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Preparing for the Future: a Reappraisal of Archaeo-Geophysical Surveying

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Preparing for the Future: a Reappraisal of Archaeo-Geophysical Surveying Preparing for the Future: A reappraisal of archaeo-geophysical surveying on Irish National Road Schemes 2001-2010 James Bonsall Dr. Chris Gaffney Prof. Ian Armit January 2014 Preparing for the future: A reappraisal of archaeo-geophysical surveying on Irish National Road Schemes 2001-2010 James Bonsall Dr. Chris Gaffney Prof. Ian Armit Archaeological Sciences Division of Archaeological, Geographical and Environmental Sciences University of Bradford January 2014 Contents Contents ......................................................................................................................................................... i Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ v Figures .......................................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1. National Roads Authority Fellowship Research .................................................................................. 3 1.1 Research Purpose.......................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Justification for the Research........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Legacy Data ................................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 International Context and Significance ......................................................................................... 5 2. Review of Geophysical Surveys on Road Schemes ............................................................................. 8 2.1 Geophysical Techniques ................................................................................................................ 9 2.2 Choice of Geophysical Instruments ............................................................................................ 19 3. Review of Geophysical Survey Procurement .................................................................................... 29 3.1 Lessons learnt from Historic Geophysical Survey Specifications ................................................ 32 4. Uncontrolled Variables ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Review of Geological Influences on Geophysical Surveys .......................................................... 34 General Advice on Geology ................................................................................................................. 34 4.1.1 Bedrock Geology ................................................................................................................. 35 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Igneous Geology .............................................................. 37 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Metamorphic Geology ..................................................... 40 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Sedimentary Geology ...................................................... 42 4.1.2 Surface Geology .................................................................................................................. 46 i Advice for surveying Known Sites on Peat .......................................................................................... 46 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Peat .................................................................................. 47 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Alluvium & Colluvium ...................................................... 51 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Surface or Near-surface rock ........................................... 53 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Tills (Boulder Clays) .......................................................... 55 Advice for Archaeological Prospection on Fluvio-glacial Sand and Gravel ......................................... 57 4.2 The Identification of Archaeological Features in Geophysical Data ........................................... 59 4.2.1 Capability of Geophysical Techniques to identify archaeological features ........................ 59 Appropriate use of Geophysical Techniques by Period ...................................................................... 60 4.2.2 Appropriate use of Geophysical Techniques by Monument Type ...................................... 62 4.3 Landscape ................................................................................................................................... 66 4.3.1 Land Use .............................................................................................................................. 67 4.3.2 Vehicle-Powered Surveys .................................................................................................... 70 4.4 Sources of Interference ............................................................................................................... 72 5. Controlled Variables ........................................................................................................................... 76 5.1 Procurement ............................................................................................................................... 76 5.1.1 Procurement Agencies and End-Users ................................................................................ 76 5.1.2 Competence of Surveyors ................................................................................................... 77 5.1.3 Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 77 5.2 Data Acquisition .......................................................................................................................... 80 5.2.1 Methods of Data Acquisition .............................................................................................. 80 General Advice on Methods of Data Acquisition ................................................................................ 80 General Advice on Spatial Resolution ................................................................................................. 86 General Advice on Sampling Strategies and Survey Coverage ........................................................... 90 5.2.6 Historic Sampling Strategies used along the length of a road corridor 2001-2010 ............ 92 5.3 Seasonality .................................................................................................................................. 98 ii General Advice on Seasonality ............................................................................................................ 98 5.4 Data Presentation and Visualization ......................................................................................... 105 General Advice on Visualizing Geophysical Data .............................................................................. 110 General Advice on Methods of Geophysical Data Interpretation .................................................... 115 6. Strategy for Commissioning Geophysical Surveys .......................................................................... 116 6.1 Economic use of Geophysical Techniques ................................................................................ 116 6.2 Specifying Geophysical Survey Methods in the Future ............................................................ 117 Advice for surveying Areas of Archaeological Potential ................................................................... 120 Advice for surveying Sites and Monuments ..................................................................................... 120 Advice for surveying an Entire Road Scheme (End-to-End Coverage) .............................................. 121 7 Outcomes of Survey ......................................................................................................................... 122 Common Omissions from Geophysical Reports ............................................................................... 122 8 Implementation of Geophysical Surveys in the Future .................................................................. 124 8.1 Geology ..................................................................................................................................... 124 8.2 Landscape ................................................................................................................................. 125 8.3 Seasonality ................................................................................................................................ 125 8.4 Instrumentation ........................................................................................................................ 125 8.4.1 Vehicle-powered surveys .................................................................................................. 125 8.4.2 Magnetometers ................................................................................................................ 126 8.4.3 Earth Resistance & Resistivity ........................................................................................... 126 8.4.4
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