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Proquest Dissertations C'SP-Q. 000825 COf.l UNIVERSITY D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES THE IMPACT OF A CENTURY OF IRISH CATHOLIC IMMIGRATION IN NOVA SCOTIA (1750 - 1850) by Sister Mary Liguori (S.C.H.) Thesis presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ottawa as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1961 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA « SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: DC53625 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53625 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES CRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author of this dissertation is greatly indebted to Professor Guy Fregault, Ph. D., now Deputy Minister of Cultural Affairs for the Province of Quebec, under whose guidance as former Director of the Institute of History at the University of Ottawa, this thesis was written. For his thorough and prompt reading of the manuscript, his sincere criticism, and his kindly encouragement, heartfelt thanks is due. Likewise is the author indebted to the staffs of the Public Archives of Canada, the Public Archives of Nova Scotia, the Archiepiscopal Archives of Quebec, the Archiepiscopal Archives of Halifax, Boston Public Library, and the Harvard University Library, for generous assistance in this research. Especially am I grateful to the members of my own Community, the Sisters of Charity o f Halifax, who made the research possible, and whose understanding and cooperation lightened the necessary burdens of this study. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM Sister Mary Liguori (Edna C. Wilson) was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on July 20, 1916, and entered the Congregation of the Sisters of Charity of Halifax in August, 1932. She received her Bachelor of Arts Degree from Mount Saint Vincent College in June, 1946, and her Master of Arts in History from Saint Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, in September of 1952. She entered the University of Ottawa as a doctorate student in July, 1958, and for the academic year of 1959-1960 was a full- time student at this institution. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA -- SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page INTRCIDUCTIO N I. - A BIR.THRIGH T ENDANGERED 1 1. Catholicism, Nova Scotia's Birthright from the French 1 2. Seeds of Protestantism sown at Utrecht 5 3. Strengthening of Protestant forces in Province 10 4. Apparent triumph of Protestantism 26 5. The Irish - a dormant force of resistance 28 II. - 29 1. Migration pressures through Irish history 29 2. Protestant Irish group migration to Nova Scotia 33 3. Catholic Irish - an imperceptible infiltration 34 4. Nova Scotia's early anti-Catholic immigration policy 35 5. Proofs of presence of Irish Catholics in early Halifax 39 6. Manner of seeping-in 42 7„ Numbers involved in this early period 58 8. Points of origin of early Irish 61 III. - 63 1. Effects of Napoleonic Wars on emigration from British Isles 63 2. Population increase in Ireland 65 3. The famine problem in Ireland 67 4. Irish influx to Nova Scotia from 1815 - 1838 68 5. Growth of Irish in years 1839 - 1850 71 6. Sources or origins of immigrants of this period 74 7» Comparison with the period 1749 - 1815 94 8. Rapid growth of Irish population in Halifax City in this thirty-five year period 100 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter page 103 1. Early social status of Irish Catholics 103 2. System of land-holding in Province 109 3. Land ownership forbidden Catholics after 1758 110 4. Irish Catholic petitions to hold land 111 5. Repeal of 1 and laws against Catholics 113 6. Economic impact of Irish Catholics on fisheries 114 7. Impact on big business 121 8. Government lending by Irish Catholics 126 9. Inception of a professional impact 128 10. Social impact after 1783 129 138 1. Exclusion of Catholics from Legislature and Bar 139 2. Test case of Lawrence Kavanaugh 139 3. Irish pressure against Test Act 142 4. Abolition of Test Act, 1827 146 5. Lawrence O'Connor Doyle's political contributions 147 6. Catholic representation in the Council 154 VI. - THE RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL IMPACT .... 159 1. Irish influence on faith a continuation of French influence 159 2. Secret ministrations of French priests to Irish Catholics to 1785 161 3. Irish Catholic petitions to Ireland for priests for Halifax 165 4. State of the Church in Halifax on Father Jones' arrival - lay Catholic initiative 167 5. Educational and religious growth in Halifax, and the province, under a priesthood emigrated from Ireland 169 a. Reverend James Jones 169 b. The first Edmund Burke 174 c. Rt. Rev. Edmund Burke, 1801 - 1820 176 d. Rev. John Carroll, 1820 - 1827 187 e. Bishop Walsh, Coadjutor 188 CONC] 197 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION THE IMPACT OF A CENTURY OF IRISH CATHOLIC IMMIGRATION IN NOVA SCOTIA, 1750 - 1850, is really the story of an Irish Catholic community, transplanted slowly from overseas to the city of Halifax, of its internal and external growth, and of its impact on both city and province. A subtitle might indicate that this impact is for the most part that of the Halifax Irish only, for the author has not attempted to evaluate the influence of other smaller settlements of Irish in the Province. However, since after 1749, Halifax fast became the center of the political, social and business life of the Province, and hence any growth in Halifax would be reflected throughout the Province, a change in the title would not change to any great extent the conclusions reached, Hence, the broader title remains . The purpose of this thesis is twofold: to ascertain how this "mustard seed" was planted and augmented in a province hostile to it, and secondly, to set forth the influence which this group exerted in every sphere of community and provincial life. In the working out of these specific purposes, the general aim of the dissertation should be evident - the part played by the Irish in the redemption of Nova Scotia's birthright to Catholicism, which after 1755, seemed doomed to destruction. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ~ ECOLE DES GRADUES Chapter One introduces the reader to the status of Catholicism in the province to which the Irish came. An attempt is made in Chapters Two and Three to study Irish Catholic immigration during the hundred year span from 1750 to 1850. Chapters Four to Six endeavour to carry out the second purpose of the thesis - to portray the influence which the Irish Catholics exerted on the economic, social, political, religious and educational life of the province during this century. The Conclusion weaves the separate threads of the tapestry into a whole to evaluate the all-over debt of Nova Scotia to the Irish Catholics of a past century. It is the hope of the author that the ensuing research attains the goals thus set forth. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES CHAPTER I A BIRTHRIGHT ENDANGERED Catholicism was Nova Scotia's birthright from the French. Until after his accession to the throne of France, Henry IV had been a Huguenot. On July 25, 1593, whether through expediency or conviction, he adopted the religion of the majority of his subjects* In his Commission to DeMonts for the colonization of the lands of La Cadie, Henry directec him, to cause the people wch doe inhabite the country, men at this present time barbarous, Atheistes, with­ out faith or religion to bee converted to Christian­ ity and to the beliefs and prfession of our faith and religion /Z • _«7» Nor was the conversion of the s avages to Catholicism to be secondary to trading. Missionary work was given precedence over the other purposes listed, as was evidenced by the 3 introductory phrase "moved above all things". DeMonts, himself a Huguenot, was given the free exercise of his own religion as a compensation for dis­ seminating among the savages of Acadia, the Roman Catholic 1 Journal de L'Estoile, Henry IV, 1589-1600, I, Galliraard, 1948, p. 298. 2 Patent of the ffrench Kinge to Monsieur DeMontes for the inhabitinge of the Countries of LaCadie, Canada, and other places in New tfrance, November 8, 1603, S.P.Col., Volume 1, No. 10. 3 Loc. cit. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES A BIRTHRIGHT ENDANGERED 2 4 religion* Accompanying him, to ensure the fulfilment of his purpose, was the ardent Catholic Champlain, and the no less devout Poutrincourt. Priests accompanied this and subsequent expeditions to Acadia*-* Thus in the dawn of the seventeenth century, the seeds of Catholicism were sown in this weak and tiny colony. Throughout the whole of the seventeenth century, Acadia remained the pawn in the international rivalries of France and England, falling into English hands five times in the interval between 1604 and 1710.
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