists, and other earth scientists. AGI was founded and employment. It is expected that our membership should in 1948 to “serve as a voice of shared interest in our profes- have a range of viewpoints that extends to all sides of the major sion” (i.e. advocacy for the profession). AIPG has a strong and societal issues that involve the science of geology. The AIPG constructive relationship with AGI that is based on consistent goal is to raise our individual and collective level of knowledge goals and an understanding of the significance of those goals. and to increase public awareness and respect for the opinions It would seem that we should have common interests amongst of professional geologists. The seminars that Bill Siok offered our other sister societies; however, that may not be the case, as recent examples of AIPG activity exemplify how AIPG has or at a minimum, we lack a common understanding of what brought experts together to present state-of-the-art concepts constitutes advocacy. in hydrofracturing and aquifer storage and recovery. These The advocacy issue arose at the AGI meeting following seminars were offered to scientists, policy makers, regulators an introductory statement that our Executive Director, Bill and the general public. This format demonstrates that profes- Siok, was asked to give. Bill briefly explained AIPG’s mission, sional geologists and other related scientists have expertise to which, among other things, included advocacy, and he then offer to the public when pertinent issues arise. This is what described recent educational seminars that AIPG sponsored AIPG intends as advocacy. on the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania and aquifer storage and recovery in Florida. Bill’s presentation was followed by an invited speaker from another sister society and several comments from the attendant societies. This following speaker and the subsequent commenters made it clear that their societies are not advocates and emphasized that they do not promote one side or another of an issue. They stressed that their membership focuses on science, the research into their particular specialties of interest, and outreach to students. They clearly do not understand how advocacy is applied by AIPG or by AGI. AIPG was founded in 1963 to promote the profession of geology. In fact, our mission “is to be an effective advocate for the profession of geology and to serve its members through activities and programs that support continuing professional development and promote high standards of ethical conduct”. There is nothing in that statement that says that we will advocate (promote) a particular side of a hot button issue such as climate change or hydrofracturing for unconventional shale gas development. It is better to leave those promotional activities to politicians, environmental advocates or even lawyers. Lawyers,

26 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE

PROFESSIONAL MEMBER APPLICATION American Institute of Professional Geologists Professional Member Application Sign up Online – www.aipg.org 12000 N. Washington Street, Suite 285, Thornton, CO 80241 – (303) 412-6205 - [email protected] Professional Member Dues (Membership is activated upon receipt of dues.) If you apply: Dec – Mar = $100; Apr – Jun = $75; Jul – Sep = $50; Oct – Nov = $25 Payment: Enclosed Bill Me Last Name: First Name: MI: Suffix: Employer Name: Mr. Ms. Mrs. Dr. Preferred Mailing Address: Home Business Male Female Year of Birth: Street: City: State: Zip: Country: Work Ph: Home Ph: Cell: Email: Yr Highest Degree Awarded: Geological Degree: BA BS MA MS PhD University: I am a State Licensed PG in the following State(s): ATTESTATION: I attest that I meet the requirements for AIPG Professional Member (30 semester hours/45 quarter hours in geological sciences with a BA or higher degree) and agree to abide by AIPG Bylaws and Code of Ethics.

Applicant Signature: Date: HEADQUARTERS USE ONLY Amt: Date Rcvd: Mbr #:

AIPG Student Chapters

Bowling Green University Georgia State University Ohio State University Founded in 2004 Founded in 2005 Founded in 2004 Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Robert K. Vincent, MEM-0216 Ronald Wallace, CPG-08153 Thomas Berg, CPG-08208

Central Michigan James Madison Temple University University University Founded in 2006 Founded in 2003 Founded in 1998 Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Dennis Pennington, CPG-04401 Eric Wallis, CPG-09518 Cullen Sherwood, CPG-02811 University of West Colorado School of Mines University of California- Georgia Founded in 1999 Davis Founded in 2010 Chapter Sponsor: Founded in 2010 Chapter Sponsor: Graham Closs, CPG-07288 Chapter Sponsor: Eric Lowe, MEM-0385 James Jacobs, CPG-07760 Eastern Michigan Wright State University University University of Nevada-Reno Founded in 1996 Founded in 2006 Founded in 2008 Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Chapter Sponsor: Thomas Berg, CPG-08208 Walter J. Bolt, CPG-10289 Jonathan G. Price, CPG-07814

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 27 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PAGE 25

Answers: 1. The answer is choice “c” or “brachiopod”. Brachiopods constitute a phylum and belong to the class “Brachiopoda”. “Pelecypods” are mollusks belonging to the class “Pelecypoda”. They are characterized by bilaterally-symmetrical bivalved shells enclosing the right and left sides of the organism, by a hatchet foot, the lack of a distinct head and sheet-like gills.

Bryozoans constitute a phylum of colonial organisms with calcareous skeletons and U-shaped alimentary canal.

2. The answer is choice “c” or “extension fracture”. “Shear fractures” typically make an angle of about 30 degrees (less than 45 degrees) with the major principal stress direc-

tion (σ1). They may occur alone or as part of conjugate sets. Their plane is parallel to the intermediate principal stress direction.

“Release fractures” would be expected at right angles to the σ1 direction. They generate as a result of a decrease in the maximum principal stress.

Failure through fracturing is characteristic of brittle behavior of rock units. Some rock types, such as shale and limestone, may deform in brittle manner at relatively low confining pressures and temperatures, but in ductile mode as these environmental factors increase. Other rocks, such as certain dolomites and quartz-rich lithologies, may fail in brittle fashion without passing through a ductile or plastic stage.

3. The answer is choice “a” or “cryolite”. “Cryolite” is a sodium and aluminum fluoride (Na3AlF6). “Cerargyrite” is a silver ore, or silver chloride (AgCl).

“Sylvite” is potassium chloride (KCl) and a chief source of potassium.

4. The answer is choice “a” or 2%. The “probability of recurrence” (P) and “recurrence interval” (RI) are given by: P = 100 [m/(n+1)] RI = (n+1)/m

In the above equations, “m” is the relative magnitude of the flood and “n” is the number of years over which records are kept. In a 50-year flood, RI = 50. Thus, P = 100 (1/RI) P = 100 (1/50) = 2%.

5. The answer is choice “b” or “the ‘cross product would give us the force vector in the “z” direction, perpendicular to both “a” and “b”. The “vector product” or “cross product” of two vectors “a” and “b” is: |a x b| = |a||b| sin γ

The “cross product” yields a vector “c” whose direction is perpendicular to the plane that contains both “a” and “b” and whose magnitude is given by the absolute magnitude of “a” times the absolute magnitude of “b” times “sin γ” (where γ is the small angle between “a” and “b”). Note that a x b = 0 if “a” and “b” are parallel, since γ would be equal to 0 or π and, consequently, sin γ = 0.

In our problem, “a” and “b” are defined as force vectors in the “x” and “y” directions and are therefore orthogonal. The “cross product” (a x b) describes a third vector “c” perpendicular to the other two, or the force vector in the “z” direction which establishes the third dimension. Choice “a” is not correct, as it defines the results of the “dot product”, not the “cross product”.

Choice “c” is also incorrect, as we would be adding vectors a and b rather than obtaining their vector or cross product (a x b).

28 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR’S COLUMN Constructive Developments

William J. Siok, CPG-04773

The AIPG Executive Committee at its 2.3.2.1 Requirements to be a Young Member will automatically be upgraded February meeting effected some changes Professional Member. to Professional Member. to AIPG Bylaws. These changes have The requirements to be a Young Membership dues for the Young positive implications for AIPG member- Professional Member shall include Professional Member will be at one-half ship, particularly for students and post 1. A baccalaureate or higher degree in (1/2) the Professional Member rate. graduate geoscience practitioners. a geological science; with It is anticipated that an increased One modification which was made 2. a minimum of thirty semester hours percentage of students, with encour- is designed to clarify the distinction or forty-five quarter hours, or the academ- agement from other AIPG members, between two AIPG membership catego- ic equivalent thereof, in one or more of the will elect to retain membership after ries: Certified Professional Geologist geological sciences, and, at the discretion graduation. (CPG) and Member. The latter cat- of the Executive Committee, acceptable Accordingly, Student Members will egory, Member, has been reclassified as continuing education to demonstrate a no longer be assessed any dues while Professional Member. This change currency with technical, regulatory, and enrolled in an undergraduate program was made for two reasons. economic factors affecting the profes- leading to a baccalaureate degree. They Anyone who belongs to AIPG is a sion. In lieu of 1 and 2 above, evidence will continue to enjoy an electronic sub- member of AIPG, irrespective of the cat- satisfactory to the Executive Committee scription to TPG, as well as the preroga- egory of membership. When AIPG refers of the applicant’s sound knowledge and tives outlined in the bylaws. to members it refers to all categories of proficiency in a field of geological science Every society uses the tired old cli- membership. Henceforth, AIPG will no may be substituted. ché, which does not diminish its truth longer identify any specific membership 3. Applicability during the first three that the students are the future of our category as ‘Member’. (3) years upon earning a baccalaure- respective societies. Please mentor and In addition, the Executive Committee ate. Thereafter the Young Professional encourage them to engage in society wished to extend proper recognition to its activities, including governance. professional members who have elected not to seek the CPG. Professional Members are encouraged to seek certification as CPGs, and are the fastest growing membership category. Another significant membership change is directed at students. AIPG, like its sister societies, strives to recruit students into AIPG departmental level chapters. AIPG is moderately successful at bringing students into the organization, but is challenged to retain most of them after graduation. The Executive Committee approved a new article to the AIPG bylaws recognizing a new membership category, Young Professional Member. Young Professional Member is intended to include the transition period between graduation with baccalaureate and three years following. The new article to the AIPG bylaws approved by the Executive Committee:

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 29 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - Column 132

