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A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a Randomized Controlled Evaluation of a Game to Increase Environmental Knowledge Related to Human Population Growth

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A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a Randomized Controlled Evaluation of a Game to Increase Environmental Knowledge Related to Human Population Growth A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a randomized controlled evaluation of a game to increase environmental knowledge related to human population growth Pisinthpunth, C. Submitted version deposited in Coventry University’s Institutional Repository Original citation: Pisinthpunth, C. (2015) A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a randomized controlled evaluation of a game to increase environmental knowledge related to human population growth. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Some materials have been removed from this thesis due to third party. Pages where material has been removed are clearly marked in the electronic version. The unabridged version of the thesis can be viewed at the Lanchester Library, Coventry University. A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a randomized controlled evaluation of a game to increase environmental knowledge related to human population growth By Charn Pisithpunth PhD Vol. 1 November 2015 A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a randomized controlled evaluation of a game to increase environmental knowledge related to human population growth By Charn Pisithpunth Vol. 1 November 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Library Declaration and Deposit Agreement Title: Forename: Family Name: Mr. Charn Pisithpunth Student ID: Faculty: Award: 3579033 ECC / SGI PhD Thesis Title: A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) and a randomized controlled evaluation of a game to increase environmental knowledge related to human population growth Freedom of Information: Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) ensures access to any information held by Coventry University, including theses, unless an exception or exceptional circumstances apply. In the interest of scholarship, theses of the University are normally made freely available online in CURVE, the Institutions Repository, immediately on deposit. You may wish to restrict access to your thesis for a period of three years. Reasons for restricting access to the electronic thesis should be derived from exemptions under FOIA. (Please also refer to the University Regulations Section 8.12.5) Do you wish to restrict access to thesis/submission: No If Yes please specify reason for restriction: Length of restriction: Does any organisation, other than Coventry University, have an No interest in the Intellectual Property Rights to your work? If Yes please specify Organisation: Please specify the nature of their interest: Signature: Date: 05 Jan 2017 For Postgraduate Research Support Unit (Registry) use Date Final Thesis Submitted Date of Thesis release to Library Acknowledgement To the Supervisory Team The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his Director of Studies: Prof. Pamela M. Kato for her critical reviews on the thesis chapters, its structures, and for numerous academic and moral supports provided to the researcher throughout the duration of this research project. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his External Supervisor (previously Director of Studies): Dr. Panagiotis Petridis for his critical opinions on the overall study design and the development of THE GROWTH. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his supervisor: Dr. Petros Lameras for his continuous academic and moral supports and for his insightful comments on the qualitative analysis and its interpretation in this study. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his supervisor: Prof. Andree Woodcock for her critical reviews on the thesis chapters and for her kind efforts on converting much of the early illegible manuscripts into a readable PhD thesis format. To the Research Staff of SGI / Coventry University The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Rory Dixon for his kind assistance on the programming and other numerous technical supports during the development of THE GROWTH. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to Prof. Tim H. Sparks for his kind assistance on the statistical analysis of this study. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude for the constant academic and moral supports provided by Dr. John A. Denholm, Mrs Isabella Denholm, and Mr. Tom Willans throughout the duration of this study. The researcher is grateful for the numerous invaluable suggestions and supports provided to the researcher by Dr. Ian Dunwell, Dr. Sylvester Arnab, Miss Jay Panesar, Dr. Craig Stewart, Dr. Alex Woolner, Prof. Mark Gaterell, Dr. Georgina Wood, Prof. Sara De Freitas, Mr. Richard King, Miss Kate Torrens, Mrs. Samantha Clarke, Prof. Yung Fang Chen, Mr. Gordon D. Baxter, Dr. Maurice Hendrix, and Dr. Fotis Liarokapis. To the participants The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to all 99 participants (17 in the preliminary study and 82 in the main study) who generously sacrificed their time and efforts and for sharing their opinions and experiences with the researcher during the experimental sessions. This study would not be possible without their support and participation. To Family & Friends The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his dear aunt: Miss Kanchana Pisithpunth, for her kind supports and for encouraging the researcher to undertake this PhD studentship. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his loving parents: Mr. Udom and Mrs. Mullica Pisithpunth for supporting, understanding, and shaping their rebellious son for the past 30 years. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his dear uncles: Mr. Dilok and Mr. Anan Pisithpunth for their continuous supports and for introducing and encouraging the researcher into the realm of agriculture and the natural science. The researcher owes a debt of gratitude to his loving partner: Miss Samanya Mekkhajorn for supporting, understanding, and tolerating the researcher for the past 8 years. The researcher is grateful for colleagues and friends – both in the UK and Thailand for their valuable inputs and moral supports for the researcher throughout the duration of this study. Any errors remain within this PhD thesis are solely the responsibility of the researcher and should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons. Table of contents: Volume 1 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………….… p.1 Keywords, Abbreviations, and Definitions …………………………………….….. p.4 Aims & Objectives ………………………………………………………………… p.6 Literature review …………………………………………………………………. p.7 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… p.7 Overview on the environmental issues & environmental learning ………………… p.7 Terrestrial Ecosystem ……………………………………………………………… p.9 Marine Ecosystem …………………………………………………………………. p.11 Pollution …………………………………………………………………………… p.12 Energy consumption ………………………………………………….……………. p.12 Growing human population: Health, social, and economic aspects …….…………. p.13 Technological aspect …………………………………………………….………… p.15 Games targeting environmental, social, and health issues …………….…………... p.16 Conclusion & Research questions …………………………………………………. p.34 A Guideline for Environmental Games (GEG) …………………………………. p.37 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… p.37 Applying GEG into the environmental game development ………………………... p.38 The shortcomings in some environmental games …………………………………... p.38 GEG Overview ……………………….…………………………………………….. p.39 GEG Components …………………………………………………………………... p.42 GEG Content …………...…………….…………………………………………….. p.43 GEG: Representation ……………………………….………………………………. p.54 GEG: Game mechanism …………………………….………………...……………. p.60 The learner aspect …………………………………………………………………... p.76 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….. p.81 THE GROWTH …………………………………..………………………………. p.83 Introduction ……..………………………………………………………………….. p.83 THE GROWTH: Overview ………………………………………………………… p.83 THE GROWTH: Key features ……………………………………………………... p.85 THE GROWTH: Context ………………………………….……………………….. p.88 THE GROWTH: Storyline …………………………………………………………. p.90 THE GROWTH: Theme and setting ……………………………………………….. p.94 THE GROWTH: Player role ……………………………………………………….. p.96 THE GROWTH: The game mechanism (summary) ……………………………….. p.97 THE GROWTH: Layers of learning activities ……………………………………... p.125 THE GROWTH: Preliminary sessions ………………………………….………….. p.134 Conclusion …………………………...………………………………….………….. p.138 Methodology ………………………………………..………………………..……. p.139 Introduction …..……………………...………………………………….………….. p.139 The hypotheses ……………………………………………………………………... p.139 Participant recruitment ………………………………………...…………………… p.141 Apparatus / Materials …………………………………………………………….… p.146 Procedures ……..…………………………………………………………………... p.147 Linking experimental design to the research questions ……………………………. p.153 The methodology for result analysis ……………………………………………..… p.154 Conclusion …………………………...………………………………….………..... p.156 Findings ………...…………………………………..………………………..……. p.157 Introduction ……...…………………...………………………………….………..... p.157 The hypotheses and the findings ……………………………………...………….… p.158 The difference in knowledge outcome between the participants who use the game and the participants who use the reading material (based on a set of multiple-choice questions) …………………………………………………… p.158 The difference in the time spent on the task and the post-test outcome
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