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Outline of Islam an Analytical Index of Key Concepts & Major Articles

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Outline of Islam an Analytical Index of Key Concepts & Major Articles A Dictionary of Islam by Thomas Patrick Hughes Outline of Islam An Analytical Index of Key Concepts & Major Articles © 2012 William DiPuccio, Ph.D. Over 125 years have elapsed since Thomas Patrick Hughes published A Dictionary of Islam in 1885. Remarkably, the work is still available in print from both Muslim and non-Muslim distributors, and it can also be found on the Internet. This longevity is a testimony to the scholarship and comprehensive scope of Rev. Hughes’ book. Calling this volume a dictionary is somewhat understated. Many of the articles are encyclopedic in length. However, they are organized alphabetically, which is not conducive to a methodical study of Islam. This Outline of Islam enables users of the dictionary to research the Muslim faith systematically and topically under numerous categories. Those interested in studying Islam can certainly find many modern sources to assist them. But, in the post 9/11 world it is difficult to find works that are not politically biased, being either a polemic against Islam or an apology in defense of it. The uninitiated reader is left confused and may not be sure whom to trust. As a Christian minister, Rev. Hughes, of course, was not neutral in his assessment of Islam. Anyone who reads the volume can plainly see this. But when presenting and weighing the facts, his scholarship was impeccable. As he says in the introduction, the work “is not intended to be a controversial attack on the religious system of Muhammad, but rather an exposition of its principles and teachings.” Hughes compiled his dictionary as an aid to British government officials, missionaries, travelers, and students. His primary aim was to insure that those who lived in Muslim lands understood the Islamic faith. Consequently, nothing would be gained by misrepresenting the facts to his readers. Mr. Hughes’ life as a missionary is evidence enough of his sincere intentions. He spent 20 years in Peshawar (now in Pakistan). During that time he not only studied Arabic and spoke the local dialects, but he dressed in native Afghan clothes. The church he built, All Saints’ Memorial (still standing), was designed to accommodate the local culture. Its architecture resembles a mosque, having domes and minarets instead of a steeple. The inside utilizes local building materials and designs, and the floor was covered with Persian carpets.1 Since the publication of this dictionary, there have been a number of important events and trends in the Islamic world. Islam is probably more diverse now than it was in the nineteenth century. Some Muslims have adopted western ideals of democracy, human rights, individual freedoms, and historical-critical scholarship. Others, like the Salafists and Wahhabis, have returned unalterably to the beliefs of their ancestors. The work before us is an exposition of the traditional beliefs of Sunni Islam (with reference to relevant points of Shia doctrine and tradition), drawn primarily from the Quran and the Hadith (traditions). Consequently it may not be as relevant to modern Muslims who have embraced western principles. However, it is a reliable guide and