Topical Index-Table of Contents to the Professional Ethics and Practices Columns A topically based Index-Table of Contents, “pe&p index.xls” covering columns, articles, and letters to the editor that have been referred to in the PE&P columns in Excel format is on the AIPG web site in the Ethics section. This Index- Table of Contents is updated as each issue of the TPG is published. You can use it to find those items addressing a particular area of concern. Suggestions for improve- Compiled by David M. Abbott, Jr., CPG-04570, ments should be sent to David Abbott, 2266 Forest Street, Denver, CO 80207-3831, [email protected] 303-394-0321, fax 303-394-0543, [email protected]

Receipt of an Unexpected tial environmental liability has financial a predetermined payment for a positive Bonus after Work is or legal ramifications for any parties. But outcome for a project in itself should not also, the obvious possibility of the per- necessarily be considered a ethics viola- Completed (column 131) ception of impropriety would preclude tion provided a number of considerations Christopher Dail, CPG 10596, acceptance of the bonus as was pointed are examined, disclosed and made clear wrote, “In column 131, Jan/Feb ‘11) out by several respondents. Cases like to all parties in advance and that docu- Matt Shumaker, (CPG-07319) submit- this would appear to be relatively cut mentation of these predetermined con- ted a hypothetical situation involving an and dry. tractual relationships (and associated unexpected and unsolicited bonus paid to “If the case involved an evaluation conflicts or potential conflicts of interest) a consultant upon completion of a fixed like the one described above, and the are disclosed in full in any written, oral, price or hourly contract. The ensuing consultant completed the job well ahead or electronic documentation associated discussion focused on a number of points of time and below the estimated budget with the work performed. Acceptance involving ethics and professional issues provided to the client (assuming there of royalty interests, stock, or other ‘in related to conflicts of interest and the was a time and materials cost structure kind’ payments in lieu of full fees are perception of the possibility of conflicts to the contract with a cost estimate as common in contractual arrangements of interest relating to the bonus as it part of the contract versus a fixed price in both industries and in themselves might appear to third parties. In this contract as Matt described). Could the should not be assumed to be contrary to case without knowing the specifics, pay- consultant accept the bonus? Probably ethics rules. Without this mode of payment of a bonus should not necessarily be not since the possible perception of ment, many of us would not be able to considered unethical. If there is no obvi- impropriety or bias probably would pre- make a living in the industries in which ous or potential problem from a public clude it as well. However, take a contract we work. Full disclosure of ownership health and safety standpoint, possibility situation where the results don’t have interests, royalty interests, stock, or of public perception of impropriety, or the burdens of an environmental or the possibility of obtaining them should potential conflicts of interest from the financial consideration/liability (e.g., a be reported (Rule 3.1, 3.1.2 and others) consultant’s work results regardless of simple data compilation contract) then, in any documents, filings, or reports the outcome of his or her work then the in my view, a surprise bonus for getting generated by the consultant in these bonus could be accepted. the job done cheaper and faster than circumstances, and indeed are required “However, there are many obvious planned and originally bid could indeed under most stock exchange reporting situations where the bonus should not be be accepted by the consultant. regulations. In many cases the existence accepted. For example, the consultant’s “Let’s examine this concept in regards of these rights or potential rights makes work involved an environmental project to performance bonuses (not an unso- an individual an ‘insider’ and regula- where the client has asked for a report licited bonus as in Matt’s hypothetical tions dictate that the consultant and the documenting the presence or absence case) which are very common in both client obtain independent third-party of a potential environmental problem. the petroleum and metallic minerals review of work performed under these Clearly a bonus paid for a specific out- exploration industries. Although as Matt circumstances as do AIPG ethics rules 1 come in this situation would be unethical and others pointed out, accepting a (Rule 3.3.3). The CIM and Canadian and even probably illegal if the consul- fee contingent upon a certain positive National Instrument 43-101 guidelines tant or the client were to use the report outcome could and likely should be con- for Qualified Persons reporting on min- in a public filing or property transaction sidered a potential conflict of interest or eral resources or reserves spell this out where the presence or absence of a poten- ethics issue under most circumstances, clearly and are good examples of how

1. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy, and Petroleum.

30 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - Column 132

this can be addressed from an ethics people wonder had he not accepted the China. On January 7, 2011, Paterson was disclosure standpoint. Most senior man- bonus. Exercising the granted options arrested in Canada on criminal charges agement and staff in the oil and gas and was another issue. When the Kidd Creek alleging that Paterson, the only person mining industry routinely are provided discovery was announced, the board re- who received assay certificates from the performance bonuses of this type based affirmed the earlier bonus. analytical lab, simply “adjusted” the on company and or personal performance assay results with excessive grades and benchmarks they may include bonuses Here and There! entered them into the company’s data- for discovery of significant petroleum base. The fraud was discovered in June I hope everyone, although particu- accumulations or ore deposits. The key 2007. This case shows that while the larly students, read James Adu’s (Mem is to insure that when these contractual professional society’s (AusIMM’s) action 1311) article “Here and There!” in the relationships and conditions exist that: may have taken longer than some may Jan/Feb ‘11 TPG. Adu, who is Ghanaian 1) they are disclosed to all parties to have liked, they acted well before the and currently a graduate student at New the contract, shareholders, investors, criminal action was brought. The inquiry Mexico Tech, recounts his experience of and potential stakeholders, including into such cases takes time regardless of his first trip to the western US to attend regulatory authorities with jurisdiction whether the inquiry is being done by the 2009 AIPG annual meeting in Grand on reporting of exploration results; 2) a volunteer professional society ethics Junction. A whole new world of geology that the arrangements do not violate committee or paid investigators for a law and geologists opened up for him. But his laws, regulations, or guidelines; 3) that enforcement agency. Regardless of the most important observation was that the the arrangements do not preclude a fair time required, action is taken. attendees were mostly older geologists and honest appraisal of the discovery; 4) rather than younger geologists such that there is no obvious perception prob- as Adu. This contrasted with Ghana Pay Attention to Proper lem with the individuals work results; where most geologists are younger. Punctuation and and most importantly, 5) that there Adu comments on the need for younger is a predetermined and well-defined Format Style geologists to learn from the experiences requirement for a truly independent The heading for a letter to the Editor of their older colleagues, particularly qualified third party to validate and/or of the Geological Society of London’s about how geology is actually practiced conduct an independent review of the October 2010 issue of the Geoscientist outside academia. Older geologists are data collection, procedures, etc. used in caught my attention; it read, “Support almost always willing to share with their the definition of said discovery whether Contaminated Land Specialists!” In younger colleagues, but you usually have it be petroleum or minerals before it can what way are these land specialists to ask; you have to introduce yourself be reported to any parties.” contaminated? I believe the author and start the conversation. Adu took the intended to refer to a group known in Dail is correct in observing that there step of traveling from Ghana to Grand the UK as contaminated-land special- are a variety of situations in which Junction to meet other geologists. As ists. (Just how this group differs from bonuses are paid such as making a one of those who met him, I tried to give environmental geologists and geotech- significant discovery or managing a thoughtful answers to the questions he nical engineers is not made clear.) The project that comes within time and asked, including thoughts about gradu- point being that proper punctuation under budget. As Dail points out, hav- ate schools. One of my highlights at the makes a big difference, as pointed out in ing the possibility of the bonus and the 2010 GSA Annual Meeting was meeting Lynne Truss’ delightful, if pointed, Eats, circumstances for its award spelled out Student’s Voice columnist Stephanie Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance in advance, preferably in writing, and Jarvis, SA-1495, and discussing how Approach to Punctuation (2006, paper- with disclosure to all interested parties we created our columns. We also talked back). The Chicago Manual of Style2 avoids most of the ethical difficulties. about Jarvis’ plans for graduate school. notes that “A phrasal adjective (also There are government contracts with Jarvis’ “Go for it!” column in the Jan/Feb called a compound modifier) is a phrase these types of provisions. ‘11 TPG echoes Adu’s theme. Geologists that functions as a unit to modify a I will note an interesting wrinkle on of any age are fun to be around. Let’s noun. A phrasal adjective follows these such a bonus and insider trading. In mingle more. the original insider trading case, SEC basic rules: (1) Generally, if it is placed v. Texas Gulf Sulfur, which involved the Criminal Action Against before a noun, you should hyphenate the phrase to avoid misdirecting the reader discovery of the Kidd Creek base metal John Paterson for massive sulfide deposit in the early ‘60s, {dog-eat-dog competition}. There may Texas Gulf’s exploration head was one of Tampering with Assays be a considerable difference between the hyphenated and the unhyphenated the few in the company who knew about In column 123, Sep/Oct ‘09, I report- forms. For example, compare small ani- the discovery when he was granted a ed that the Australasian Institute of mal hospital with small-animal hos- bonus by the board of directors, which Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) had pital” (entry 5.92). Hence my question didn’t know. The court found that there publicly banned John Gregory Paterson about how the land specialists are con- was legitimate reason for not telling from AusIMM membership for life as a taminated. the board about the discovery at the result of his tampering with reported time the bonus was granted and that assays from Southwestern Resources’ Grammar and punctuation, subjects the exploration head would have made Boka gold property in southwestern most of us were subjected to in junior

