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A Dictionary of by Thomas Patrick Hughes An Analytical Index of Key Concepts & Major Articles

© 2012 William DiPuccio, Ph.D.

Over 125 years have elapsed since Thomas Patrick Hughes published A Dictionary of Islam in 1885. Remarkably, the work is still available in print from both Muslim and non-Muslim distributors, and it can also be found on the Internet. This longevity is a testimony to the scholarship and comprehensive scope of Rev. Hughes’ book. Calling this volume a dictionary is somewhat understated. Many of the articles are encyclopedic in length. However, they are organized alphabetically, which is not conducive to a methodical study of Islam. This Outline of Islam enables users of the dictionary to research the Muslim faith systematically and topically under numerous categories. Those interested in studying Islam can certainly find many modern sources to assist them. But, in the post 9/11 world it is difficult to find works that are not politically biased, being either a polemic against Islam or an apology in defense of it. The uninitiated reader is left confused and may not be sure whom to trust. As a Christian minister, Rev. Hughes, of course, was not neutral in his assessment of Islam. Anyone who reads the volume can plainly see this. But when presenting and weighing the facts, his scholarship was impeccable. As he says in the introduction, the work “is not intended to be a controversial attack on the religious system of , but rather an exposition of its principles and teachings.” Hughes compiled his dictionary as an aid to British government officials, missionaries, travelers, and students. His primary aim was to insure that those who lived in Muslim lands understood the Islamic faith. Consequently, nothing would be gained by misrepresenting the facts to his readers. Mr. Hughes’ life as a missionary is evidence enough of his sincere intentions. He spent 20 years in Peshawar (now in ). During that time he not only studied and spoke the local dialects, but he dressed in native Afghan clothes. The church he built, All Saints’ Memorial (still standing), was designed to accommodate the local culture. Its architecture resembles a , having and instead of a steeple. The inside utilizes local building materials and designs, and the floor was covered with Persian carpets.1 Since the publication of this dictionary, there have been a number of important events and trends in the Islamic world. Islam is probably more diverse now than it was in the nineteenth century. Some have adopted western ideals of democracy, human rights, individual freedoms, and historical-critical scholarship. Others, like the Salafists and Wahhabis, have returned unalterably to the beliefs of their ancestors. The work before us is an exposition of the traditional beliefs of (with reference to relevant points of Shia doctrine and tradition), drawn primarily from the and the (traditions). Consequently it may not be as relevant to modern Muslims who have embraced western principles. However, it is a reliable guide and indispensable resource for understanding the theology, traditions, and practices which underlie , Salafism, Islamic , and Islamic law (shariah). In the course of compiling and reviewing the Outline, a small number of factual errors and omissions have been discovered in Hughes’ original work. Rewriting articles is not our purpose here. However, entries containing errors are flagged with an asterisk (*) to indicate that further research is needed on this topic. Short annotations are appended when appropriate. Such entries are included under their proper category even when the content of the original article would seem to demand placement elsewhere in the Outline. Given the large number of articles listed, there is no guarantee that every factual error has been flagged. Reader feedback is welcome. Please send any corrections or suggestions to [email protected].

1 Hughes Clark, Elizabeth. "Thomas Patrick Hughes, A Missionary to British India: The Class Ceiling" (the author is the granddaughter of Thomas Patrick Hughes).

KEY: Article names are in SMALL CAPITALS (accent marks not shown) Errors in the Dictionary are flagged with an asterisk (*)  Multiple articles listed on the same line are separated by a vertical bar ( | ).  Some articles are listed under more than one topic.  Important articles are near the top of each category.  Miscellaneous articles are arranged alphabetically.

 This index is not an exhaustive list of every article. Among the entries not indexed are numerous individual articles on: (1) Arabic of in the Quran (listed: 490-92), (2) Ninety-Nine Names of (listed: 141-42), (3) Sufi terminology.

MAJOR DIVISIONS (linked to location):

I. Theology II. Practices III. Civil Law IV. Sects & Schools V. Islamic History, Places, & Government VI. Christianity, Judaism, , & Sikhism VII.

