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Folha De Rosto ICS.Cdr “For when established identities become outworn or unfinished ones threaten to remain incomplete, special crises compel men to wage holy wars, by the cruellest means, against those who seem to question or threaten their unsafe ideological bases.” Erik Erikson (1956), “The Problem of Ego Identity”, p. 114 “In games it’s very difficult to portray complex human relationships. Likewise, in movies you often flit between action in various scenes. That’s very difficult to do in games, as you generally play a single character: if you switch, it breaks immersion. The fact that most games are first-person shooters today makes that clear. Stories in which the player doesn’t inhabit the main character are difficult for games to handle.” Hideo Kojima Simon Parkin (2014), “Hideo Kojima: ‘Metal Gear questions US dominance of the world”, The Guardian iii AGRADECIMENTOS Por começar quero desde já agradecer o constante e imprescindível apoio, compreensão, atenção e orientação dos Professores Jean Rabot e Clara Simães, sem os quais este trabalho não teria a fruição completa e correta. Um enorme obrigado pelos meses de trabalho, reuniões, telefonemas, emails, conversas e oportunidades. Quero agradecer o apoio de família e amigos, em especial, Tia Bela, João, Teté, Ângela, Verxka, Elma, Silvana, Noëmie, Kalashnikov, Madrinha, Gaivota, Chacal, Rita, Lina, Tri, Bia, Quelinha, Fi, TS, Cinco de Sete, Daniel, Catarina, Professor Albertino, Professora Marques e Professora Abranches, tanto pelas forças de apoio moral e psicológico, pelas recomendações e conselhos de vida, e principalmente pela amizade e memórias ao longo desta batalha. Por último, mas não menos importante, quero agradecer a incessante confiança, companhia e aceitação do bom e do mau pela minha Twin, Safira, que nunca me abandonou em todo o processo desta investigação, do meu caminho académico e da conquista da vida e sonhos. Don’t you now that sapphires a twin’s best friend? v RESUMO O crescente desenvolvimento e incorporação social e pessoal de novas tecnologias e a sua reconfiguração sobre o modo de como o ser humano e a realidade social são compreendidos no vasto campo de investigação sobre a identidade suscita uma especial atenção para a relevância científica dos videojogos enquanto parte cada vez mais integrante da cultura humana, onde representações e performances de identidade são jogadas e construídas. Refletindo sobre conceitos, ideias e perspetivas teóricas de áreas das ciências sociais e humanas, procurou-se neste estudo compreender em profundidade de que modo é caracterizado o espaço virtual e as personagens de videojogos, tendo em consideração a experiência de interação, dinamização e performance de identidade experienciadas pelos indivíduos que jogam videojogos, tendo estas personagens sido analisadas como objeto de estudo numa atividade de investigação planeada segundo uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa, com uma finalidade de diferenciação dos vários tipos de personagens de videojogo. Este trabalho de dissertação encontra-se subdividido em três partes. A primeira parte inicial dedica-se à exploração e levantamento do contexto teórico que envolve um estudo sobre a identidade e a sua relação com os videojogos. A segunda parte centra-se com uma explicitação de aspetos metodológicos relevantes para a compreensão de como se planeou e executou a investigação levada a cabo, bem como uma descrição formal do objeto de estudo e constituição de amostra. Por último, a terceira parte apresenta os resultados da análise e codificação de dados recolhidos. Palavras Chave: Identidade - Self - Extensão de Self - Performance social - Videojogos - Personagens de videojogo - Avatares vii ABSTRACT The rising development and incorporation in the social and personal of new technologies and its reconfiguration of the way through which the human being and the social reality are comprehended in the vast field of study on identity raises a special attention to the scientific relevance of video games as an increasingly integral part of the human culture, in which representations and performances of identity are played and constructed. Reflecting on concepts, ideas and theoretical perspectives of the fields of the social and human sciences, the focus of this study is to understand in depth the way in which the virtual space and characters in video games are characterized, being in consideration of the experience of interaction, dynamization and performance of identity experienced by the individuals that play videogames, having these characters been further analysed as study object in an exercise of investigation planed according to a qualitative investigation methodology, with an ending goal of differentiating the various types of video game characters. This dissertation work is divided into three parts. The first initial part is dedicated to the exploration and survey of the theoretical context that involves a study on identity and its relation to video games. The second part focuses with an explanation of methodological aspects relevant to the understanding of the planning and execution of the undertaken investigation, as well as the formal description of the study object and the constitution of the sample. Lastly, the third part presents the analysis results and codification of the collected data. Key Words: Identity - Self - Extension of Self - Social performance - Videogames - Videogame characters - Avatars ix ÍNDICE GERAL AGRADECIMENTOS ............................................................................................................... v RESUMO .............................................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................... ix ÍNDICE GERAL ..................................................................................................................... xi ÍNDICE DE SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS ....................................................................................xv ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .......................................................................................................... xvii ÍNDICE DE TABELAS ........................................................................................................... xix INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................1 PARTE I – CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO TEÓRICA CAPÍTULO 1. Identidade: Conceito, Perspetivas e Problemáticas ..............................................9 1.1. Identidade: o conceito e considerações gerais ......................................................9 1.2. Identidade: perspetivas e problemas ..................................................................12 1.2.1. O conceito de self ..............................................................................13 1.2.2. Dos diferentes planos de identidade ....................................................18 1.2.2.1. Plano material ....................................................................20 1.2.2.1.1. Extensão de self ...................................................21 1.2.2.1.2. Personalização.....................................................27 1.2.3. Fragmentação, multiplicidade e negociação de identidade ....................29 1.2.4. Dos processos de produção de categorias de identidade.......................34 1.2.4.1. Do descobrimento e construção de identidade ......................35 1.2.4.2. Da estabilidade da identidade: o essencialismo e o nominalismo ......................................................................................................37 1.2.4.3. Da individuação ..................................................................40 xi CAPÍTULO 2. Identidade: Autores e Pensamentos Relevantes ao Estudo .................................43 2.1. A dimensão interna da identidade: de Freud e Lacan ..........................................43 2.2. A dimensão interacionista da identidade: de Mead e Blumer................................47 2.3. Das estratégias da identidade ............................................................................49 2.3.1. A dimensão reflexiva da identidade de Giddens ....................................50 2.3.2. As tecnologias do self, estratégias de autogestão e auto disciplinação da identidade: de Foucault e Rose .....................................................................52 2.3.3. As novas tecnologias de self: de Poster e Turner ..................................56 2.3.4. A identidade como performance: o conceito e estudo nas ciências sociais ..................................................................................................................59 2.3.4.1. A performance, representação da identidade de Goffman ......65 2.3.4.2. Gestão de impressões e instituições totais de Goffman ..........70 2.3.5. A identidade e performance de género: de Butler e dos estudos feministas ..................................................................................................................72 2.3.5.1. Performatividade dos discursos de identidade de Butler .........82 2.4. Das novas reconfigurações da identidade ...........................................................86 2.4.1. As imagens e representações pós-modernas da identidade: de Baudrillard, Turkle e Maffesoli ........................................................................................87 2.4.2. A individualização: as tecnologias de autoreconstrução
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