2. I use the CD version of the 15th edition, 2003, which is a lot easier to use than the printed book. A 16th edition was released in August 2010. An online subscription service apparently replaces the CD version and costs $35 for one year or $60 for two years for an individual. There are also group rates; go to www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 31 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND PRACTICES - Column 132 high (now middle school) with less tedious PE&P Index revisits in high school and possibly later, are not most people’s favorite study. And With the publication of each TPG without periodic refreshers and recourse issue, I update the PE&P index that is to books on the subject, we forget things posted on AIPG’s website at www.aipg. org/About/pepindex.xls. Unfortunately, and do not learn about new conventions.3 An equally important subject not gener- I discovered in mid-November that I’d ally taught at all is style and formatting, made a bad sort of the master file that which deal with things like the use of didn’t include the (PE&P column) # appropriate fonts, layouts, etc. Those old column and so the index wouldn’t point enough to have taken a typing class on a you to the correct PE&P column number. typewriter were given some elementary This problem has now been fixed. If formatting rules, almost all of which are you use the index, please make sure to now wrong because word processing pro- download the up-to-date and corrected grams can display italics, font sizes and version. If you should find other errors types are easily changed, and footnotes in the index, please let me know so that I can correct them. With 132 columns are easily inserted. The Chicago Manual Geologic Ethics & of Style is an excellent reference a large now in print, mistakes may be present as anyone who tries to maintain data files Professional Practices number of grammatical and formatting is now available on CD issues. I wish more people would refer to knows is a constant struggle. it rather than going with some concept This CD is a collection of articles, of “it looks right to me,” with frequently columns, letters to the editor, and other unfortunate results. material addressing professional ethics and general issues of professional 3. New conventions include items such as how to break long URL strings across lines. geologic practice that were printed in The 16th edition recommends that the line break precede the “/”. The old type writ- The Professional Geologist. It includes ing convention of placing 2 spaces after sentences has never been correct when using an electronic version of the now out-of- proportionally spaced fonts, which typewriters did not have. Does anyone really yearn print Geologic Ethics and Professional for the return of monospaced Courier or Elite fonts? Practices 1987-1997, AIPG Reprint Series #1. The intent of this CD is collection of this material in a single place so that the issues and questions raised by the material may be more conveniently studied. The intended Invitation from AIPG to ‘students’ of this CD include everyone Submit Articles interested in the topic, from the new student of geology to professors emeritus, working geologists, retired geologists, You are invited to submit an article, paper, and those interested in the geologic or guest column based upon your geological profession. experiences or activities to the American AIPG members will be able to update Institute of Professional Geologists to be their copy of this CD by regularly down- included in “The Professional Geologist” (TPG) loading the pe&p index.xls file from the www.aipg.org under “Ethics” and bi-monthly journal. The article can address a by downloading the electronic version professional subject, be technical in nature, or of The Professional Geologist from comment on a state or national issue affecting the members only area of the AIPG website.The cost of the CD is $25 for the profession of geology. members, $35 for non-members, $15 for student members and $18 for non- Article submissions for TPG should be 800 to member students, plus shipping and 3200 words in length (Word format). Photos, handling. To order go to www.aipg.org. figures, tables, etc. are always welcome! Author Five dollars from every CD sold will be instructions are available on the AIPG website donated to the AIPG Foundation. at www.aipg.org. Please contact AIPG headquarters if you have any questions. AIPG email is [email protected] or phone (303) 412-6205.

32 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org COMMENTS

It has become obvious to me that my experiences as a young professional, in what seems the geologic past, has very little relevance to the young professionals of today. Each generation is a product of the environment in which they are raised. The value structure of today is more personal and family oriented than it was forty years ago. In the past, your life conformed to the requirements of the job; whereas, the job now conforms to the requirements of the family. David G Rensink, AAPG President, CPG-06399. The value system of today may be an improvement on the past, but it has changed the way companies relate to and retain their employees. In the same way it is changing the way professional organizations relate to and retain their members. The attitude of today’s young professional toward membership in professional organizations has changed from what I experienced. Membership in a local and national professional society was an expected part of being a professional. It was the means by which we kept up with the latest ideas in the science of geology and it was the basis for our network within the profession. The internet has brought access to an incredible amount of data, and it has created a professional network that is as virtual as it is face to face. They have grown up with a technology that was in its infancy when most of us began our careers. It has created a generation that is more likely to communicate electronically than face to face. The young professionals place a high value on self fulfillment and have a sense that the sky is the limit, which some of us interpret as “what have you done for me lately?” A professional career is now part of a world view; it is not a world unto itself. This generation is entering the industry during the “great crew change”, and that has given young professionals a lever- age that most of us did not have early in our careers. They are highly mobile, have high expectations and they do not fear challenging the status quo. Fifty percent of the members of AAPG are over the age of fifty, and AIPG very probably has the same demographics. As this group moves into retirement in the near future, the young professionals of today will move into management positions. Change is inevitable, but it can be managed. The key to managing change is to take a longer term view than we normally take as companies and professional associations. In my opinion, a five year outlook is too short. As leaders in professional associations, we need to try to envision what we will look like in twenty years. Our collective goal is long term survival. We need to evaluate our policies and procedures on an ongoing basis to identify possible road blocks that could impair reaching that goal.

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 33 HYDROTHINK Funny Pumps Give Funny Data

William J. Stone

Ground-water movement (both direc- go over the correct procedure with him. tion and rate) is a routine consideration Lacking that, I doubted that he had done in site characterization. The rate of it properly. This was confirmed when I movement (either as velocity or dis- saw the results: 1) discharge rate had AFLAC charge) is of special interest. Flow veloc- been irregularly monitored, 2) there was ity is critical for contaminant-transport no flow meter and the few measurements Why Supplemental Insurance? modeling and well yield is important for available had been only roughly made Even the best health insurance plan water-supply projects. using a bucket and stopwatch, 3) dis- can leave you vulnerable to: Aquifer tests are the main source of charge was nowhere near constant, and Unpaid medical bills... includ- data on rate of ground-water movement. 4) most amazing of all, a small portable ing deductibles, co-payments, and Such tests, also called well tests or pump- gasoline driven pump, as is used to drain out-of-network charges. ing tests, involve observing drawdown of a sump, had been employed for the test. Loss of income... if a serious illness water level in response to stress induced Guess it was a pump test after all. The or accident seriously reduces the by pumping. (Calling them pump tests entire exercise had been a waste of rig total earning power of the afflicted is misleading, unless, of course, only time and staff effort. TIP: Don’t use the employee and/or spouse. the pump was indeed tested.) More trash pump for your aquifer test. specifically, testing provides informa- Out-of-pocket expenses... such as tion on hydraulic parameters, such as Dr. Stone has more than 30 years of the cost of travel, lodging, meals, transmissivity and storativity, averaged experience in hydroscience and is the child care, home care, and spe- over a large area. author of numerous professional papers cial equipment, as well as every- as well as the book, Hydrogeology in The quality of test results depends on day living expenses like mortgage/ Practice – A Guide to Characterizing the reliability of the field data collected rent, car, utilities, food, and Ground-Water Systems (Prentice Hall). and the validity of the method used to credit card balances. Feel free to argue or agree with him by analyze the data. Well testing involves email: [email protected]. That’s why over 40 million people many considerations and whole books worldwide have turned to AFLAC. have been written on the subject. I focus Our full range of guaranteed-renew- here on just one test variable: pumping able insurance policies includes: rate. An essential requirement of aquifer AIPG Section Accident/Disability tests is that the pump discharge water Short-Term Disability, Cancer, at a constant rate. For a test to be valid, Websites Hospital Confinement Indemnity, flow rate should not vary by more than AIPG Section Website links Hospital Intensive Care, 10% throughout the entire course of the are on the AIPG National Specified Health Event, Life, test. This is assured by installation and Website at www.aipg. Long-Term Care, Dental regular monitoring of a flow meter on org. Click on the top right Most important, all of our the discharge line. drop down menu and policies pay cash benefits directly Sometimes enthusiasm for collecting click on Section Websites. to you even if you have other data overwhelms good judgement. When If your section does not coverage. You decide where the I called the site geologist on a shallow have a website contact money goes. It’s your choice! well we were installing to set a time AIPG Headquarters to get for planning an aquifer test, he proudly one setup (wjd@aipg. announced that one had already been org). AIPG Headquarters AFLAC made. I had two reactions. First, I was will maintain a website http://www.aflac.com both shocked and perturbed because, as for your section. Several Carol Streicher, AFLAC Sales project hydrologist, I was to design and sections (AZ, CA, CO, FL, Associate carry out testing. But this was the first GA, HI, IL Chapter, MI, Phone: (303) 674-1808 well to be tested, so the routine had not MO, NM, OK, PA, and TN) Please identify yourself as an been firmly set. Also, I was skeptical are examples of websites AIPG Member to receive the AIPG that the testing was valid. Since I would hosted by AIPG National. Association discounted prices. conduct the tests, there was no reason to

34 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org STUDENT’S VOICE Storytelling

Stephanie Jarvis, SA-1495, [email protected]

