DOCSLIB.ORG

A Criminal Enterprise?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Criminal Enterprise? A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE? SHELL’S INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA IN THE 1990S Amnesty International is a global movement of more than 7 million people who campaign for a world where human rights are enjoyed by all. Our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. © Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) license. Cover photo:%QNNCIGQXGTCPKOCIGQHC5JGNNICUƃCTGCV$QOWQKNƂGNF1IQPKNCPF https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode © Tim Lambon / Greenpeace For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: www.amnesty.org Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons lisence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X ODW, UK Index: AFR 44/7393/2017 Original language: English amnesty.org A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE? SHELL’S INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA IN THE 1990s 3 CONTENTS GLOSSARY 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 METHODOLOGY 14 PART ONE: THE OGONI CRISIS 17 1.1 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 17 1.2 TIMELINE 35 PART TWO: SHELL'S ROLE IN THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN OGONILAND 40 2.1 WHAT SHELL KNEW AND WHEN 41 2.2 SHELL IGNORED THE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND SAW OGONILAND AS AN ECONOMIC PROBLEM 46 2.3 SHELL SOLICITED THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES AND ENCOURAGED HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN OGONILAND 52 2.4 SHELL'S PAYMENTS AND ASSISTANCE TO THE SECURITY FORCES 61 2.5 COMPLICITY IN THE UNFAIR TRIAL AND EXECUTIONS 67 2.6 SHELL'S PARENT COMPANY DIRECTED ITS NIGERIA OPERATIONS 72 PART THREE: CORPORATE COMPLICITY 75 3.1 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 75 3.2 THE CASE AGAINST SHELL 82 CONCLUSION 86 ANNEX: SHELL RESPONSE 37 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL NOVEMBER 2017, INDEX: AFR 44/7393/2017 4 A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE? SHELL’S INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA IN THE 1990s GLOSSARY ISTF Internal Security Task Force MOPOL Mobile Police, a paramilitary Nigeria police force MOSOP Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NYCOP National Youth Council of Ogoni People SIPC Shell International Petroleum Corporation (headquarters in London) SIPM Shell International Petroleum Maatchappij (headquarters in The Hague) SPDC Shell Petroleum Development Company (headquarters in Lagos) SPY Shell Supernumerary Police, the Nigerian police unit seconded to guard Shell property and personnel SSS State Security Service, Nigeria’s internal security and intelligence agency AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL NOVEMBER 2017, INDEX: AFR 44/7393/2017 A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE? SHELL’S INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA IN THE 1990s 5 #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCNVQTEJNKVXKIKNQP &COUSWCTGKP#OUVGTFCO6JG0GVJGT- NCPFUQP0QXGODGTVJGFC[CHVGT VJG1IQPK0KPGYGTGGZGEWVGF #OPGUV[+PVGTPCVKQPCN in Ogoniland. The military’s subsequent campaign directly led to widespread and serious human rights EXECUTIVE SUMMARY violations, including the unlawful killing of hundreds of Ogonis, as well as torture and other ill-treatment, including rape, and the destruction of homes and livelihoods. Many of these violations also amounted In November 1995, the Nigerian state arbitrarily to criminal offences. executed nine men after a blatantly unfair trial. The executions led to global condemnation. The United This report examines the role played by the UK- States and the European Union imposed sanctions Dutch multinational Shell in these human rights on Nigeria, and the Commonwealth group of nations violations and crimes. That the company was a central UWURGPFGFVJGEQWPVT[oUOGODGTUJKR1HƂEKCNN[ player in the events in Ogoniland in the 1990s is accused of involvement in murder, the men had in fact undisputable: MOSOP was protesting against Shell’s been put on trial for confronting the Anglo-Dutch negative environmental and social impact on the oil giant, Shell, over its devastating impact on the Ogoni community and had told the company to leave Ogoniland region of Nigeria’s oil-producing Niger Delta. the area. Shell stopped operations in Ogoniland in early 1993 citing security concerns, but subsequently The executions were the culmination of a brutal sought ways to re-enter the region and end the campaign by Nigeria’s military to silence the protests MOSOP protests. of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), led by author and activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, Shell has always denied that the company played one of the men executed. MOSOP said that others any part in the violence and gross human rights had grown rich on the oil that was pumped from violations that took place in Ogoniland in the 1990s. under their soil, while pollution from oil spills and However, Amnesty International has undertaken a ICUƃCTKPIJCF“led to the complete degradation of detailed review of thousands of pages of internal the Ogoni environment, turning our homeland into company documents and witness statements which an ecological disaster.” In January 1993, MOSOP expose what Shell knew and how it engaged with declared that Shell was no longer welcome to operate the Nigerian security forces throughout this period. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL NOVEMBER 2017, INDEX: AFR 44/7393/2017 6 A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE? SHELL’S INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN NIGERIA IN THE 1990s Many of the company documents referenced in this CNUQVJTGCVGPGFVQFKUTWRVVJGƃQYQHCRKRGNKPG report were released as part of legal proceedings in that carried oil from other regions across Ogoniland. the US and include accounts of meetings with the The government in Abuja was also worried that the Nigerian leadership, including the president General protests would spread throughout the oil-producing Sani Abacha, strategy papers, internal memos and region, where other communities had similar NGVVGTUVQQHƂEKCNU6JGTGRQTVCNUQFTCYUQP#OPGUV[ grievances to the Ogonis. According to an internal International’s own archives and the organization’s Shell memo, General Sani Abacha, who seized power YQTMKPVJG0KIGT&GNVCCVVJGVKOG6JKUKUVJGƂTUV in a coup in November 1993, pUGGOGFVQƂPFKV time any organization has brought all of this material unbelievable that such a small tribe could have the together and analysed it. In Amnesty International’s effrontery to cause such a lot of trouble.” view, the evidence raises serious questions about the extent of Shell’s involvement not just in gross violations but also in criminal conduct. SHELL KNEW MOSOP HAD A LEGITIMATE GRIEVANCE SHELL AND THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT: While framing the Ogoni protests as a largely “INEXTRICABLY LINKED” economic problem, Shell downplayed the community’s concerns about the environment and other issues. In the 1990s Shell was the single most important In public statements Shell denied that its operations company in Nigeria and in 1995 pumped almost had caused environmental problems. This was one million barrels of crude oil a day, roughly half completely false. Internal documents reveal that senior of Nigeria’s total daily oil production. Nigeria’s oil staff were highly concerned about the poor state of exports made up 95.7% of the country’s foreign Shell’s ageing, inadequately maintained and earnings so were vital to the economy. leaky pipelines. In November 1994, the head of environmental studies for Shell Nigeria, Bopp Van The country and the company had a shared interest Dessel, resigned over the issue, saying that he felt KPGPUWTKPIVJCVVJGQKNMGRVƃQYKPI5JGNNCPFVJG unable to defend the company’s environmental government were business partners, running the record “without losing his personal integrity.” Van JKIJN[RTQƂVCDNG0KIGTKCPQKNƂGNFUCUCLQKPVXGPVWTG Dessel went public with these allegations in a TV The two entities were in constant contact. As the interview in 1996 stating: chairperson of Shell Nigeria from 1994-7, Brian Anderson, conceded, “The government and the oil “(Shell managers) were not meeting their industry are inextricably entangled.” own standards; they were not meeting international standards. Any Shell site that Shell’s Nigerian operations were also of great I saw was polluted. Any terminal that I saw importance to the multinational's overall balance was polluted. It was clear to me that Shell sheet. A 1996 internal strategy document revealed was devastating the area.” that Nigeria was home to the single largest portion of Shell’s entire worldwide oil and gas reserves and While Van Dessel’s comments relate to all of the that Shell Nigeria had, “access to the biggest low Shell operations in the Niger Delta, other credible cost hydrocarbon resource base in the Group, with UQWTEGURTQXKFGGXKFGPEGQHVJGURGEKƂEUKVWCVKQP enough oil to sustain production for almost 100 in Ogoniland. After taking up the case of Ogoniland years at current levels.” in 1996, the African Commission for Human and Peoples’ Rights found that pollution and environmental The Ogoni protests not only deprived Shell and the degradation in Ogoniland were at a level that was, government of access to wells in that area, they “humanly unacceptable and has made living in the AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL NOVEMBER 2017, INDEX: AFR 44/7393/2017 A CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE? SHELL’S INVOLVEMENT IN HUMAN