indispensable resource for understanding the theology, traditions, and practices which underlie Wahhabism, Salafism, Islamic jihad, and Islamic law (shariah). In the course of compiling and reviewing the Outline, a small number of factual errors and omissions have been discovered in Hughes’ original work. Rewriting articles is not our purpose here. However, entries containing errors are flagged with an asterisk (*) to indicate that further research is needed on this topic. Short annotations are appended when appropriate. Such entries are included under their proper category even when the content of the original article would seem to demand placement elsewhere in the Outline. Given the large number of articles listed, there is no guarantee that every factual error has been flagged. Reader feedback is welcome. Please send any corrections or suggestions to [email protected]. 1 Hughes Clark, Elizabeth. "Thomas Patrick Hughes, A Missionary to British India: The Class Ceiling" (the author is the granddaughter of Thomas Patrick Hughes). KEY: Article names are in SMALL CAPITALS (accent marks not shown) Errors in the Dictionary are flagged with an asterisk (*) Multiple articles listed on the same line are separated by a vertical bar ( | ). Some articles are listed under more than one topic. Important articles are near the top of each category. Miscellaneous articles are arranged alphabetically. This index is not an exhaustive list of every article. Among the entries not indexed are numerous individual articles on: (1) Arabic Titles of Surahs in the Quran (listed: 490-92), (2) Ninety-Nine Names of God (listed: 141-42), (3) Sufi terminology. MAJOR DIVISIONS (linked to location): I. Theology II. Practices III. Civil Law IV. Sects & Schools V. Islamic History, Places, & Government VI. Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, & Sikhism VII. Islamic Culture Outline of Knowledge Overview & Assessment of Islam: MUHAMMADANISM I. Theology 2. QURAN | SCRIPTURE HOLY Also see individual articles on Surahs listed by title (see table, 490-492) a. INSPIRATION A. Name and Meaning of Islam b. TALMUD (influence of) 1. ISLAM | RESIGNATION c. Torah (law) – TAURAT 2. MUSLIM | MUSALMAN (Persian) d. The Book – AL-KITAB 3. MUHAMMADANISM e. SEVEN DIALECTS 4. RELIGION f. SURAH | The Opening – AL- FATIHAH B. Sources of THEOLOGY g. Heart of the Quran – YA SIN (y,s) 1. Foundations h. FIVE KEYS OF SECRET KNOWLEDGE a. SIX FOUNDATIONS OF FAITH i. ALIF LAM MIM i Scholastic Theology – ILMU L- j. “Satanic Verses” KALAM i IDOLATRY b. Four Foundations of Islam – RULE ii AL-LAT OF FAITH | USUL | ILMU L-USUL k. Science of Reading Quran – ILMU c. CREED | KALIMAH | TAHLIL | T-TAJWID TASHAHHUD 3. Sunni TRADITION | SUNNAH a. The Six Correct Books – AS- SIHAHU S-SITTAH i AL-BUKHARI | SAHIHU L- 6. JEHOVAH BUKHARI 7. Exalted Name – AL-ISMU L-AZAM ii MUSLIM (Abu l-Husain 8. MERCY | RAMAH | AR-RAHMAN Muslim) | SAHIHU MUSLIM 9. The Lord – AR-RABB iii AT-TIRMIZI 10. Hand of God – YADU LLAH iv ABU DAUD 11. Essence – ZAT | ISMU Z-ZAT v AN-NASAI vi IBN MAJAH D. Creation & Humans b. Science of Tradition – ILMU L- 1. DUALISM HADIS 2. CREATION c. Trusted Tradition – KHABAR 3. FRUITS OF THE EARTH MUTAWATIR 4. ADAM d. Testimony of Followers – TABIUN | 5. FALL TABAU T-TABIIN 6. Humans e. Compilation of Imam Malik– a. SOUL MUWATTA b. SPIRIT | RUH f. Lamps of the Tradition – c. PRE-EXISTENCE