Outline of Knowledge

Overview & Assessment of Islam: MUHAMMADANISM

I. Theology 2. QURAN | SCRIPTURE HOLY Also see individual articles on Surahs listed by (see table, 490-492) a. INSPIRATION A. Name and Meaning of Islam b. TALMUD (influence of) 1. ISLAM | RESIGNATION c. (law) – TAURAT 2. MUSLIM | MUSALMAN (Persian) d. The Book – AL-KITAB 3. MUHAMMADANISM e. SEVEN DIALECTS 4. RELIGION f. | The Opening – AL- FATIHAH B. Sources of THEOLOGY g. Heart of the Quran – YA SIN (y,s) 1. Foundations h. FIVE KEYS OF SECRET KNOWLEDGE a. SIX FOUNDATIONS OF FAITH i. ALIF LAM MIM i Scholastic Theology – ILMU L- j. “Satanic Verses” i IDOLATRY b. Four Foundations of Islam – RULE ii AL-LAT OF FAITH | USUL | ILMU L-USUL k. Science of Reading Quran – ILMU c. CREED | KALIMAH | | T- 3. Sunni TRADITION | a. The Six Correct Books – AS- SIHAHU S-SITTAH i AL-BUKHARI | SAHIHU L- 6. JEHOVAH BUKHARI 7. Exalted Name – AL-ISMU L-AZAM ii MUSLIM (Abu l-Husain 8. MERCY | RAMAH | AR-RAHMAN Muslim) | SAHIHU MUSLIM 9. The Lord – AR-RABB iii AT-TIRMIZI 10. Hand of God – YADU LLAH iv ABU DAUD 11. Essence – ZAT | ISMU Z-ZAT v AN-NASAI vi D. Creation & Humans b. Science of Tradition – ILMU L- 1. DUALISM HADIS 2. CREATION c. Trusted Tradition – KHABAR 3. FRUITS OF THE EARTH MUTAWATIR 4. d. Testimony of Followers – TABIUN | 5. FALL TABAU T-TABIIN 6. Humans e. Compilation of Malik– a. SOUL MUWATTA b. SPIRIT | RUH f. Lamps of the Tradition – c. PRE-EXISTENCE OF SOULS MISHKATU L-MASABIH 7. ANIMALS 4. Shia TRADITION | SUNNAH 8. ASTROLOGY a. of TRADITION* 9. EARTH [*Shiites count four, not five books] 10. EDEN i AL-KAFI ii MAN-LA-YASTAHZIRAHU E. & iii TAHZIB 1. ANGELS iv ISTIBSAR 2. BEINGS b. Road of Eloquence – NAHJU L- 3. | (stoned one) – RAJIM BALAGHAH* [*Authenticity disputed] 4. GENII 5. Hermeneutics a. GHUL a. Science of Interpretation – ILMU L- 5. | ISMAIL USUL 6. b. Consensus – 7. CHERUBIM c. Analogical Reasoning – 8. Angels of the Throne – HAMALATU L- d. Deduction – ARSH e. Explicit – SARIH 9. of Death – AZRAIL | IZRAIL f. Implied – KINAYAH 10. Ascents – AL MAARIJ g. Approving – 11. GIANTS | UJ | h. Condition – IQTIZA 12. Guards of – AZ-ZABABIYAH i. Religious Knowledge – ILM 13. HARUT WA MARUT j. Expounding – SHARH 14. Illustrious Writers – KIRAMUN KATIBUN k. Abrogation of Verses 15. i QURAN (519) 16. KHANZAB ii NASIKH 17. Lord of the Species – RABBU N-NAU 18. C. 19. NAMUS 1. GOD 20. QARIN 2. Unity – TAUHID 21. SAKHR 3. Seven Principal Names – AYIMMATUL- 22. Suggestion of the Devil – WASWASAH ASMA 23. Ten Intelligences – AL-UQULU L- 4. Ninety-Nine Names – GOD (141-142) ASHARAH 5. 24. WALAHAN F. SALVATION i. The Ten – ASHARA 1. SIN MUBASHSHARAH 2. PARDON FOR SIN 8. Partition (heaven/hell) – AL-ARAF 3. COVENANT 9. HELL 4. Faith – a. – 5. AZABUL-QABR | GURZ 6. LOVE b. ETERNITY OF PUNISHMENT 7. MARTYR | PESTILENCE c. Women in Hell – ECLIPSE 8. INFANTS (THE RELIGION OF) d. Bridge – SIRAT 9. INFANT SALVATION e. Sweat – TINATU L-KHABAL | 10. IDIOTS GHISLIN 11. LUNATIC f. Infernal Tree – g. AL-HUTAMAH G. PREDESTINATION h. FIRE 1. Necessitarians – AL JABARIYAH 10. INTERCESSION 2. PRESERVED TABLET 11. HEAVEN (astronomical) 3. The Pen – 12. ANIMALS 4. Decree – QAZA 5. SHAB-I-BARAT J. (End Times) 1. The Substitutes – H. MIRACLES 2. Seditions – FITAN 1. Ascent (Night Journey) – MIRAJ 3. The Well Guided Leader – AL-IMAMU L- 2. Splitting of Nature – KHARQ L-ADAH 3. Splitting the Moon – MOON 4. The Directed One – AL-MAHDI 4. Sacred Well – 5. The Anti-Christ – AL MASIHU D-DAJJAL | 5. Foundational – IRHAS DAJJAL 6. Reptile of the Earth – DABBATU L-ARZ I. & Divine Judgment 1. DEATH K. BELIEVERS | UNBELIEVERS 2. BELIEVERS 1. Orthodox – HANIF 3. RESURRECTION | TRUMPET 2. INFIDEL 4. INTERMEDIATE STATE | 3. 