This summer I was visiting with some the everyday person thinks about--the larger ones that swell with spring rains friends of mine, a couple that I had gotten microbes swimming in it, its relationship and occasionally block off roads, flooding to know over the past few years. She, a to the groundwater, its sediment load, fields planted with corn and soybeans in sweet woman with the most beautiful the seasonal cycles of the ecosystem it a sharp contrast to the dry stream beds southern accent, worked as a secretary defines--that are extremely important of summer. Though this small stream, as running the business that had employed to its functionality. But purely practical far as I know unnamed, wouldn’t have me the summers before and after my accounts of fluvial processes in a peer- made it into the Dicks’ book, its story first year of college. He, a man who had reviewed journal cannot do a stream is far more than downcutting through definitely had some rowdy younger days justice. It is the story of a stream that Ordovician Limestone and making a and possessed a sense of humor and is interesting. Storytelling surrounds habitat for some leafcutters. storytelling that made you love him in water. Biologists tell of the seasonal I was home for a random weekend the first conversation, brought his wife and yearly stories of the watershed’s in October when I got a shaky message lunch everyday and always greeted me ecosystem and geologists tell of the on my cell phone. It was my friend, the with a hug, kiss, and a “lookin’ good as forming of the land and the flow of the woman of the couple, telling me that her ever!” That day, our conversation turned water. However, these stories don’t tell husband had passed away a few days to streams, I think after I asked him the all. As the Dicks state in their introduc- earlier and that she had my book if I name of one my mom and I had passed on tion when talking about the hydrologic wanted to stop by and pick it up. The flap a bike ride. He started telling me where cycle: “We believe the cycle would be of the sleeve marked his place in it, and each stream in this county (Shelby) and unfinished and meaningless if there had she told me again how much he liked it. the surrounding area flowed until every not been people to supply the human David Dick had passed away a bit before drop reached the Taylorsville Dam, the texture.” The people of a river speak of that after a long battle with cancer. I like construction of which he then recounted. it as a neighbor, not necessarily a force to imagine they’ve gotten the chance to The way he talked reminded me of the to be reckoned with (well, maybe) but swap some good stories by now. storytelling of David Dick and the book one to know. It is this knowledge that he wrote with his wife, Lalie, called The captivates me. Rivers of Kentucky. In it, they traveled When I walk in the woods behind my to every river in the state (a “river” house and sit by the stream I think about being defined as what the people who the fact that its flow is faster and mud- lived on it called it, having nothing to dier today than it was yesterday, since START AN AIPG do with a quantity) and wrote about it the snow has melted. I think about all the STUDENT CHAPTER in the context of its stories, told by the brachiopods finding their way out of the people they talked to and local history. eroding limestone and the animal tracks TODAY! It’s a great book (as are all of David along the banks. I notice that there isn’t Dick’s) that I recommend to anybody as much garlic mustard here as there The AIPG Student interested in water, and I suggested it was when I first entered the woods from Chapter Manual is to my friend. I lent him my copy, which the field that separates it from my house. he read while getting dialysis treatments But I also wonder who else has stood on available on the and, according to his wife, talked about that same bend, maybe cooling off after a AIPG National Website all the time. long morning of tobacco harvesting in the I’ve come to realize that the stories hot sun so many years ago. I think about at www.aipg.org in the Dicks’ book and this conversation the thoughts of the hunter that sat in the or contact National with my friend embody the reason I’m so stand that overlooks it, waiting quietly drawn to water. Of course, water is func- for a deer to come into range a few weeks Headquarters at tional: it is necessary to life, serves as the or years or centuries ago. I wonder how it most primary mode of transportation, has changed since the Native Americans (303) 412-6205 and molds the landscape and its cycles. sat by it, if they did. I try to place its flow There is so much more to a stream than with that of other streams I know, the www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 35 36 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org STUDENT CHAPTER NEWS

California Section-UCD in Nevada City, California for many together as a unified community. Society Student Chapter News: years, he has now become a local radio has historically shown that water can celebrity of sorts. bring the worst out of people and he The Geologic Poetry and The radio broadcast “Water is a Many sees, instead, a way to bring people Golden Voice of Stephen Splendid Thing” is a series of short- together, even in controversy. Steve’s J. Baker segment radio broadcasts lasting from unique vision of uniting the public brings about 3 to 7 minutes long and are well strong emphasis on people relation- “Fundamental to our lives and envi- received by the community. They have ships in the midst of water relation- ronment,” is a phrase heard on over one been run since 2007 and Steve has writ- ships. Success occurs through our Living hundred radio shorts that Stephen J. ten, performed and produced over 140 Water® Alliance social and multimedia Baker of Living Water® Alliance uses segments. They have played on KNCO, platform which Steve spoke about dur- on his radio programs in California KVMR, KFOK and occasionally on NPR. ing his UCD lecture. Part of the lesson that might be heard in several nearby Interviews for the various segments Steve noted is that public awareness and states as well. The well-received radio have taken him across the country. outreach programs for water solutions programs are a geologic poetry of sorts, Steve has ridden with the Pittsburgh can evolve. as the language is spoken clearly and the River Patrol in Pennsylvania, visited For the California Section meeting, complex geologic concepts are explained with the Tlingit, Maidu and Washoe Steve described some of his career path in simple, every-day terms. The man people of Alaska, California and Nevada and radio shows. As part of the give and with the golden voice was also the learning about local customs toward take of the evening, Steve asked each speaker and guest at the most recent water and resources. He interviewed the student at UCD what their career plan California Section and University of producer of “The Antarctic Challenge”, was and their interest in geology. The California at Davis (UCD) AIPG Student a Canadian documentary of climate California Section - UCD AIPG Student Section meeting held on January 26, impacts at the South Pole. Section meeting was a great success and 2011 in Davis, California. The meeting the students asked lots of questions of included a pot luck dinner and then a Sometimes Steve is surprised with speaker. After the meeting, it was time rousing welcome for the guest speaker. what he learns. While interviewing the to drive home on the freeway. I hoped to Steve is a passionate speaker about well-known and energetic past executive be able to turn on the radio and listen to water and people working together to director of the National Ground Water the geologic poetry of a Stephen J. Baker solve real world problems, such as water Association, Jay Lehr, Steve learned radio short. shortages. Steve is a Co-Founder of that Jay is a diehard sky diver. At the Living Water Alliance and the developer end of the interview about Jay’s research into fluoride and water, Steve asked Jay, Jim Jacobs, CPG-07760, is the presi- of the Homestead and Neighborhood dent of the California Section and UCD Alliance programs. He has owned and what it is like to jump through a cloud with ice crystals. Well, that turned into AIPG student section sponsor. He can be operated HydroSolutions of California, reached at [email protected] Inc. (an environmental consulting firm) a very entertaining radio segment that for the last fifteen years. His work Steve never expected when he started has included 30 years of assessment, the interview. Listen for that interview monitoring and remediation of contami- on the radio. Steve responds to local nated sediment and groundwater. He fans, “it is truly amazing how much of is a California Professional Geologist, our lives are all connected with water.” California Certified Hydrogeologist and Steve works hard researching the sci- a California Environmental Assessor. ence topics and background history for But what sets Steve apart from most the interviews. He writes questions and geologists is his love of communicating scripts that bring out our connections the importance of water to the public with water. using radio shorts. As a public speaker, Examples of twelve of Steve’s radio he is also in demand to participate shorts are posted on www.living-water- in town hall meetings, presentation alliance.com As you listen to one of the seminars, and internet, radio and tele- shows, you may find yourself engulfed Jim Jacobs and UCD Chapter students. vision broadcast programs, all related in the dialog or laughing out loud as to water. you hear segments covering many topics Steve told me that his appearances related to water. You may hear water on radio evolved from giving presenta- relationships about daily interactions, tions at towns scattered throughout the national, global, planetary and yes, uni- Sierras. “People have a partial under- verse water interactions. Each segment standing of their water needs but aren’t is written with the intent of discovering motivated to do anything about man- the value that water has in each of our aging it. Public perception has placed lives. Interviews are with real people water availability and quality issues as sharing a piece of their life experience a responsibility of somebody else.” For about water. this reason, Steve decided to produce The goal of Steve’s professional inter- a radio program that would provide est is to recognize and find solutions to consistent attention in a soft fluffy way water-related challenges. In his view, we Stephen J. Baker. to listeners across the country. Living can accomplish great things by working www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 37 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES DIRECTORY

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42 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org The Importance of Garnet Geochemistry in Diamond Exploration

Carl F. Brink, AS-0057

Abstract and reflected the minerals’ growth in widespread use of the appropriately different geochemical environments in termed “kimberlite indicator minerals” Mineral inclusions in rough diamonds the upper mantle. Purple-red pyrope (or KIMs) pyrope and eclogite garnet, provide a window into the physical and garnet, bright emerald green chrome- magnesian ilmenite, chrome diopside chemical conditions of their formation rich diopside, colorless olivine and trans- and chrome spinel as pathfinders in in the upper mantle. The geochemistry lucent black chrome-rich spinel comprise exploration for diamondiferous kimber- of pyrope garnet inclusions may be uti- important members of the ultramafic lite pipes resulted in considerable dis- lized as a preliminary screening tool to suite of inclusions. Orange-red pyrope- covery successes over the past 100 years; differentiate potentially diamondiferous almandine garnet, pale green ompha- however there remained a major draw- and non-diamondiferous kimberlite host citic pyroxene, blue or colorless kyanite back to KIM’s effectiveness as indicators rock. Diamond exploration programs and yellow-brown rutile are well-known of diamonds. Tracing KIMs recovered in utilizing stream sediment and glacial eclogitic minerals (Meyer, 1986). field samples to their sources still did till sampling techniques in the Upper not in any way guarantee an economic, Peninsula of Michigan and Canada’s Kimberlite Indicator or even diamond-bearing, deposit would Northwest Territories illustrate the Minerals be the result. In many instances, large importance of the garnet discrimination fields of kimberlites proved to have only tool to successful diamond exploration. Early mining and processing of non- one or two significantly diamondifer- alluvial diamonds revealed their source ous pipes; most had none or just a few Key Words was in volcanic rock chimneys or pipes marginally diamondiferous pipes. To Diamond, eclogite, geochemistry, named kimberlite after the town of allow judicious application of explora- harzburgite, inclusion, indicator, kim- Kimberley in South Africa where the tion funds diamond explorers needed berlite, lherzolite, lithosphere, macro- kimberlite-diamond association was a tool to quickly and accurately dis- cryst, mantle, nodule, ultramafic first recognized. It was observed that criminate between diamondiferous and some minerals found in heavy mineral non-diamondiferous sources early in an Introduction concentrates from mined and processed exploration program. kimberlite ore were similar to miner- “Better a diamond with a flaw than als found as diamond inclusions. The The Diamond-Garnet a pebble without” - Confucius (551-479 kimberlite minerals occurred as discrete BC) grains named macrocrysts dispersed in Relationship Mineral inclusions in rough diamonds the kimberlite magma, and were also Research proved that diamonds in reflect the paragenesis of the host dia- found in aggregates of mantle-derived kimberlite pipes were derived from dis- mond with the included mineral. As rock. Due to their rounded and semi- aggregation of the lithospheric upper such the diamond inclusion minerals rounded shapes the exotic upper man- mantle nodules such as lherzolite, harz- are extremely important to scientists tle rock aggregates were aptly termed burgite and eclogite. That knowledge by providing a window into the physi- nodules. The disaggregation of the thus allowed the simple conclusion that cal and chemical conditions influencing eponymous nodules, both in the mantle diamond quantity could possibly be qual- mineral formation in the upper mantle. and in the kimberlite pipes themselves, itatively estimated from the amount Diamond crystals may contain a number was determined to be the source of the of potentially diamondiferous mantle of different mineral inclusions. The macrocrysts and diamonds dispersed nodules and their disaggregated min- most common are olivine, garnet and throughout the kimberlite. Nodules eral product existing in any kimberlite clinopyroxene. Rarer inclusions such as and macrocrysts could be assigned an pipe. In essence, the more plentiful the chrome spinel, zircon, kyanite, iron, cop- ultramafic or eclogitic paragenesis based disaggregated mantle nodules or min- per and nickel sulphides, and diamond on their geochemistry, and it was imme- erals, the more plentiful the potential itself have been identified. Analyses diately recognized that these miner- diamond content (Fipke et al., 1995). of inclusions revealed that the minerals were so distinctive that they could Considering only the ultramafic para- als could be separated into two suites: effectively be used as “pathfinder miner- genesis, the relative importance of the ultramafic and eclogitic. The suites were als” to locate new kimberlite pipes and ultramafic suite of nodules in terms of mineralogically and chemically distinct thus, potential diamond deposits. The their diamondiferous potential has been