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (FNP) Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria
    Biodiversity Assessment of Finima Nature Park (FNP) Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria October, 2019 Finima Nature Park Biodiversity Assessment 2019 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Wildlife and Mammals ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 2.0 Methods Employed in this FNP Mammal Study ..................................................................................................... 8 3.0 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Highlights of the Survey ........................................................................................................................................ 17 4.0 Towards Remediation of the Problems that Mammals and other Wildlife now Face or May Face in the Future, in the FNP and Environs ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SUSTAINABILITY REPORT ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2011 I Shell Sustainability Report 2011 Introduction
    SUSTAINABILITY REPORT ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2011 i Shell Sustainability Report 2011 Introduction CONTENTS ABOUT SHELL INTRODUCTION Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies employing 90,000 people in more than 80 i ABOUT SHELL countries. Our aim is to help meet the energy needs of 1 INTRODUCTION FROM THE CEO society in ways that are economically, environmentally and socially responsible. OUR APPROACH Upstream 2 BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE Upstream consists of two organisations, Upstream International and Upstream Americas. Upstream searches for and recovers oil 3 SD AND OUR BUSINESS STRATEGY and natural gas, extracts heavy oil from oil sands for conversion 4 SAFETY into synthetic crudes, liqueƂ es natural gas and produces synthetic oil products using gas-to-liquids technology. It often works in joint 5 COMMUNITIES ventures, including those with national oil companies. Upstream 6 CLIMATE CHANGE markets and trades natural gas and electricity in support of its business. Our wind power activities are part of Upstream. Upstream 8 ENVIRONMENT International co-ordinates sustainable development policies and 9 LIVING BY OUR PRINCIPLES social performance across Shell. Downstream OUR ACTIVITIES Downstream manufactures, supplies and markets oil products and 10 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ACTION chemicals worldwide. Our Manufacturing and Supply businesses include reƂ neries, chemical plants and the supply and distribution 11 KEY PROJECTS of feedstocks and products. Marketing sells a range of products 12 DELIVERING ENERGY RESPONSIBLY including fuels, lubricants, bitumen and liqueƂ ed petroleum 12 Natural gas gas for home, transport and industrial use. Chemicals markets 15 The Arctic petrochemicals for industrial customers.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016
    Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria Last Updated: May 6, 2016 Overview Nigeria is currently the largest oil producer in Africa and was the world's fourth-largest exporter of LNG in 2015. Nigeria’s oil production is hampered by instability and supply disruptions, while its natural gas sector is restricted by the lack of infrastructure to commercialize natural gas that is currently flared (burned off). Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa, holds the largest natural gas reserves on the continent, and was the world’s fourth-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2015.1 Nigeria became a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971, more than a decade after oil production began in the oil-rich Bayelsa State in the 1950s.2 Although Nigeria is the leading oil producer in Africa, production is affected by sporadic supply disruptions, which have resulted in unplanned outages of up to 500,000 barrels per day (b/d). Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Source: U.S. Department of State 1 Nigeria’s oil and natural gas industry is primarily located in the southern Niger Delta area, where it has been a source of conflict. Local groups seeking a share of the wealth often attack the oil infrastructure, forcing companies to declare force majeure on oil shipments (a legal clause that allows a party to not satisfy contractual agreements because of circumstances beyond their control). At the same time, oil theft leads to pipeline damage that is often severe, causing loss of production, pollution, and forcing companies to shut in production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ogoni of Nigeria A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of 2002 The goniO of Nigeria A. Olu Oyinlade University of Nebraska at Omaha, [email protected] Jeffery M. Vincent University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Oyinlade, A. Olu and Vincent, Jeffery M., "The gO oni of Nigeria" (2002). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 113. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthropologyfacpub/113 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chapter 7 The Ogoni of Nigeria A. Olu Oylnlade and Jeffery M. VIncent CULTURAL OVERVIEW The People The Ogoni are a minority ethnic people who live in the Western Niger Delta Region of southern Nigeria. During the 1970s, Ogoniland, or the Ogoni Nation, became part of the Rivers State of Nigeria. There are ap­ proximately 500,000 Ogoni who represent less than 0.05 percent of Ni­ geria's 100 to 120 million people. The population density of this region equals 1,233 people per square mile, making it one of the most densely populated areas of Nigeria. Reliable information about the origin of the Ogoni is limited. Archaeo­ logical and oral historical evidence suggests that the Ogoni have inhabited the area for over 500 years. Presently, two theories exist about the origin of this people.
    [Show full text]
  • 61 Traditional Settlement of Dispute Amongst Ikwerre Ethnic Nationality in Rivers State, Nigeria: an Appraisal
    An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 7 (1), Serial No. 28, January, 2013:61-72 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070--0083 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v7i1.5 Traditional Settlement of Dispute amongst Ikwerre Ethnic Nationality in Rivers State, Nigeria: An Appraisal Ogoloma, Fineface I. - Institute of Foundation Studies (IFS), Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Tel. +2348038889545, +2348051515676 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Traditional Settlement of Dispute is the search for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as against the conventional peaceful methods of settling disputes and resolving conflict situations using the least expensive method without much acrimony. This system of resolving disputes has been the African traditional way of resolving conflicts in Nigeria, the sub-saharan societies and the entire Africa before the advent of European colonialism. The system therefore is a time tested exercise with many variations as one moves from one linguistic locality to another. Nevertheless, we are going to examine the practice as it is done by the Ikwerre ethnic nationality in Rivers State. Ikwerre ethnic nationality is the most populous ethnic nationality in Rivers State and from where the current Governor, Chibuike Amechi hails. Copyright© IAARR 2013: www.afrrevjo.net 61 Indexed African Journals Online: www.ajol.info Vol. 7 (1) Serial No. 28, January, 2012 Pp.61-72 Introduction The Nigerian state we have today came into existence in 1914 after the amalgamation of the North and South by Lord Lugard. She got independence in 1960 and became a republic in 1963 after renouncing the Dominion Status.
    [Show full text]
  • $1.1Bln ■ Developing Nigerian Talent and Supply Chains
    16 SHELL IN NIGERIA A team of employees at Shell ECONOMY 17 Nigeria Gas facility at Agbara, Ogun State Nigeria. POWERING NIGERIA’S 678k SPDCJV BARRELS OF OIL EQUIVALENT SNEPCo ECONOMY PER DAY PRODUCED IN 2019 Nigeria’s oil and gas resources can power a diverse economy, expand domestic industries and increase the prosperity of $1.5bln its people. In 2019, Shell Companies in $ IN TAXES AND ROYALTIES Nigeria paid about $1.5 billion3 in taxes IN 2019 (SPDC & SNEPCo) and royalties to the Nigerian government. With business interests from the oil and gas producing heartlands of the Niger Delta to the growing industries of Ogun State and Lagos, Shell Companies in Nigeria 3,000 provide technical expertise, a global perspective and EMPLOYEES strong governance that can unlock opportunities for Nigeria and Nigerians. ■ Prosperity through power. ■ A pipeline of projects. ■ Future opportunities in deep-water. $1.1bln ■ Developing Nigerian talent and supply chains. SPENT ON CONTRACTS TO NIGERIAN COMPANIES IN 2019 (SCiN) The Nigeria Briefing Notes update on activities and programmes undertaken by several Nigerian companies either wholly-owned by Shell or in which Shell has an interest. Together these are referred to as the Shell Companies in Nigeria (SCiN). Four of these are: ■ Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC); a wholly-owned Shell subsidiary, which operates an unincorporated joint venture (SPDC JV) in which SPDC holds a 30% interest. ■ Two other wholly-owned Shell subsidiaries; Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company Limited (SNEPCo) and Shell Nigeria Gas Limited (SNG). ■ And Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Limited; an incorporated joint venture in which Shell has a 25.6% interest.