5. FUTURE LIFE 4. Atheist – DAHRI 6. The Judgment 5. IDOLATRY | a. Good Deeds – QARZ 6. Condemnation to Hell – ISTIDRAJ b. Day of Reckoning – YAUMU L- 7. FRIENDSHIP with and HISAB | YAUMU T-TAGHABUN c. Scales – MIZAN L. CLERGY d. Book of Actions – SAHIFATU L- See also II. Practices, G. Mosque Rubrics AMAL 1. ORDINATION 7. 2. RELIGIOUS DUTIES (clergy compensation) a. GARDEN 3. PROPHET | NABI | PROPHETESS b. Glorious Station – 4. PREACHER | WAIZ MAHMUD 5. Leader– IMAM c. Seventh Stage – ILLIYUN 6. Successor – KHALIFAH d. Fountain 7. Principal Minister – WAZIR e. River – HAZU L-KAUSAR 8. Legal Scholar – f. Women – HUR 9. Master Scholar – MUJTAHID g. Lote Tree – SIDRATU L-MUNTAHA 10. Theocratic Scholar – h. Highest Station – WASILAH 11. Teacher – AKHUND | MAULAWI c. God be Praised – TAHMID |MUALLIM | MULLA (Persian) d. God is Great – | ALLAHU 12. Administrator (religious) – MUTAWALLI AKBAR | TAKBIRU T-TAHRIMAH 13. Reader – QARI e. I Extol the Holiness of God – f. In the Name of God – BISMILLAH | TASMIYAH g. Night – ISHA h. No Power but in God – TAMJID II. Practices i. Prayer for Water – SALATU L- ISTISQA See also V. Islamic History, Places, & Government, G. j. Prayer of Assembly – SALATU L- & Holy Places JUMAH k. Prayer of Desire – SALATU R- A. Foundations RAGHAIB 1. Five Pillars – FIVE FOUNDATIONS l. Prayer of Fear – SALATU L-KHAUF 2. RITES m. Prayer of Necessity – SALATU L- 3. GOOD WORKS HAJAH 4. RESIGNATION n. Prayer of Praise – SALATU T- 5. COMMANDMENTS (THE TEN) | FARZ TASBIH 6. Confession – IQRAR o. Prayer of Rest – SALATU T- 7. Imperatives – FARZ KIFAI 8. Injunction – FARZ L-AIN p. Prayer of the Sick – SALATU L- 9. Obligation – WAJIB MARIZ 10. Ethics – ILMU L-AKHLAQ q. Prayer of Travel – SALATU S- 11. Jurisprudence – * | ILMU L-FIQH [*Fiqh does not refer to dogmatic theology] r. Prayer of Two Festivals – SALATU L-IDAIN B. PURIFICATIONS | TATHIR s. during an ECLIPSE 1. WATER t. Redress Prayers – QAZA 2. ABLUTION | u. Special Supplication – QUNUTU L- 3. BATHING | 4. Washings – GHUSL MASNUN v. Standing Prayer – DUAU L- 5. Uncleanness – JANABAH w. The Greetings – AT-TAHIYAT 6. x. Witr Prayers – SALATU L-WITR | 7. Before Prayer – WUZU WITR 8. By Sand – 6. Prayer Posture – | ADORATION 9. MENSTRUATION a. Toward Makkah – QIBLAH 10. Postpartum – NIFAS b. Prostration – RAKAH | SAJDAH 11. Tooth Cleaning – c. Prostration of Forgetfulness – SAJDATU S-SAHW C. PRAYER d. Prostration of Thanksgiving – 1. HOURS OF PRAYER | AS-SALAT SAJDATU SH- 2. INTERCESSION e. KNEELING 3. NIGHT PRAYERS f. Holding the Waist Forbidden – 4. PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD KHASR 5. Special Prayers 7. COVERING THE HEAD a. Appealing for help – ISTIRJA 8. Prayer Carpet b. Asking Favours – ISTIKHARAH | a. JA-I-NAMAZ SALATU L-ISTIKHARAH b. c. SAJJADAH a. Tanning – DIBAGHAH 9. Prayer Screen – b. FISH 10. Vow to Pray – NIYAH c. HARES 9. DIVINATION D. Other Religious Duties & Practices 10. EUNUCH 1. Recitation of Quran– KHATMAH 11. EXTRAVAGANCE 2. ALMSGIVING | 12. FRIENDSHIP with Jews and Christians 3. FASTING 13. GAMBLING | Dice – QIMAR | CHESS 4. CIRCUMCISION 14. | RIYA 5. EXPIATION | FIDYAH 15. Jealousy – GHAIRAH 6. SACRIFICE | AQIQAH 16. LYING 7. REPENTANCE 17. 8. PARENTS, DUTY TO 18. NECKLACE 9. VISITING THE SICK 19. NICKNAME 10. Redress Duties – QAZA 20. PRIDE 11. 21. RICHES 12. 