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 43 THE IMPORTANCE OF GARNET GEOCHEMISRTY IN DIAMOND EXPLORATION suggested as, in order of decreasing laboratory assessing the diamond poten- could now be designated the G10D popu- importance, garnet harzburgite, chro- tial of the indicators stated in part, “the lation to differentiate from the general mite harzburgite and garnet lherzolite dataset represents the best for diamond G10 population (Grütter et al., 2004). (Gurney, 1984). Garnets from kimber- potential we have seen anywhere in the Diamond explorers submitting garnets lites and nodules had previously been world and we have no doubt that highly for possible diamond-inclusion analyses classified into Groups 1 through 12 diamondiferous kimberlite is the source and potential diamond content estimates based on their chemical compositions; of the heavy minerals”. As we all now could expect greatly improved interpre- garnets that existed as inclusions in know, the Ekati claim block hosts kim- tation of sample results, allowing most diamonds belonged to Group 10 (Dawson berlite pipes with diamond grades as efficient allocation of exploration funds and Stephens, 1975). Further analyses high as 3.3 carats per tonne (Fipke et to the most promising targets. and plotting of these diamond-inclusion al., 1995). It is important to remember Although not addressed in this short chrome pyrope garnets revealed that that the correct assumption, based on article focused on the G10 or calcium eighty-five percent of the garnets fell indicator mineral geochemistry, that the depleted pyrope garnets, it should be into the calcium depleted compositional anomalous minerals were derived from noted that other diamond inclusion trend. These garnets popularly became diamondiferous sources was made at minerals are also used to reinforce the known as G10s, and the garnets that least ten years before the sources were more commonly used G10 interpreta- plotted on the calcium rich side of actually discovered! tion. Eclogitic garnets and high chrome the eighty-five percent separation were spinel or chromites are often employed termed G9s. Most G10 garnets were Prospective G10 Garnet as indicators of diamondiferous prov- known to be associated with harzburgite Selection enance. while lherzolite was the source of the G9 Selective sorting of all purple and Garnet inclusions in eclogitic dia- garnets. The line separating the two monds are commonly orange or orange- garnet populations became the famous purple-red garnets from heavy mineral concentrates greatly increases the odds red in color, and sodium content greater “85%” line of J.J. Gurney (Gurney, 1984). than 0.7% is considered compatible Diamond explorers could think of the of recovering prospective G10 garnets; however, submitting all purple-colored with the presence of diamond (Gurney, line as the “diamond in” and “diamond 1984). out” separator. Very simply, the more garnets from large sample concentrates Diamond inclusion chromites with garnets plotting in the G10 field the for laboratory analysis may be quite cost a chrome content of sixty percent or better the chance for diamondiferous prohibitive. G10 garnets have a diagnos- higher, sixteen percent magnesium and kimberlite being the source. Two factors tic red-purple color with a blue tinge that very low titanium (less than 0.3%) are were considered in interpreting such has been described as claret, lavender, also used as potential diamond indica- analyses: the abundance of garnets fall- lilac or mauve. Identifying potential G10 tors (Daniels, 1991; Fipke et al., 1995). ing into the calcium depleted area of the garnets in a concentrate by their char- Chromite analyses may be equivocal plot; and the degree of calcium depletion. acteristic color may increase the odds of in exploration samples because chro- Greater abundance of calcium depleted correctly selecting G10’s for geochemical mites having compositions overlapping garnets indicated greater probability analysis as well as reduce the quantity of diamond-inclusion chromite composi- for significantly diamondiferous source prospective garnets suitable for analysis; tions can be quite common in various rocks. The G10 discriminator technol- however, many purple garnets display geological terranes making accurate ogy appeared to be the tool the diamond such subtle color variations that G10 discrimination from DI-chromites diffi- explorers had been looking for! selection by color discrimination may be quite difficult even for a trained eye. cult (Fipke et al., 1995; Mitchell, 1986). Relevance of G10 Repeated exposure to the beautiful lav- Diamond exploration companies attempt ender color of actual diamond inclusion to most effectively employ all three of Technology in Diamond garnets (much as a gemologist uses these potential DI-minerals in a cumula- Exploration Applications “master stones” when color-grading dia- tive and mutually-supportive approach One of the most spectacular suc- monds) may significantly aid the visual to any successful diamond exploration cess stories using conventional KIM sorting of potential G10’s from heavy strategy. exploration techniques in concert with mineral concentrates. G10/G9 garnet discrimination was the G10 Geochemistry discovery of the Ekati diamond prov- Interpretation of Garnet Importance in Diamond ince in the Northwest Territories of Geochemistry and other Exploration in Michigan’s Canada in 1991. KIMs discovered in Diamond Inclusion (DI) Upper Peninsula field samples near Blackwater Lake in western Canada, near the MacKenzie Minerals The practice of diamond explora- River, were traced over ten years to their Considerable progress in the inter- tion using soil, stream, glacial till and extremely diamondiferous kimberlite pretation of G10 garnet geochemistry esker samples combined with airborne pipe sources 500 kilometers further east. by expansion of the dataset based on and ground geophysics as well as satel- Financial backing to support such a long many additional analyses from mul- lite and aerial photography for target term and expensive venture was justi- tiple worldwide sources has resulted in delineation have undergone continu- fied by the early geochemical analyses improved forecasting of the potential ous improvement and development and of field sample garnets that unequivo- for significantly diamondiferous or eco- resulted in much exploration success cally indicated favorable derivation from nomic source rocks versus marginally over the previous one hundred years, significantly diamondiferous sources. A or sub-economic sources. The preferred and may be regarded as a mature 1990 report from Dr. Gurney’s minerals calcium depleted G10 garnet population technology. In addition to the notable