    [Show full text]
  • What's in a Name? Transnational Corporations As Bystanders Under International Law
    St. John's Law Review Volume 85 Number 1 Volume 85, Winter 2011, Number 1 Article 1 What's in a Name? Transnational Corporations as Bystanders Under International Law Jena Martin Amerson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/lawreview This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in St. John's Law Review by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CP_Amerson (Do Not Delete) 7/14/2011 4:06 PM ARTICLES WHAT’S IN A NAME? TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AS BYSTANDERS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW JENA MARTIN AMERSON† INTRODUCTION “You said we were Namers. I still don’t know: what is a Namer?” “I’ve told you. A Namer has to know who people are, and who they are meant to be.”1 The concept of naming is a powerful one. By naming a thing, the namer provides it with a sense of belonging, a characterization. By giving something that had previously been unidentified a name, the namer immediately imbues it with a set of characteristics. The name has powerful connotations: It can provide people with instant recognition based on a shared understanding. But there is also a danger in the act. If, instead of naming, the would-be namer labels—that is, imbues it with a quickly formulated, thoughtless identifier—then it does not provide people with a sound understanding of the thing, be it person or concept, that the labeler is trying to contextualize.
    [Show full text]
  • Checkmating the Resurgence of Youth Militancy in the Niger Delta Of
    Checkmating the Resurgence of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria Edited by Victor Ojakorotu, Ph.D and Lysias Dodd Gilbert, M.Sc., PGD. Th. Table of Contents 1). Understanding the Context of Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. VICTOR OJAKOROTU & LYSIAS DODD GILBERT 2). Taming the Monster: Critical Issues in Arresting the Orgy of Youth Restiveness in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. ALAFURO EPELLE 3). Amnesty in a Vacuum: The Unending Insurgency in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. DAVID ADEYEMO & ‗LANRE OLU–ADEYEMI 4). Youth Militancy, Amnesty and Security in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. LYSIAS DODD GILBERT 5). Security Contradictions: Bane of Reactions of Oil Producing Communities and the Unending Crisis in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. AKPOMUVIRE MUKORO & EGBADJU, OBUKOHWO ABRAHAM 6). Militants and Oil Violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: Any Implication for Security in Nigeria? VICTOR OJAKOROTU 7). The Politics of Oil Exploitation: Rationalising on the Coexistence of Oil Wealth and Extreme Poverty in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria FRANCIS NWONWU 8). The Politics of Oil in the Niger Delta EMMANUEL, J. C. DURU 9). The Niger Delta Child and the Future of National Integration in Nigeria: A Prognostic Analysis FRANK-COLLINS NNAMDI OKAFOR & MIKE C. ODDIH. 10). The Conflict in the Niger Delta Region and National Interest SEGUN OGUNGBEMI 11). Niger Delta Crisis: Implications on Nigeria‘s Domestic Economic Output AKINBOBOLA, T. O. Preface This book is a collection of excellent academic materials by experienced and renowned scholars who have critically analyzed the devastating age-long oil violence in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatio – Temporal Changes in the Geomorphic Shoreline of Bonny Island
    Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 2 ~ Issue 11 (2014) pp: 75-80 ISSN(Online) : 2321-9467 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Spatio – Temporal Changes in the Geomorphic Shoreline of Bonny Island Mark Ogoro Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Received 21 November, 2014; Accepted 06 December, 2014 © The author(s) 2014. Published with open access at www.questjournals.org ABSTRACT:- Increased inundation of coastlines which causes loss of habitable island, properties, mangrove vegetation is attendants’ effects of climate change. The present study examines the vulnerability and spatio – temporal changes in the shoreline of Bonny Island, Nigeria sequel to rises in sea level over time. Satellites imageries of Land-Sat Tm of 30m x 30m of 1986 and 2001 and Niger Sat Image of 30m x 30m of 2006 and 2011 were employed to determine changes in bonny shoreline. From the analysis, 1,819.4sq km and 4,588.38 sq km of land was lost to sea between 1986 through 