22. Slander – GHIBAH | QATTAT 13. Religious Deception – | KITMAN 23. Soothsayer – KAHIN 14. MARTYR 24. SUICIDE 15. “If God Will” – ISTISNA 25. SWINE 26. TATTOOING E. Vices & Prohibitions – | NARAWA 27. Tyranny – ZULM See also III. Civil Law, B. Punishment 28. VESSELS 1. Alcohol – WINE a. Liquor from Grapes – BAZAQ | F. Virtues MUNASSAF 1. ABSTINENCE | ZUHD b. Boiled Wine – 2. AFFLICTION c. Date Wine – NABIZ 3. CHASTITY d. Raisin Wine – NUQUU Z-ZABIB 4. EMANCIPATION OF SLAVES 2. Sexual Sins 5. FORGIVENESS OF INJURIES a. ADULTERY 6. Good Disposition – HUSNU L-KHULQ b. Double Treaty Marriage – 7. Making Cheerful – MUFARRIHU L- SHAGHAR AHZAN c. FORNICATION 8. MODERATION d. Sodomy & Pedophilia – SODOM 9. MODESTY | e. BESTIALITY 10. MONOGAMY 3. IDOLATRY | SHIRK 11. MOTHER a. IDOLS 12. PATIENCE b. IMAGES 13. RICHES c. PICTURES d. SCULPTURE G. Mosque Rubrics 4. MURDER Also see Prayer, above, and I. Theology, L. Clergy a. ABORTION 1. MOSQUE b. FEMALE INFANTICIDE | Burying a. Mosque – MASJID Alive – MAUDAH b. – MANARAH c. HUMAN SACRIFICE c. Makkahn Niche – 5. BACKBITING | BUHTAN d. PULPIT | 6. BOASTING 2. Public Censor – MUHTASIB 7. BEGGING a. Scourge – DIRRAH 8. CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS 3. SHOES (removal of) 4. Call to Prayer – AZAN I. SAINTS a. Caller – MUAZZIN 1. PROPHET | PROPHETESSES 5. First Takbir – TAKBIRU T-TAHRIMAH 2. Highest Sanctity – a. Prayers – IQAMAH 3. Place of Repose – TAKYAH b. Follower – MUQTADI 4. One Who is Near – 6. PREACHER | SERMON | 5. – ZIYARAH 7. Teacher – MUALLIM 8. Benediction – J. BURIAL OF THE DEAD 9. HERMAPHRODITE 1. DYING 10. PARISH 2. BURYING OF THE DEAD 11. CONGREGATION 3. SHROUD 4. BURYING-GROUND H. Holy Days & Pilgrimage 5. TOMBS 1. FRIDAY 6. Cremation – BURNING OF THE DEAD 2. MONTH 7. INCENSE 3. RAMAZAN 8. Instruction – TALQIN a. Night Meal – SAHUR 9. KAFAN b. Night of Power – LAILATU L-QADR 10. MOURNING | NAUHAH c. Prayer Rest – TARAWIH 11. Shrines – ZIYARAH d. Last 10 Days in Mosque – ITIKAF 4. FEAST DAYS K. & Superstition a. Feast of Sacrifice – IDU L-AZHA | Note: Islam maintains that most of these practices SACRIFICE | ZABH have supernatural power, but some are forbidden. b. Breaking the Fast – IDU L-FITR | 1. ASTROLOGY 2. BABEL c. AKHIR-I-CHAHAR-I-SHAMBAH 3. Divining – ILMU L-AKTAF 5. The Pilgrimage – | HAJI 4. a. Circling the Kabah – TAWAF 5. FORTUNE TELLING b. – HAJJATU L- 6. Geomancy – ILMU R-RAML WADA 7. Good Omen – FAL c. Hindering – IHSARU L-HAJJ 8. Odd Numbers – WITR d. Lesser Pilgrimage – 9. Spells & Exorcism – e. Mount of Recognition – ARAFAT 10. f. Pebbles – JAMRAH g. Pilgrim’s Stations – h. Place of Repose – TAKYAH i. Prohibiting – j. Satisfying Thirst –TARWIYAH III. Civil Law k. Standing Hymn – TALBIYAH l. Vow – NIYAH Islamic law (shariah) encompasses every aspect of life. See also m. Cattle Sacrifice – HADY the beliefs, morals, and devotions prescribed under I. Theology 6. Other Pilgrimages and II. Practice. a. Muhammad’s Grave – ZAIR b. Saint’s Grave – ZIYARAH A. Jurisprudence – FIQH * | ILMU L-FIQH 7. SHAB-I-BARAT [*Fiqh does not refer to dogmatic theology] 8. Commemorations 1. LAW | SHARIAH a. (fast) a. Justice – b. b. Lawful – c. Muhammad’s Death – BARAH-I- c. Unlawful – HARAM WAFAT 2. Sources a. c. FINES 3. Reasoning d. WOUNDS a. Consensus – IJMA e. JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE b. Deduction – IJTIHAD f. AVENGER OF BLOOD c. Analogy – QIYAS 3. Discretionary – d. Explicit – SARIH a. ABUSIVE LANGUAGE e. Implied – KINAYAH b. BESTIALITY c. IMPRISONMENT 4. EVIDENCE d. WOUNDS a. Suspicion – ZANN 4. Exemptions b. DEATH, EVIDENCE OF a. COMPULSION c. FALSE WITNESS b. DROWNING d. Reprobate - c. SANCTUARY 5. JUDGE d. LUNATIC a. Judge, Sentence – QAZA e. INHIBITION b. Chief Judge – SADR c. BRIBERY