OF SOULS MISHKATU L-MASABIH 7. ANIMALS 4. Shia TRADITION | SUNNAH 8. ASTROLOGY a. The Four Books of TRADITION* 9. EARTH [*Shiites count four, not five books] 10. EDEN i AL-KAFI ii MAN-LA-YASTAHZIRAHU E. Angels & Demons iii TAHZIB 1. ANGELS iv ISTIBSAR 2. BEINGS b. Road of Eloquence – NAHJU L- 3. DEVIL | Satan (stoned one) – RAJIM BALAGHAH* [*Authenticity disputed] 4. GENII 5. Hermeneutics a. GHUL a. Science of Interpretation – ILMU L- 5. GABRIEL | ISMAIL USUL 6. MICHAEL b. Consensus – IJMA 7. CHERUBIM c. Analogical Reasoning – QIYAS 8. Angels of the Throne – HAMALATU L- d. Deduction – IJTIHAD ARSH e. Explicit – SARIH 9. Angel of Death – AZRAIL | IZRAIL f. Implied – KINAYAH 10. Ascents – AL MAARIJ g. Approving – ISTIHSAN 11. GIANTS | UJ | IFTAR h. Condition – IQTIZA 12. Guards of Hell – AZ-ZABABIYAH i. Religious Knowledge – ILM 13. HARUT WA MARUT j. Expounding – SHARH 14. Illustrious Writers – KIRAMUN KATIBUN k. Abrogation of Verses 15. ISRAFIL i QURAN (519) 16. KHANZAB ii NASIKH 17. Lord of the Species – RABBU N-NAU 18. MUNKAR AND NAKIR C. Allah 19. NAMUS 1. GOD 20. QARIN 2. Unity – TAUHID 21. SAKHR 3. Seven Principal Names – AYIMMATUL- 22. Suggestion of the Devil – WASWASAH ASMA 23. Ten Intelligences – AL-UQULU L- 4. Ninety-Nine Names – GOD (141-142) ASHARAH 5. HOLY SPIRIT 24. WALAHAN F. SALVATION i. The Ten – ASHARA 1. SIN MUBASHSHARAH 2. PARDON FOR SIN 8. Partition (heaven/hell) – AL-ARAF 3. COVENANT 9. HELL 4. Faith – IMAN a. Punishment of the Grave – 5. INFIDEL AZABUL-QABR | GURZ 6. LOVE b. ETERNITY OF PUNISHMENT 7. MARTYR | PESTILENCE c. Women in Hell – ECLIPSE 8. INFANTS (THE RELIGION OF) d. Bridge – SIRAT 9. INFANT SALVATION e. Sweat – TINATU L-KHABAL | 10. IDIOTS GHISLIN 11. LUNATIC f. Infernal Tree – ZAQQUM g. AL-HUTAMAH G. PREDESTINATION h. FIRE 1. Necessitarians – AL JABARIYAH 10. INTERCESSION 2. PRESERVED TABLET 11. HEAVEN (astronomical) 3. The Pen – QALAM 12. ANIMALS 4. Decree – QAZA 5. SHAB-I-BARAT J. Eschatology (End Times) 1. The Substitutes – ABDAL H. MIRACLES 2. Seditions – FITAN 1. Ascent (Night Journey) – MIRAJ 3. The Well Guided Leader – AL-IMAMU L- 2. Splitting of Nature – KHARQ L-ADAH MAHDI 3. Splitting the Moon – MOON 4. The Directed One – AL-MAHDI 4. Sacred Well – ZAMZAM 5. The Anti-Christ – AL MASIHU D-DAJJAL | 5. Foundational – IRHAS DAJJAL 6. Reptile of the Earth – DABBATU L-ARZ I. Afterlife & Divine Judgment 1. DEATH K. BELIEVERS | UNBELIEVERS 2. BELIEVERS 1. Orthodox – HANIF 3. RESURRECTION | TRUMPET 2. INFIDEL 4. INTERMEDIATE STATE | BARZAKH 3. KAFIR 5. FUTURE LIFE 4. Atheist – DAHRI 6. The Judgment 5. IDOLATRY | SHIRK a. Good Deeds – QARZ 6. Condemnation to Hell – ISTIDRAJ b. Day of Reckoning – YAUMU L- 7. FRIENDSHIP with Jews and Christians HISAB | YAUMU T-TAGHABUN c. Scales – MIZAN L. CLERGY d. Book of Actions – SAHIFATU L- See also II. Practices, G. Mosque Rubrics AMAL 1. ORDINATION 7. PARADISE 2. RELIGIOUS DUTIES (clergy compensation) a. GARDEN 3. PROPHET | NABI | PROPHETESS b. Glorious Station – MAQAM 4. PREACHER | WAIZ MAHMUD 5. Leader– IMAM c. Seventh Stage – ILLIYUN 6. Successor – KHALIFAH d. Fountain SALSABIL 7. Principal Minister – WAZIR e. River – HAZU L-KAUSAR 8. Legal Scholar – MUFTI f. Women – HUR 9. Master Scholar – MUJTAHID g. Lote Tree – SIDRATU L-MUNTAHA 10. Theocratic Scholar – ULAMA h. Highest Station – WASILAH 11.
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