2001, and between 2001 through 2006 respectively, while 1,781.96 sq km of land was lost between 2006 and 2011. Hence the study recommended among others that there should be integrated coastal zone management and developmental planning to enhance shoreline protection and mitigation of the impact of sea level rise on the region. Keywords:- Bonny Island, Sea Level Rise, shoreline, Vulnerability, Inundation I. INTRODUCTION Bonny Island is one of the most densely populated Local Government Areas in Rivers State, Nigeria. Majority of its inhabitants’ live in the riverside and coastline area prone to natural hazard such as shoreline retreat/inundation, coastal inundation, flood etc the physical Geography of the area features its long coastline and the Equatorial climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Universal Periodic Review of Nigeria October 2013
    UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF NIGERIA OCTOBER 2013 SUBMISSION BY CIVIL SOCIETY COALITION ON MINORITY PROTECTION, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ISSUES AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS INTRODUCTION The Civil Society Coalition on Minority Protection, Indigenous Peoples Issues and Children’s Rights(CS-COMIC) is a Nigeria-based civil society coalition involved in research and advocacy on issues affecting some of the most marginalised and vulnerable groups in the society largely minority communities, Indigenous peoples and Children. The coalition was established after a three-day training workshop on the UPR organised by the National Human Rights Commission in January 2013 at Enugu, Nigeria. The coalition is comprised of three active organisations working in the areas of Indigenous peoples issues, Minority Rights and Children’s Rights namely The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People(MOSOP), African Network for Prevention and Protection Against Child Abuse and Neglect(ANPPCAN) and Health for the Society, Justice and Peace Initiative 2 UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW OF NIGERIA SUBMISSION BY CIVIL SOCIETY COALITION ON MINORITY PROTECTION, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ISSUES AND CHILDREN’S RIGHTS 17TH SESSION OF THE UPR WORKING GROUP, OCTOBER 2013 CHILD RIGHTS, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ISSUES AND MINORITY RIGHTS 1. FOLLOW UP TO THE PREVIOUS REVIEW Discrimination continues to be a challenge to the attainment of the noble objectives of the UPR in Nigeria. Whilst we note improvements in some areas since the last UPR of Nigeria in 2009, much work still needs to be done on the part of
    [Show full text]
  • The Demobilization of the Ogoni Protest Campaign in the Niger Delta Tijen Demirel-Pegg Scott Pe
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IUPUIScholarWorks Razed, repressed and bought off: The demobilization of the Ogoni protest campaign in the Niger Delta Tijen Demirel-Pegg Scott Pegg Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Abstract: This study examines the demobilization of the Ogoni protest campaign in the oil producing Niger Delta region of Nigeria in the mid-1990s. The contentious politics literature suggest that protest campaigns demobilize as a consequence of the polarization between radical and moderate protesters. In this study, we offer a different causal mechanism and argue that protest campaigns can demobilize before such indiscriminate repression. Moreover, states can prevent the subsequent radicalization of a protest campaign followed by harsh repression by coopting the radicals and the remaining moderate elites while continuing to use repression to prevent collective action. Our conclusion assesses how relations between extractive industry firms and their local host communities have or have not changed in the twenty years since the hanging of Ken Saro-Wiwa in 1995. Published in Extractive Industries and Society This is the authors’ manuscript of the article published in final edited form at: Demirel-Pegg, Tijen, and Scott Pegg (2015), “Razed, Repressed, and Bought Off: The Demobilization of the Ogoni Protest Campaign in the Niger Delta,” in Extractive Industries and Society, Vol.2, pp. 654-663. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X15001343 Introduction On January 4, 1993, around 300,000 Ogoni people in Rivers State, Nigeria peacefully protested against the environmental devastation of their land caused by the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC), the Nigerian subsidiary of Royal Dutch/Shell (hereafter, Shell).