C. Economic Transactions 6. DEFENDANT See also Property Sale & Ownership, below 7. Scholar – MUFTI 1. COMMERCE 8. Judgment – HUKM 2. Contract (delayed delivery) – SALAM 9. Legal Acknowledgement – IQRAR 3. Co-partnership – MUZARABAH 10. Ruling – FATWA 4. Forbidden Credit – KALAH 11. OATH | VOW 5. INSOLVENCY a. OATH, ADMINISTRATION OF 6. Loan – ARIYAH b. QASAMAH 7. GIFTS c. TAHALUF 8. Loan – QARZ 12. Things Unbecoming – 9. MILK (sale of) 13. Unauthorized – FAZULI 10. MONOPOLY | IHTIKAR 14. AGENT 11. Option – KHIYAR 12. Pledging/Pawning – RAHN B. PUNISHMENT 13. Price Stirring – NAJSH 1. Legally Prescribed – HADD 14. Sale and Barter – BAI a. ADULTERY | TO DEATH 15. Tree Compact – MUSAQAT b. BLASPHEMY 16. TROVES c. a. LUQTAH d. BURNING TO DEATH (forbidden) 17. USURY | e. DRUNKENNESS (see also ) 18. BANKRUPT f. EXECUTION 19. Sale of HAIR g. HIGHWAY ROBBERY h. LARCENY | BURGLARY D. Property Sale & Ownership i BOOKS 1. Benefaction – INAM ii BREACH OF TRUST 2. DEEDS iii CHILD STEALING 3. DEPOSIT i. MURDER 4. Endowment – i DROWNING 5. LAND j. Slander (adultry) – QAZF 6. NEIGHBORS k. Usurpation - GHASB 7. Partition of Usufruct – MUHAYAT 2. Law of Retaliation – 8. PRE-EMPTION a. EYES 9. Promise Sale – BAIU L-WAFA b. FATHER 10. Rental, Lease – HIRE 11. RIVER 9. IMPOTENCY 12. RUINOUS BUILDINGS 10. INHERITANCE | FARAIZ 13. WATER a. WILLS 14. WELL b. EXECUTOR | GRANDFATHER c. BEQUESTS E. Family d. SON | FIRSTBORN 1. MAINTENANCE e. DAUGHTERS 2. Next of Kin – WALI f. UTERINE RELATIONS | ZU R-RAHIM 3. Children g. RESIDUARIES a. GUARDIANSHIP | GRANDMOTHER h. DEBT b. Child Custody – HIZNAH i. Surplus Inheritance – RADD c. Puberty – MURAHIQ j. Waiting – RUQBA d. PUBERTY k. Friendship – WALA 4. PARENTAGE 11. DEPOSIT a. BIRTH, EVIDENCE OF b. FATHER F. WARFARE c. MOTHER 1. JIHAD | Road of God – SABILU LLAH d. FOSTERAGE 2. Islamic Warrior – e. ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN 3. Land of Warfare – DARU L-HARB f. LEGITIMACY 4. Land of Islam – DARU L-ISLAM g. BASTARD 5. CAPTIVES 5. ADOPTION 6. Booty – FAI a. ORPHANS 7. Plunderer – NABBASH b. FOSTERAGE 8. PLUNDER c. FOUNDLING 9. Flight – MUHAJIR 6. CONCUBINE 10. REBEL a. Purification Period – ISTIBRA 11. TREATY | ZIMMAH 7. MARRIAGE 12. a. POLYGAMY 13. Religious Deception – TAQIYAH | KITMAN b. MONOGAMY c. CELIBACY G. SLAVERY d. Temporary Marriage – MUTAH 1. ABSCONDING OF SLAVES e. WIVES | Women in Hell – ECLIPSE 2. FUGITIVES f. WOMEN 3. Military Slaves – MAMLUK g. DOWER 4. EMANCIPATION OF SLAVES h. AFFINITY 5. Post Mortem Manumission – TADBIR i. PROHIBITED DEGREES OF 6. UMMU L-WALAD MARRIAGE j. HUSBAND H. TAXATION k. Double Treaty Marriage – 1. Alms – ZAKAT SHAGHAR 2. Poll Tax – JIZYAH l. WIDOWS 3. LAND 8. DIVORCE & Separation 4. JAGIR a. Imprecation of Separation – 5. Special tax – NAWAIB b. Separation – ILA 6. Public Treasury – BAITU L-MAL c. KHUL 7. d. Mutual Cursing – LIAN e. Mutual Divorce – MUBARAT I. Non-Muslims f. REMARRIAGE 1. ENFRANCHISEMENT g. Child Custody – HIZANAH 2. CHURCHES 3. TOLERATION F. Various Sects 4. ZIMMI 1. AL-ASHARIYAH 5. Poll Tax – JIZYAH | ZIMMAH | TAXATION 2. Assimilators – MUSHABBIHAH 6. CONVERTS TO THE MUHAMMADAN 3. RELIGION 4. Free Will Sect – 5. HAITIYAH 6. HAMZIYAH 7. IBAZIYAH 8. KABIYAH 9. KHALFIYAH IV. Sects & Schools 10. KIRAMIYAH 11. MAHMUDIYAH 12. AN-NAJJARIYAH L ABARIYAH A. Overview – SECTS OF ISLAM 13. Necessitarians – A J 14. Procrastinators – MURJIYAH, MURJIAH UTAZILAH B. SUNNI 15. Separatists – M 1. ABU HANIFAH 16. SIFATIYAH 2. ASH-SHAFII 17. Without Mahdi – GHAIR-I-MAHDI 3. MALIK 18. ZAFIRANIYAH 4. IBN HANBAL 19. ZARARIYAH 5. Salafists – 6. WAHHABI