44 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org THE IMPORTANCE OF GARNET GEOCHEMISRTY IN DIAMOND EXPLORATION success mentioned previously in using ice advance and retreat further compli- mostly absent. It should be remembered G10 geochemistry to justify long-term cated the exploration process (Carlson that G10 technology was in its infancy financial support committed to diamond and Floodstrand, 1994). Unraveling in the mid 1980’s and interpretation of exploration projects in Canada, G10 possible KIM transport directions and the garnet geochemistry and correla- technology has also been used to validate attempting to trace the minerals to tion with diamond content were still the existence of non-economic diamond their source in such a mélange would be evolving. It was becoming clear though, deposits. Such an example can be extremely time-consuming and difficult. that the UP garnet geochemistries were described using the kimberlite explora- The stream sediment program utilized clearly not encouraging in pointing to tion program in the Lake Superior area the conventional and accepted practice possible economic diamond deposits; of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan of identifying heavy mineral trap sites in however, the overall exploration pro- by the Dow Chemical Company in the active drainages and collecting samples gram continued and was very successful mid-1980s. from as deep as possible at such sites. in discovering a number of kimberlites, Considering that rivers and streams some buried under as much as thirty Great Lakes Diamonds traversing glacial deposits may have meters of glaciofluvial overburden! sampled many different tills, eskers, Finds of large gem quality diamonds Magnesian ilmenite and olivine were or moraines dependent on the actual in the glacial moraines and outwash also successfully used as pathfinder min- watercourse, stream samples provided sediments of the Great Lakes region had erals in the UP. The magnesium content a valuable and efficient tool for identi- been documented since the 1800s. The of ilmenites may be used to estimate fying prospective areas quickly. Once a source of the diamonds was postulated the degree of possible diamond preser- promising area was located, follow-up till to be far to the north in the James Bay vation. Generally, higher magnesium sampling and ground geophysics were Lowlands of Canada, and the diamonds oxide contents reflected higher diamond used to zero in on potential kimberlite were presumed to have been transported preservation potentials (Fipke et al., sources. Where lack of relief prohibited to their final discovery sites by continen- 1995). In the UP, however, ilmenites stream samples, a concept of basal till tal ice sheets (Hobbs, 1899). were not as effective as G10 geochem- sampling was developed. Recognizing istry for providing possible diamond In 1971 the accidental discovery of that the lowermost or basal tills repre- content interpretations. Olivine may be the Lake Ellen kimberlite in the Upper sented material scraped from local bed- derived from a number of non-kimberlit- Peninsula (UP) of Michigan drove the rock sources and was the least travelled ic sources; however, kimberlite-derived realization that the still undiscovered and pristine component of the glacial olivine in the UP was readily identifiable source of the drift diamonds might in material, i.e. undiluted and uncontami- by its characteristic rounded shape (from fact be in the USA and not in Canada nated with extraneous glacial debris, resorbtion) and pale olive green color. (Cannon and Mudrey, 1981). Later, geo- samples were preferentially collected The common yellow-brown tint imparted chemical analyses of Lake Ellen garnets from these coarse, unsorted and angular to non-kimberlitic olivine due to iron con- showed compositions approaching the basal till components wherever possible. tent was absent in the magnesium-rich G10 “diamond in” line and further sup- Concentration by gravity separation kimberlitic olivine. ported the premise that diamondiferous techniques using jigs and shaking tables kimberlite sources for the drift diamonds provided KIM rich sample concentrates. might be found locally in the Upper Verification of G10 Concentrates were further refined using Diamond Content Peninsula (McGee, 1987; McGee and rare earth permanent magnet separa- Hearn, 1983). By the mid-1980s there tion prior to binocular microscope optical Forecasts by Kimberlite were a number of companies competing examination. Suspected kimberlitic gar- Bulk Samples in diamond exploration in the UP and nets were selected from the concentrates Despite the generally non-favorable neighboring states. and submitted for analysis. Criteria G10 analyses, the Upper Peninsula One such company was the Dow for selecting possible kimberlite-derived diamond program was progressed to Chemical Company of Midland, garnets included color, shape, and pre- conduct processing of mini-bulk samples Michigan, which funded a diamond served textures such as “orange peel” collected from drilling and trenching of exploration project based out of Crystal surfaces and kelyphite rinds. Kelyphite discovered kimberlites in an attempt Falls in the UP. Under the superb guid- is a reaction rind composed of serpentine to directly determine diamond content. ance of William Jarvis, an ex-De Beers and other minerals and formed between The bulk samples yielded fresh kimber- geologist who had considerable diamond the garnet and the host kimberlite at lite for petrologic research, specimens of exploration experience in Africa, the the garnet’s expense, a chemical process mantle nodules, and abundant indicator project employed a program of stream termed resorbtion. Orange peel textures minerals. Garnets recovered directly sediment and glacial till sampling com- are often preserved under the kelyphite from kimberlite bulk samples showed bined with ground geophysics. rind, and preservation of such rinds indi- similar G10 analyses to the previous It was acknowledged early in the pro- cates close proximity to source because field sample garnets and again con- gram that the number of different glacial the rinds are quite delicate and easily firmed that calcium-depleted garnets tills, extensive deposits of glacial out- destroyed (Mitchell, 1986). were scarce (W. Jarvis, 1990, personal wash, eskers, and moraines in the area Plots of garnets possessing possible communication). Kimberlite processed often carried not only abundant kimber- G10 chemistry from UP stream and till at the Dow Chemical laboratories in lite indicator minerals but also kimber- field samples continued to suggest that Midland by hydrofluoric acid digestion lite cobbles and boulders from various diamondiferous kimberlites were sourc- yielded a few microdiamond specimens sources thoroughly intermingled later- es of the garnets; however, the sought- (less than 0.5 mm) from certain kimber- ally and vertically throughout the glacial after calcium depleted geochemistry was lites. The lack of significantly calcium deposits. Additionally, multiple ages of www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 45 THE IMPORTANCE OF GARNET GEOCHEMISRTY IN DIAMOND EXPLORATION depleted G10 garnet populations cor- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Meyer, H.O.A., 1986, Inclusions roborated by extremely low or absent Michigan. in Diamond and the Genesis of microdiamond contents in the UP kim- Diamond, in Koivula, J. I., 1986, berlites effectively united to ensure the References Photo Atlas of Inclusions in end of further exploration in the area. Gemstones, ABC Edition, Zurich. Cannon, W.F., and Mudrey, M.G., 1981, Doubtless many more kimberlites exist The potential for Diamond-Bearing Mitchell, R.H., 1986, Kimberlites - in the Great Lakes region; however, Kimberlite in Northern Michigan Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and it can be confidently agreed that they and Wisconsin, U.S. Geological Petrology, Plenum Press, New would be barren or very low in diamond Survey Circular 842. York. content. The initial interpretation of the Carlson, S.M., and Floodstrand, W., 1994, field sample G10 geochemistry in this Photo Captions case was thus completely vindicated once Michigan kimberlites and diamond the source kimberlites were tested for exploration techniques, Proceedings All photos Copyright © Carl F. Brink actual diamond content, and resulted in of the Institute on Lake Superior 2010 an unqualified success in using the tech- Geology, 40th Annual Meeting. nology in an exploration program. Sadly, Daniels, L.R.M., 1991, Diamonds Carl F. Brink is a Graduate Gemologist not all diamond exploration programs, and related minerals from the of the Gemological Institute of America no matter how successful at discovering Dokolwayo kimberlite, kingdom of specializing in diamond exploration and kimberlites, have an Ekati-type discov- Swaziland, unpublished Ph.D. the- ore processing, as well as rough diamond ery as the end result! sis, University of Cape Town, South grading and evaluation. He has worked Africa. in Africa, South America, Canada and Conclusions the USA for a number of companies Dawson, J.B., and Stephens, W.E., 1975, including The De Beers Group, BHP- It is interesting to note that the ini- Statistical classification of garnets Billiton, Newmont Mining Company and tial observation made by W.H. Hobbs from kimberlite and associated DiamonEx USA. Carl is an avid rock and in 1899 that the possible sources of the xenoliths, Journal of Geology, v. mineral photographer, and enjoys rock Great Lakes drift diamond finds lay far 83, p. 589-607. hounding and exploring the geological to the north in the James Bay Lowlands, Fipke, C.E., Gurney, J.J., Moore, grandeur of the western United States. based on his interpretation of ice flow R.O., 1995, Diamond Exploration directions, proved to be almost prescient Techniques emphasizing Indicator in its accuracy. In 2008 the newest Mineral Geochemistry and De Beers diamond mine was officially Canadian Examples, Geological opened in the exact area that Mr. Hobbs Survey of Canada Bulletin 423. had predicted as a possible diamond source so long ago. The Victor mine is Grütter, H.S., Gurney, J.J., Menzies, Is Your Profile now in operation producing superb and A.H., Winter, F., 2004, An updated extremely high value diamonds. G10 classification scheme for mantle- Correct? garnets, their geochemistry and inter- derived garnet, for use by diamond Itt is immppoorttaant ttoo keeep yyoourr pretation surely played a major role in explorers, Lithos, 77, p. 841-857. aaddddreesss, phonnee nuummberrs, aannd this world class discovery. Gurney, J.J., 1984, A correlation ee-mmaiil innfoorrmmattioonn up tto datte Two outstanding must-read books for between garnets and diamonds iin ourr reecoordss. Plleasse takke in kimberlites in Kimberlite additional information related to the tthhe tiimme to goo to thhe AAIIPPGG practice and techniques of indicator min- Occurrence and Origin: A basis eral sampling and mineral geochemistry for conceptual models in explora- NNaatiionnaal Webbssitte lloggin ttoo thee memm- and “Barren Lands” by Kevin Krajick. (eds.), Geology Department and bbeer pporrtiion off the siite aannd Both books relate the fascinating story of University Extension, University mmaakke suurre yoouur innfforrmmaatiionn of Western Australia, Publication the search for diamonds in Canada and iss corrrecct. YYoou can edditt yoour accurately capture the intense pressures No. 8, p. 143-166. endured by the geologists and diamond Hobbs, W.H., 1899, The Diamond Fields rreccoordd onnliinne. If yyoou ddo nott explorers during their passionate search of the Great Lakes, Journal of kknnooww youur lloggin annd ppaass- for immense wealth and fame. I highly Geology, V.7, No. 4, p. 375-388. wwoorrd youu caann e-mmaail NNaatioonaal recommend these two books as “pre- McGee, E.S. and Hearn, B.C., 1983, Lake HHeeaddqquuarrtterrs at aiipgg@@aaippgg. scribed reading” for aspiring diamond Ellen Kimberlite, Michigan, U.S.A., oorrg or caall (30033) 41122-6622055. explorers! U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-156. Acknowledgements McGee, E.S., 1987, Garnet xenocryst The rough diamond garnet inclu- analyses: Potential for diamonds sion specimen shown in Figure 1 was in the Williams kimberlite, north- discovered in a parcel of melee pro- central Montana and the Lake Ellen vided for testing of diamond process- kimberlite, northern Michigan, U.S. ing equipment courtesy of J.O. Huml, Geological Survey Open-File report 87-418.

46 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org THE IMPORTANCE OF GARNET GEOCHEMISRTY IN DIAMOND EXPLORATION

Figure 1. The classic “85% line” separating the G10 harzburgitic (diamond in) and G9 lherzolitic (diamond out) garnet geochemistry is shown in this figure Figure 2. A cobble of glacially transported reproduced from Fipke et al., 1995. The considerable quantity of garnets lying kimberlite exposed in beach gravels near on the left of the 85% line, together with the substantial calcium depleted Michigamme Slough in the Upper Peninsula analyses, suggest the garnets were derived from significantly diamondiferous of Michigan. White Paleozoic limestone xeno- sources. The garnets plotted here were recovered by Dia Met Minerals during liths and shiny black ilmenite macrocrysts are exploration of the Ekati claim block in Canada’s Northwest Territories. noticeable in the cobble.