    [Show full text]
  • PROVISIONAL LIST.Pdf
    S/N NAME YEAR OF CALL BRANCH PHONE NO EMAIL 1 JONATHAN FELIX ABA 2 SYLVESTER C. IFEAKOR ABA 3 NSIKAK UTANG IJIOMA ABA 4 ORAKWE OBIANUJU IFEYINWA ABA 5 OGUNJI CHIDOZIE KINGSLEY ABA 6 UCHENNA V. OBODOCHUKWU ABA 7 KEVIN CHUKWUDI NWUFO, SAN ABA 8 NWOGU IFIONU TAGBO ABA 9 ANIAWONWA NJIDEKA LINDA ABA 10 UKOH NDUDIM ISAAC ABA 11 EKENE RICHIE IREMEKA ABA 12 HIPPOLITUS U. UDENSI ABA 13 ABIGAIL C. AGBAI ABA 14 UKPAI OKORIE UKAIRO ABA 15 ONYINYECHI GIFT OGBODO ABA 16 EZINMA UKPAI UKAIRO ABA 17 GRACE UZOME UKEJE ABA 18 AJUGA JOHN ONWUKWE ABA 19 ONUCHUKWU CHARLES NSOBUNDU ABA 20 IREM ENYINNAYA OKERE ABA 21 ONYEKACHI OKWUOSA MUKOSOLU ABA 22 CHINYERE C. UMEOJIAKA ABA 23 OBIORA AKINWUMI OBIANWU, SAN ABA 24 NWAUGO VICTOR CHIMA ABA 25 NWABUIKWU K. MGBEMENA ABA 26 KANU FRANCIS ONYEBUCHI ABA 27 MARK ISRAEL CHIJIOKE ABA 28 EMEKA E. AGWULONU ABA 29 TREASURE E. N. UDO ABA 30 JULIET N. UDECHUKWU ABA 31 AWA CHUKWU IKECHUKWU ABA 32 CHIMUANYA V. OKWANDU ABA 33 CHIBUEZE OWUALAH ABA 34 AMANZE LINUS ALOMA ABA 35 CHINONSO ONONUJU ABA 36 MABEL OGONNAYA EZE ABA 37 BOB CHIEDOZIE OGU ABA 38 DANDY CHIMAOBI NWOKONNA ABA 39 JOHN IFEANYICHUKWU KALU ABA 40 UGOCHUKWU UKIWE ABA 41 FELIX EGBULE AGBARIRI, SAN ABA 42 OMENIHU CHINWEUBA ABA 43 IGNATIUS O. NWOKO ABA 44 ICHIE MATTHEW EKEOMA ABA 45 ICHIE CORDELIA CHINWENDU ABA 46 NNAMDI G. NWABEKE ABA 47 NNAOCHIE ADAOBI ANANSO ABA 48 OGOJIAKU RUFUS UMUNNA ABA 49 EPHRAIM CHINEDU DURU ABA 50 UGONWANYI S. AHAIWE ABA 51 EMMANUEL E.
    [Show full text]