C. SHIAH 1. | IBN MULJAM V. Islamic History, Places, & 2. IMAMIYAH 3. ISHAQIYAH Government 4. ISMAILIYAH 5. KAMILIYAH A. Pre-Islamic Arab Religion & Historical Myths 6. Days of Lamentation – MUHARRAM | Most Biblical characters are listed under VI. Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sikhism TAZIAH 1. ARABIA 7. GHADIR Festival a. Annual Fair – UKAZ 8. ZARAMIYAH b. Prophet SALIH 9. The Zealots – c. Day of Sabu – YAUMU S-SABU

d. Truce Month – ZU L-QADAH D. SUFI Also see numerous articles on Sufi terminology 2. IDOLS 1. MYSTICISM a. 2. LOVE b. ATIRAH 3. Foundations – MABNA T-TASAWWUF c. DOG STAR 4. Death (figurative) – MAUT d. HUBAL 5. Doctrines – TASAWWUF 3. KABAH a. Station of – MAQAMU E. DARVESH | FAQIR 1. AN-NAQSHBANDIYAH b. AL-HAJARU L-ASWAD (Black 2. QADRIYAH Stone) 3. QALANDER (Persian) 4. | AD 4. Ceremony/Devotions – ZIKR 5. IRAM 6. GIANTS | UJ 7. CEYLON 8. | HAGAR a. MUHAMMAD, CHARACTER OF 9. AL-KHIZR b. SITTING 10. c. Tooth Cleaning – MISWAK 11. NAJRAN (battle of) 12. RELIGION C. Muhammad’s Family – SAIYID 13. TAIY (tribe) 1. Parents a. Father – ABDU LLAH B. MUHAMMAD | | FARAQLIT b. Mother – 1. BIOGRAPHERS OF MUHAMMAD c. Great Grandfather – HASHIM a. Stories of the Ancients – SIYAR 2. Uncles b. a. ABU LAHAB 2. Birth & Death b. ABU TALIB a. Pre-existence – AL-HAQIQATU L- 3. MUHAMMAD, THE WIVES OF a. AYISHA b. QURAISH Tribe b. HAFSAH c. Birthday – MAULID | ELEPHANT, c. JUWAIRIYAH year of d. KHADIJAH d. Prophet’s Mosque – MASJIDU N- e. MAIMUNAH NABI f. SAFIYAH e. Burial Chamber – HUJRAH | ZAIR g. SAUDAH f. Commemoration of Death – h. UMMU HABIBAH BARAH-I-WAFAT i. UMMU SALMAH g. Relic of – AL-ASARU SH- j. ZAINAB (1) 3. MUHAMMAD, CHARACTER OF k. ZAINAB (2) a. CRUELTY l. MARY THE COPT (concubine) b. IMPOSTURE (accusations of) 4. MUHAMMAD, THE CHILDREN OF c. Illiterate One – UMMI a. | ALI (her husband) 4. Divine Authority i AL-HUSAIN | MUHARRAM a. APOSTLE | RASUL ii AL-HASAN b. PROPHET b. RUQAIYAH c. Prophetic Seal – KHATIMU N- c. UMMU KULSUM NABUWAH d. IBRAHIM d. Foundational – IRHAS e. ZAID IBN AL-HARIS (adopted) 5. Defining Events a. Ascent to Heaven – MIRAJ | BARAQ D. Companions – ASHAB | SHABI b. Farewell Pilgrimage – HAJJATU L- 1. ABBAS WADA 2. c. FATRAH 3. d. Migration – HIJRAH 4. ABU R-RAHMAN IBN AUF e. Prayer toward Makkah – QIBLAH 5. IBN AL-JARRAH f. Splitting Open the Heart – SHAQQU 6. AMRIBN AL-ASI S-SADR 7. AL-BARA IBN AZIB g. Splitting the Moon – MOON 8. HATIB IBN AMR 6. Correspondences (see page 379) 9. HAMZAH a. CAESAR 10. HUZAIFAH b. CHOSROES 11. c. HERACLIUS 12. IBN MASUD d. MUSAILAMAH 13. IBN UMAR e. TREATY 14. IKRIMAH (1) 7. Deportment 15. JUBAIR 16. KAB IBN MALIK H. Mosques & Holy Places 17. MUAZ IBN JABAL 1. KABAH 18. The Refugees – a. 19. QAIS IBN SAD b. Station of Abraham – MAQAMU 20. RAFI IBN KHADIJ IBRAHIM 21. SAD IBN UBADAH c. AL-HAJARU L-ASWAD (Black 22. SAID IBN ZAID Stone) 23. SUHAIL IBN AMR d. Yamani Pillar – AR-RUKNU L- 24. YAMANI 25. UMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB e. Heavenly Kabah – ZURAH 26. USMAN IBN AFFAN 2. Makkah Mosque – MASJIDU L-HARAM 27. ZUBAIR IBN AL-AUWAM a. Sacred Well – ZAMZAM 3. Prophet’s Mosque (Madinah) – MASJIDU E. Rivals of Muhammad N-NABI 1. MUSAILAMAH 4. AS-SAKHRAH – Rock ( of the Rock, 2. ASWAD Jerusalem) | Most Distant Mosque – AL MASJIDU L-AQSA F. Government 5. 1. RULERS 6. Adam’s Mosque – MASJIDU L-KHAIF a. – KHALIFAH 7. Mosque of Piety – Masjidu T-Taqwa b. IMAM c. AMIR I. People(s) d. | Covered Litter – 1. ABU JAHL MAHMAL 2. e. Deputy – NAIB 3. GREEKS f. DIWAN 4. HERACLIUS g. KHAN 5. IBN SAIYAD h. KING (various terms) 6. JABR 2. The Rightly Guided Khalifahs – AL- 7. JAIFAR KHULAFAU R- 8. KATIBU L-WAQIDI 3. ALI | IBN MULJAM 9. KHALID 4. OMMIADES Dynasty 10. KHUBAB a. MUAWIYAH 11. KHUBAIB 5. ABBASIDES Dynasty 12. KISRA (king of Persia) a. ABBAS 13. MOORS b. IBN ABBAS | IKRIMAH (2) 14. Viceroy () – MUQAUQIS 6. AL-FATIMIYAH Dynasty 15. NAJASHI 7. Revolters – KHAWARIJ 16. NAKH (Banu n-Nakh) 8. Theocratic Scholars & Clergy 17. AN-NAZIR a. ULAMA 18. (tribe) b. MUJTAHID 19. SABEANS c. MUFTI 20. TULAIHAH d. Principal Minister – WAZIR 21. TURK 9. People, Nation – 22. WARAQAH 10. Tyranny – ZULM 11. Public Treasury – BAITU L-MAL J. Geography 1. ARABIA G. SLAVERY 2. BADR 1. CAPTIVES 3. 2. Military Slaves – MAMLUK 4. EGYPT 5. HIJAZ f. EDEN 6. AL- g. FALL 7. JERUSALEM h. GABRIEL 8. KHAIBAR i. GIANTS 9. AL-MADINAH | Sacred Boundary – j. LAPWING HARAMU L-MADINAH k. MANNA 10. MAKKAH | Sacred Boundary – HARAMU l. MICHAEL MAKKAH m. Prophet, Apostle – MURSAL | 11. HAMARU L-ASAD RASUL n. PLAGUES OF EGYPT K. Miscellaneous o. PROPHET | PROPHETESSES 1. STANDARDS p. 2. q. SERPENT 5. NEW TESTAMENT a. OF BARNABAS b. Gospel – INJIL