Figure 3. Close up of a slab of glacially striated pavement composed of Lake Ellen Figure 4. Pyrope garnets recovered from Figure 5. Magnesian olivines recovered kimberlite. Two directions of ice move- stream sediment samples in the UP. from stream sediment samples in the UP. ment are conspicuously revealed on the The rounded shape due to resorbtion The pale olive green color, resorbed round- Ordovician dolomite xenolith. The round- and textbook “orange peel” surface tex- ed shape, and pristine polished surfaces ed black grains are serpentinized olivine ture preservation signify close proximity are, like the garnets in Figure 5, diagnostic macrocrysts. FOV is approximately 8 cm. to source. The deep red color implies of derivation from a kimberlitic source in these garnets most likely belong to the close proximity. Olivines are approximately G9 lherzolitic paragenesis. Garnets are 1.5-2.0 mm in size. approximately 1.5-2.0 mm in size.

www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 47 SECTION NEWS

Arizona Section CPG 6344, led one of his very popular California Section trips through the Verde Valley, starting Arizona Section Fall Field Trip in Jerome, then overlooking the Verde Professional Geologists Needed – Willcox Area-The AIPG Arizona Valley, and then to the Sedona area. This For Answers-You just can’t read a Section fall geology field trip event is certainly one of the most scenic areas of national newspaper or magazine with- began with a memorable dinner at the the state. We also enjoyed a picnic lunch out seeing significant problems that Coronado Vineyards restaurant near at a fish hatchery near Page Springs. relate either to infrastructure mainte- Willcox on Friday night. The field trip Paul discussed such interesting topics nance issues (seismic issues of bridges started early on Saturday morning, as the origin of very rich copper depos- or California levee failure potential) or rd October 23 . Larry Fellows, CPG-04447, its in Jerome and currently developing the need for more resources that are (former AZ State geologist) as always, sinkholes in the Sedona area, covering extracted with more environmental sen- organized a wonderful trip. The itiner- nearly a billion years of the planet’s sitivity. The underlying issue is the need ary included a tour of a zeolite mine history. On the field trip we traversed for intelligent earth scientists and the (Dan Eyde, CPG-07647, assisted with across the Verde Valley (a graben) from place we start earth science education is the tour at the mine and provided a Mingus Mountain to Oak Creek Canyon, in K-12. I have been to my kid’s science fascinating explanation of the mine and and saw rocks that range from the 1750 classes and bring in rocks and maps. I local geology) in the San Simon Valley Ma Mesoproterozoic rocks at Jerome to encourage you to go to a nearby school to near Ft. Bowie, a stop to buy wine and Recent sinkholes in the Sedona area. offer your services for a 20 minute talk other local goodies in Ft. Bowie, a talk Thank you Paul for another wonderful about the planet, the rocks, the resources about the cultural history and geology field trip. Pam Palmer took lots of great or the environment. From there, I am at the Apache Pass fault zone, a short photographs on this field trip and those trying to encourage college students. We hike along the old Butterfield stage line, are posted on the Arizona Section page will have a third meeting of the AIPG and then to the Chiricahua Mountains of the AIPG web site. Student Section at the University of in southeast Arizona. We enjoyed a pic- California at Davis. The meeting, which nic lunch in the beautiful Chiricahua Barbara Murphy, is open to AIPG members, will be on National Monument and went for a AZ Section 2010 Secretary January 26, 2011 at 6-8 pm. It is a pot- good hike along one of the main trails. luck meeting, so dinner is served! Just Additional photos from the field trip will bring some cookies or a dish. The speaker be posted on the Arizona Sections page is Stephen J. Baker, P.G., C.H.G., who of the AIPG web site for awhile. Thank is a consulting hydrogeologist who has you Larry for organizing such a wonder- made well over 100 three to seven minute radio “shorts” about living water and geology. He will talk about educating the public through radio and his most recent video projects We are also looking to find more college sponsors to set up more AIPG Student Chapters- please call Jim Jacobs ([email protected]) if you have some ideas of professors willing to work with us! It is worth commitment, because if we don’t do it, who will? AIPG Meeting/CCGO Fundraiser: 3/9/11-The California Section AIPG will meet with other members of the California Council of Geoscience Organizations (www.ccgo.org) for a CCGO fundraiser and member meeting on March 9, 2011 at Spenger’s Fish Grotto in Berkeley, California. The speaker and guest of honor is Professor Doris Sloan, a well respected teacher at the University of California at Berkeley as well as author to the popular Geology of the San Francisco Bay Region book. The $50 dinner meeting will be 6 pm – 9 pm. Another announcement will go out for registration. ful field trip. Jim Jacobs, Arizona Section Spring Field Trip Section President Jerome-Sedona Area-Our spring field trip was held on Saturday, May 22nd. It was a wonderful trip and we saw lots of very interesting geology. Paul Lindberg,

48 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org SECTION NEWS

Colorado Section pants were divided into eleven separate groups of 8-10 individuals and rotat- Section Luncheon-Below are photos ed through eleven stations. Stations from the November Section Luncheon include topics such as hollow-stem auger with Dr. Thomas Moneck. Dr. Thomas and direct push drilling rigs, portable spoke on seafloor massive sulfide depos- vacuum remediation systems, in-situ- its chemical oxidation and surfactant treat- Jim Burnell, Editor ments, laboratory analytical studies, and David Abbott soil descriptions, sampling equipment selection, ground penetrating radar, slug One of the vacuum trucks on display. testing and groundwater sampling. Although safety concerns would not allow the general public to directly access the Field Day event, AIPG National Vice President Ron Wallace, Georgia Section President Eric Lowe, Georgia Section Treasurer Glen Faulkner, John Salvino, Jim Ashworth, and Tellus Science Museum volunteers were stationed along the perimeter of the Field Day event to interact with the gen- Geoprobe unit. eral public. Environmental equipment, rock cores, soil cores and informative lit- erature were available to encourage discussion and raise awareness of geology. That evening our section bought pizza for everyone and gave us an opportunity to talk one on one with some Equipment Demonstration. of the students to discuss careers. Feedback from students and Dr. Jim Henry Memorial their professors indicated that the Field Scholarship-Our scholarship to Day was helpful in applying some of Georgia Southern University will be their textbook concepts to real life situa- named in honor of Dr. Jim Henry. Early tions. We received invitations from three in my career I worked at Skidaway departments to demonstrate direct push Institute of Oceanography and I worked drilling on their campus next spring. for Jim. In March 2007 Eric and I We will discuss proper soil screening, attended GSA in Savannah where they sampling, and description along with had a special session dedicated to him. groundwater sampling. We have had discussions with Savannah We would like to give a special Area Geological Society in going together thanks to the AIPG members that were with this scholarship. Georgia Section John Read receives the “Service to exhibitors including: Tom Brown, David Scholarships Winners-Ashley White Geology” Award from Graham Closs. Goodrich, Sam Almaee, Ken Summerour, – University of West Georgia, Bryan Dan Centofanti, Mark Mitchell, Henry Victor – Columbus State University, Esterly, and Tim Beck. We also would Joseph Dehnert – Georgia Southern Georgia Section like to acknowledge and thank Mr. University, Semir Sarajlic – Georgia State University Section Meeting-On October 9, 2010, Julian Gray, curator of Tellus Museum, the Georgia Section of AIPG and Atlanta for his support and coordination of the Ron Wallace, Geological Society in conjunction with field day. Without their participation Section President the Georgia Geological Society (GGS) this would not have been possible. co-sponsored a Field Day for over 125 Kentucky Section students, professors, and geologic pro- Professional Development fessionals. Program-The Kentucky Section of The Field Day was designed to pro- the American Institute of Professional vide a real life, hands-on experience to Geologists (KY-AIPG) is instituting educate all participants. A total of 16 a Professional Development Program exhibitors from private industry donated designed to enhance the knowledge and their time, personnel, experience and skills of the practicing members of the equipment for the Field Day. The partici- geologic profession. The topics and the Information and displays for general public. www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 49 SECTION NEWS character of presentation of the ses- The registration and sponsorship sions are designed to be acceptable for form is included in the section newslet- Professional Development Credits for ter and has been posted to the Michigan those who desire them. Section’s website http://mi.aipg.org/. The first offering of this pro- Click on “Golf Outing”. Forms can be gram will be a one-day conference faxed to (888) 417-4440. We hope to see titled “An Overview of Contaminated you May 10. Site Assessment and Remediation Bob Reichenbach, CPG and Technology”. This conference will be held Kevin Lund, CPG Michigan on Tuesday, April 19 at the Kentucky Section Golf Outing Co Chairs Geological Survey, Well Sample and Core Library, 2500 Research Park Drive, Dr. Harrison presenting his talk on the Collingwood (New Shale Play). Lexington, Kentucky 40511. Detailed Photograph courtesy of Adam Heft. information on the conference session topics, schedule, and registration form can be obtained at the KY-AIPG website, http://ky.aipg.org/Announcements. htm. KY-AIPG requests your help or assistance in the development of this program. As additional workshop topics are added, we will need the unique knowledge and skills of our membership as well as outside volunteers to provide programs of benefit to professionals practicing in our area. James Howard, Section Past President

Michigan Section Shawn McCloskey, SA-1731, of Annual Golf Outing-It is not too WMU and his winning poster. Photograph courtesy of Adam Heft. early to begin planning for our Seventh Annual AIPG Golf Outing. We hope to continue to add to our numbers of golfers Missouri Section and sponsors this year. To do this, we The last event for the section of are asking for your help. Please make a 2010-Was a most important one for the point to do your best to spread the word Section. Its beginnings go back to the and participate in this event which takes Branson GSA meeting and the Missouri place on May 10, 2011 at the Arthur Photos from 2010 Annual Golf Outing. Section AIPG booth. The booth-student Hills designed Lyon Oaks Golf Course in success lead to the thoughts and pos- Wixom, MI. Also, please pass this infor- December Section Meeting sibilities of a panel seminar stressing mation along to your service providers, Summary-The Michigan Section AIPG’s student-panel interchange discussions contractors, and suppliers. This event annual meeting was held on December 2, and questions. This was also appeal- offers excellent exposure for companies 2010 at the Fetzer Center in Kalamazoo. ing to the Missouri State University that support and serve our profession. Dr. William B. Harrison III was the fea- geology department/program chair, This event has become a great oppor- tured speaker, and presented his talk on Tom Plymate. To make that a success tunity to spend time with clients, net- the New Shale Play (Collingwood) required money, hence the donation sup- work with colleagues, and celebrate the The meeting was well attended, with port planning at the “Informal Meeting” return of warm weather to Michigan. about 50 members present, including previously described. This event is open to everybody, so five students who presented research Joe Gillman, State Geologist and please come and take advantage of the posters. Following dinner and Dr. director of the Division of Geology and opportunity. Harrison’s presentation, the judging Land Survey working with Tom Plymate The money raised is put toward the of the poster contest was concluded. put plans into action relative to time, Michigan Section’s K-12 educational The winner of the student poster con- place, banquet and other matters. A grant recipients. To insure continued test for 2010 was Shawn McCloskey of draft agenda had been prepared ear- success, please assist us by participat- Western Michigan University with his lier and then finalized by Tom and Joe ing, sponsoring, soliciting sponsors, and/ poster titled “Sequence Stratigraphy and together with Bill Duley. With the theme or donating prizes or items. Call Bob 3-D Reservoir Characterization of the of an active and energetic interchange Reichenbach at 734-476-5933 or Kevin South Buckeye Field, Dundee Formation discussion between students and panel- Lund at 888-417-4440 to register or to (Devonian), Michigan Basin.” Shawn ists, it was relatively easy to find panel- offer your time to assist with the event. was awarded $500 to put toward com- ists who though highly of such a concept. pleting his education. For others who may be planning or con-