C. JEWS, JUDAISM VI. Christianity, Judaism, 1. TALMUD Zoroastrianism, & Sikhism 2. HELL 3. HANIF A. Subjugation 4. People (alphabetical) 1. KAFIR a. 2. ZIMMI b. ABEL 3. Poll Tax – JIZYAH | ZIMMAH | TAXATION c. ABRAHAM 4. EATING WITH JEWS OR CHRISTIANS d. ADAM 5. FRIENDSHIP with Jews and Christians i CEYLON 6. TOLERATION e. ALEXANDER THE GREAT | ZUL- 7. Historical Instances QARNAIN (?) a. TREATY f. b. JERUSALEM g. CAIN c. NAJRAN (battle of) h. d. QAINUQA (Jewish tribe) i. DANIEL e. AN-NAZIR (Jewish tribe) j. f. QURAIZAH (Jewish tribe) k. i RAIHANAH l. m. – B. Scriptures n. 1. – AHLU L-KITAB o. 2. CORRUPTION OF SCRIPTURE (by p. Christians & Jews) | TAHRIF q. HAGAR 3. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS r. 4. OLD TESTAMENT | TAURAT (Torah, Law) | s. () t. ISAIAH See also People, under Jews, below u. ISHMAEL a. BABEL v. | ISRAEL b. COMMANDMENTS (THE TEN) w. c. DELUGE x. (?) – d. ARK, ’S y. e. ARK OF THE COVENENAT | TABUT z. aa. f. Habib the Carpenter – HABIB AN- bb. NAJJAR cc. g. JOHN BAPTIST | YAHYA dd. h. Nazarenes – NASARA ee. i. NESTOR ff. NEHEMIAH j. SARACEN (Muslims) gg. k. SIMON PETER hh. NOAH l. St. George – JIRJIS ii. m. (tribe) jj. ’s Wife – ZULAIKHA n. TAIY (tribe) kk. o. UKAIDAR ll. REUBEN p. UKAIDAR | DUMAH mm. q. ZAKARIYA nn. 7. Church oo. SETH a. CHURCHES pp. b. CROSS i SAKHR c. Primate – JASULIQ qq. – AZAR d. Call to Prayer – NAQUS e. Missionaries – See MUHAMMAD, D. CHRISTIANITY CHARACTER OF (398) 1. CHRIST | ISA 8. GNOSTICS a. Miracle of the Table – AL MAIDAH 9. HELL b. EUCHARIST c. CRUCIFIXION E. ZOROASTRIANISM d. – AL-MASIH 1. AL- e. Muhammed’s Coming Foretold – 2. Scorching Heat (hell) – SAQAR FARAQLIT f. The Anti-Christ – AL MASIHU D- F. SIKHISM DAJJAL g. PROPHET h. Spirit of God – RUHU LLAH | RUHU L-QUDUS i. SWINE (destruction of) VII. Islamic Culture 2. Apostles – HAWARI 3. MARY THE VIRGIN a. IMMACULATE CONCEPTION b. PROPHETESSES A. Calendar 4. TRINITY 1. Departure – HIJRAH a. Trinitarians, Idolaters – MUSHRIK 2. DAY | YAUM b. Substance – UQNUM 3. WEEK 5. BAPTISM 4. INTERCALATION | NASA 6. People(s) 5. MONTH a. AHMAD 6. New Years Day – NAU ROZ b. BAHIRA 7. YEAR c. Companions of the Cave – ASHABU L-KAHF B. EDUCATION d. Companions of the Elephant – AL- 1. DAUGHTERS ASHABU L-FIL 2. LUXURY e. Copt – QIBTI 3. SCHOOLS | MADRASAH 4. Mosque – MASJID C. Manners and Customs iii RINGS 1. Animals h. SHAVING a. BIRDS i BEARD b. BURAQ ii HEAD | SHAVING THE HEAD c. CATS iii FITRAH d. CATTLE i. HINNA e. CAMEL j. HANDKERCHIEFS f. DOGS k. TATTOOING g. HARES 5. Eating, Drinking, Diet h. HAWK a. CLEAN AND UNCLEAN ANIMALS i. HORSES i Tanning – DIBAGHAH j. HUNTING ii FISH k. MULES iii HARES 2. Conduct – b. Slaying (prescribed form) – ZABH a. CONVERSATION c. FOOD b. DEPORTMENT d. EATING c. DECORUM e. DRINKING d. Things Unbecoming – MAKRUH i DRINKING VESSELS e. EXTRAVAGANCE ii VESSELS f. JOKING | LAUGHING f. WINE g. NICKNAME g. HAND (use of) h. DANCING h. i. SLEEPING i. HARIM j. BEGGING j. Prayer before Meals – TASMIYAH 3. SOCIAL ETIQUETTE k. TOBACCO a. HOSPITALITY l. MUSHROOMS b. FRIENDSHIP with Jews and m. EATING WITH JEWS OR CHRISTIANS Christians 6. Entertainment c. ENTERING INTO HOUSES a. Discouraged or Forbidden d. HOUSES, PERMISSION TO ENTER i GAMBLING | Dice – QIMAR e. LIBERALITY ii MUSIC f. NEIGHBORS iii SINGING g. PRIVACY OF DWELLINGS iv WHISTLING h. SALUTATIONS v CHESS i RISING UP b. Recommended ii Going forth to meet – ISTIQBAL i See under CHESS i. SHAKING HANDS 7. LETTERS (letter writing) j. SNEEZING k. SPITTING D. Marriage & Family l. YAWNING Legal aspects shown under III. Civil Law 4. Appearance & Hygiene 1. Betrothal – KHITBAH a. Personal Care – FITRAH (nature) 2. MARRIAGE | Nuptial Feast – WALIMAH b. Veil – BURQA | | SATR 3. Announcement – ILAN c. HEAD | 4. WIVES | HARIM d. BATHING 5. WOMEN | Women in Hell – ECLIPSE e. BEAUTY 6. CHILDREN | AQIQAH f. DRESS 7. DAUGHTERS g. ORNAMENTS 8. NAMES, SURNAMES | NICKNAME i EAR-RINGS & NOSE-RINGS ii NECKLACE E. Transportation b. BIOGRAPHY 1. CAMEL i BIOGRAPHERS OF MUHAMMAD 2. Covered Litter – MAHMAL c. IBN KHALLIKAN 3. CARAVAN 2. ARABIC 4. HORSES a. WRITING b. Philology – ILMU L-ADAB F. Architecture c. Arithmetic Alphabet – ABJAD 1. ARCHITECTURE d. ARABIC LEXICONS 2. HOUSES 3. Writers See also I. Theology, B. Sources G. Science & Mathematics a. AL-JALALAN 1. LITERATURE, MUSLIM b. AL-GHAZZALI 2. EARTH c. AL-WAQIDI a. The circle of mountains – 4. ELOQUENCE b. Heat – JAMRAH (2) c. RAIN d. RAINBOW e. SEA f. WATER g. ELEMENTS 3. Astronomy – ILMU L-FALAK a. Stars – ASTROLOGY See also GENII | RAJIM b. MOON c. ZODIAC d. PLANETS e. HEAVEN f. ECLIPSE g. Conjunction – QIRAN h. SIRIUS | DOG STAR 4. Alchemy – AL-KIMIYA 5. Arithmetic Alphabet – ABJAD 6. Atom – ZARRAH 7. ASTROLOGY | ILMU N-NUJUM

H. PHILOSOPHY | LOGIC 1. CONSCIENCE 2. INTELLECT 3. SPIRIT | RUH 4. FIVE SENSES 5. EXISTENCES | WUJUD 6. Essence – ZAT | HAQIQAH 7. Realms – ALAM 8. – AL-YAQIN 9. AL-KINDI

I. Literature & Language 1. LITERATURE, MUSLIM a. POETS i HASSAN