50 TPG • MAR/APR 2011 www.aipg.org SECTION NEWS sidering this type of seminar, it is criti- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at St. more relaxed than presentation. This cally important to find panelists with a Louis University, were treated to these one was the exception, the easygoing but broad range of professional experiences distinguished panelists who explained direct discussions continued unabated; and differing education backgrounds too the ins and outs of geology careers. The networking at its best. actively and constructively participate in lively discussions that followed covered Mimi Garstang, CPG-10185, wel- a useful an active interchange discussion the broad spectrum of geology that has comed students, professors and AIPG seminar. This worked for us. Where so many and varied opportunities. The members at the banquet. Her welcoming many Friday afternoon seminars last importance of ethics in the profession summarized the importance of students, one hour with a rush to the door, ours came through loud and clear. Expanding the profession they are choosing, and a carried well into the next hour with many career options through flexibility, hard morale boosting encouragement in the remaining for further personal meetings work, and continuing education were continuance of their education goals. with the panelists. emphasized. For some a stable career in Kerry Nikolaisen, CPG-10454, initiated We were fortunate to find four panel- one area and profession may be both the one of the best ways to get students ists that fit well into the concept of lively individual’s choice and opportunity. For signed on and ready to go. At the banquet interchange discussions. Each repre- others numerous job changes, location start he briefly described in detail just sented a segment of geology. They are moves and even discipline changes may what AIPG has to offer for the adjunct John Bognar, CPG-08341, Ann Hagni, be the best, and for some, the preferred AIPG students and later as profession- Ana Londono and Joe Gillman, MEM- options. als. Then, with true vote-getting political 1326. John represented the private sec- Many questions and comments were skills, Kerry circulated the room hand- tor segment of engineering geology and a part of these work option and needs ing out student adjunct cards. Some 22 hydrogeology. He currently is the direc- discussions. Foreign geology work was students signed on, the seminar and tor of the BCI St. Louis office that con- extensively discussed. Ana Londono pro- banquet ended on a very positive note, sults on a broad array of geology projects. vided a personal example to illustrate not to mention the enjoyment of the John’s credentials also include his past what may confront a geologist working banquet discussions. service as AIPG National President and in a where the culture is much differ- MSU’s Dr. Kevin Evans led a joint his continuing contributions to AIPG. ent and has the overruling control. Ann field trip for students and AIPG mem- Ann Hagni, PhD, is a mining consultant Hagni reemphasized the importance bers on the 13th with some excellent whose work experience includes much of of ethics regardless of work location, interaction and food for thought. Subject the U. S. and especially southwestern U. national and internationally. John pro- of the trip was “Stratigraphic and struc- S., Mexico, Australia and other locations. vided his example of an extreme change tural significance of Kinderhookian stra- She also has consulted and held manage- from an oil geologist to an engineer- ta in southwest Missouri: Implications ment positions with various companies. ing geologist doing environmental work for Mississippian Tectonism.” Numerous Her masters degree is in engineering which later expanded into a variety of rock exposures between Springfield and management. Ana Londono, PhD, is consultant projects. Joe added to those the Arkansas border were observed. geology assistant professor at the St. and highlighted public responsibilities James H. Williams Louis University, a private university. in all aspects of geology. The public has Missouri Section 2010 President Ana began her professional career work- a right to know. ing as a field geologist for the Columbia, After the Panel discussion, the Section SA, Geological Survey. Ana’s students held a brief meeting in Temple Hall at receive a broad range of education in MSU. Issues discussed included the her classes that include engineering proposed cutbacks to geology education and geomorphology. Our fourth panel- by the Department of Higher Education ist, Joe Gillman, is the director of the and the Section’s response approach. Division of Geology and Land Survey No options other than what has been and Missouri State Geologist. Joe also completed were seen as feasible. The is a member of the Advisory Council outcome may not be known until the next that provides advice to Tom Plymate’s few months. Uncertainty could continue department. His Survey’s responsibili- for months. The Section meeting closed ties include economic geology and geo- with the proposed slate of officers for logic mapping, together with public 2011. A student adjunct Section officer From left to right, John Bognar, CPG-08341 safety environmental geology projects, Ann Hagni, Ana Londono and Joe Gillman, was sought out by the selection commit- MEM-1326. and the state’s land survey program. tee chaired by Bill Duley, but no respons- Joe also is member of several state regu- es to date. Hopefully, we will have an latory commissions including the Oil increase in the Section’s numbers of and Gas Council, Wellhead Protection, adjunct AIPG students, perhaps then a Mine Land Reclamation Commission recommendation will come forth. and others. As State Geologist, Joe also Following the meeting, a number of has numerous national geology respon- students and faculty joined together sibilities. with AIPG Missouri Section members in Approximately 55 students from a banquet at the Plaster Student Union. Tom Plymate’s Geography, Geology The same lively discussions between and Planning Department, including students, and experienced practitioners four from Ana Londono’s Department of continued. Normally such banquets are Students attending panelist discussion. www.aipg.org MAR/APR 2011 • TPG 51 SECTION NEWS

and led the field trip. During his ten- of those that control erosion patterns. ure with the Ohio Geological Survey, Towering sandstone cliffs and the soft Frank conducted subsurface geologic trickle of falling water made for peaceful mapping, and authored a publication on and inspiring scene. the subsurface extent and water quality Matt Justice, of the “Big Injun” Sandstone (subsurface Section Editor equivalent of the Black Hand) in coun- ties to the northeast. The trek began under blue skies as hikers departed the Old Man’s Cave interpretive center Students attending field trip. at Hocking Hills State Park around 12:30 pm. While wandering the narrow Ohio Section gorge, hikers encountered numerous scenic geologic features including the The Outstanding Achievement Upper Falls, Devil’s Bathtub, the beau- Award J. Matthew Justice, CPG- tiful Lower Falls, and Old Man’s Cave. 10485 -President Frank Majchszak, Named in honor of a reclusive civil war CPG-10186, presented Past-President veteran who made the cave his home, Matt Justice, CPG-10485, with the Ohio Old Man’s Cave is one of the largest Section’s Outstanding Achievement Ohio Section members at the Upper Falls, recessional caves in Ohio. Award. In presenting the award, Hocking Hills State Park, October 30, 2010. Frank shared that deceased member The Hocking gorge exposes more Photograph by Carol Rowland Dr. William Kneller (CPG-06356) who than 150 feet of the Mississippian-age established the award was his graduate Black Hand Sandstone member of the advisor at the University of Toledo. Cuyahoga Formation. As observed first hand, the Black Hand member com- The Outstanding Achievement Award prises three distinct zones. The upper was established in 1992, in response and lower zones are firmly cemented and to a monetary gift from now deceased very resistant to weathering, while the member, Dr. William A. Kneller, CPG- middle is loosely cemented and more eas- 06365. Dr. Kneller’s gift directed that ily weathered. The many rock shelters, medallions be cast for the award. Per his caves, and recesses in this middle zone instruction, “the award is presented to were sculpted by joint-controlled fluvial any person who has made an outstand- erosion. ing, geologically related contribution to either science or the general public in The cool microclimate in the gorge the State of Ohio.” Past recipients of provides an ideal home for quiet groves of the award are as follows: Robert G. Van Eastern Hemlock, more typically found Upper Falls, Hocking Hills State Park. Horn (2001), Stanley E. Norris (2003), in northern latitudes. After edifying Photograph by Matt Justice. Lawrence Wickstrom (2004), Horace R. and entertaining members with his “Buzz” Collins (2006), Dale Gnidovec classic wit, Frank treated members to a (2006), and William E. Shafer (2009). surprise Section-funded picnic featuring authentic Italian subs, and a variety of soft drinks, chips, and snacks. Everyone had their fill, including seconds on the subs. And don’t forget desert! Secretary Lynn Kantner offered everyone delicious homemade carrot cake muffins. Mark Rowland enjoyed seconds, and some say thirds. After lunch, a handful of hearty souls embarked on a 6 mile round trip hike targeting the picturesque Cedar Falls. With the hiking completed and sunset approaching, the day was capped off with Hocking Hills Fall Field Trip- a brief visit to nearby Ash Cave, one of On October 30, Ohio Section members Ohio’s true natural wonders and the along with family and friends enjoyed largest recessional cave in the state (yet an autumn hiking tour through one wheelchair accessible from the nearby of Ohio’s geologic wonders, Hocking parking lot). The cave’s namesake is Hills. This exceptionally scenic area derived from a vast former ash deposit Cedar Falls, Hocking Hills State Park. is located in the Appalachian Plateau, resulting from the countless camp fires Photograph by Matt Justice. about an hour’s drive south-southeast of Paleolithic Indians. Gazing upward of Columbus along State Route 33. 2010 upon the cave ceiling, one is invited to President Frank Majchszak planned follow the pronounced joint strike typical

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