IN THIS ISSUE: The Turkish conquest of Byzantine Anatolia

VOL lll, ISSUE 3

The advance of the Seljuq Turks: Byzantine power in decline

With: • Technological advantages of the Seljuq armies • Anatolia lost forever: the Battle of Manzikert

Also: • The Scottish invasion of England in 1138 • Professional warriors in Ireland

And much more! GBP £ 5.99

www.medieval-warfare.com Karwansaray Publishers

Medieval Warfare III-3.indd 1 07-05-13 14:02 Medieval Warfare III-3.indd 2 07-05-13 14:02 CONTENTS

4 NEWS AND LETTERS 28 The Battle of Manzikert Publisher: Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier When Anatolia was lost forever Editor in chief: Jasper Oorthuys Editorial staff: Dirk van Gorp (editor Medieval Warfare), Duncan B. Campbell (copy-editor) THEME Marketing & media manager: Christianne C. Beall The advance of the Seljuq Turks: Byzantine power in decline Contributors: Raffaele D’Amato, Stephen Bennett, Arnold Blumberg, Kenneth Cline, Sidney Dean, Ronald A gathering storm Delval, Joshua Gilbert, James Gilmer, Peter Konieczny, 6 Sean McGlynn, Konstantin Nossov, Murat Özveri, Łukasz Historical introduction Różycki, Patryk Skupniewicz, William Stroock, Nils Visser. 35 The Komnenian response Illustrators: Giorgio Albertini, Carlos Garcia, Vladimir to seljuq victories Golubev, Marc Grunert, Milek Jakubiec, Jason Juta, Julia The development of the Lillo, Jose Antonio Gutierrez Lopez, ªRU-MOR, Graham Byzantine army Sumner.

Special thanks goes to Raffaele D’Amato for providing additional pictures. The art of Byzantine Design & layout: MeSa Design (www.mesadesign.nl) 10 Print: PublisherPartners (www.publisherpartners.com) historiography The works of Bryennios and 39 Byzantium’s final Editorial office Attaleiates offensive PO Box 4082, 7200 BB Zutphen, The Netherlands The Battle of Myriokephalon Phone: +31-575-776076 (NL), +44-20-8816281 (Europe), +1-740-994-0091 (US) E-mail: [email protected] Customer service: [email protected] Website: www.medieval-warfare.com “We won it at Marv and Contributions in the form of articles, letters, reviews, 13 news and queries are welcomed. Please send to the lost it at Marv” above address or use the contact form on www.medieval- The battle of Dandanaqan 44 A war without quarter warfare.com. The Scottish invasion of England in 1138 Subscriptions Subscription price is €33,50 plus postage surcharge where applicable. Subscriptions can be purchased at shop.kar- wansaraypublishers.com, via phone or by email. For the address, see above. “Arrows, arrows, Distribution 17 Medieval Warfare is sold through retailers, the internet everywhere!” and by subscription. If you wish to become a sales out- Technnological advantages of let, please contact us at service@karwansaraypublishers. the Seljuq armies com. 51 Medieval Irish warriors A new brand of professional soldiers Copyright Karwansaray B.V. All rights reserved. Nothing in this publication may be reproduced in any form without (1250-1475) prior written consent of the publishers. Any individual pro- viding material for publication must ensure that the cor- 53 Reviews rect permissions have been obtained before submission to Books and games us. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders, but in few cases this proves impossible. The editor and publishers apologize for any unwitting cases of copyright 22 Protecting travel and transgressions and would like to hear from any copyright trade holders not acknowledged. Articles and the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views Seljuq fortified caravanserais of the editor and/or publishers. Advertising in Medieval in Anatolia Warfare does not necessarily imply endorsement.

Medieval Warfare is published every two months by Karwansaray B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands. PO Box 1110, 3000 BC Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 58 On the cover

ISSN: 2211-5129 Medieval Warfare III-3 3 Printed in the European Union.

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Higgins Armory Museum to close at the end of 2013

Higgins Armory the five-story building that houses the collection would need a Museum, one significant investment to modernize in compliance with envi- of the world’s ronmental standards. The distinctive art-deco building was largest collec- constructed by Worcester industrialist John Woodman Higgins tions of histori- between 1929 and 1931. cal arms and Although Higgins will close at the end of the year, the , will be museum has planned a full schedule of student and family- closing its doors friendly activities through to 31 December. Popular annual on 31 December events, such as ‘Women in Armor’ month, the ‘Siege the Day’ 2013. Based trebuchet contest, Star Wars Day, Free Fun Friday, Haunted in Worcester, Higgins, and the Gingerbread Castle competition, will continue , to draw big crowds, as visitors visit Higgins while they still can. © Public domain © Public the museum has The extremely popular Festival of Ale will be held in autumn, and over 5000 objects, ranging back to the Middle Ages and earlier more programming will be added to celebrate the last days of civilizations. the arms and armour in their original museum. “Let’s celebrate Fortunately, the entire collection will be kept intact and trans- this year and Mr. Higgins’ legacy,” added Suzanne Maas. ferred to the Worcester Art Museum. By spring 2014, a tempo- Nine full-time and nineteen part-time employees work at rary exhibition will reopen, and eventually a permanent gallery the museum, which is home to arms and armour from medieval will be able to show 100 percent of the collection. and Renaissance Europe, ancient Greece and Rome, , the Suzanne Maas, the interim executive director of the Higgins Middle East, , and Japan. On display are two dozen full suits Armory Museum, said, “it’s been extraordinary to have an of armour for battle, jousting, and courtly ceremony, in addition 85-year run,” but two ongoing problems forced the museum’s to swords, staff weapons, firearms, and artwork from the age of trustees to make the decision to close. The original endowment knightly armour. for the institution, which was only $17,000 when the museum The silver lining is that the long-term stewardship of the opened in 1931, has not grown sufficiently over the last 2-3 collection is being taken care of by this decision, and that the decades. With the museum being overly reliant on income from artefacts will remain in Worcester. Once the permanent gallery admissions and other sources, its long-term future has been in has been established at the Worcester Art Museum, visitors will doubt. be able to see the entire collection. The current museum only has The second major problem facing the museum was that space to display 20 percent of the collection for public viewing.

Grave of medieval knight found in Edinburgh

The skeleton and grave of a medieval knight and the remains of significant and exciting archaeological discoveries in the city a thirteenth-century monastery are among dozens of discover- for many years, providing us with yet more clues as to what ies made underneath a former car park in the Scottish city of life was like in medieval Edinburgh.” As well as the grave, the Edinburgh. excavation of the area has revealed the exact location of the The discovery was made when archaeologists uncovered Blackfriars Monastery, which was founded in 1230 by Alexander II the corner of an elaborately decorated sandstone slab with the (King of Scotland, 1214-49) and destroyed during the Protestant telltale markings of a member of the nobility, the carvings of the Reformation in 1558. Until now, its exact location was unknown. Calvary Cross and an ornate sword, indicating that it belonged to The project’s archaeological services have been provided by a high-status individual, such as a knight or other nobleman. Edinburgh-based Headland Archaeology and managed by Eddie An excavation of the immediate area also uncovered an adult Bailey. The archaeologist who found the grave, Ross Murray, skeleton, which is likely to have once occupied the grave. Experts studied at the University of Edinburgh, whose archaeology say they will be able to find out much more about the individual department was housed, until 2010, at High School Yards, just buried in the tomb once they are able to remove the headstone a few feet from where the Knight’s grave was found. “We obvi- and access the remains underneath. They have been able to ously knew the history of the High School Yards site while we date the remains because of the grave’s position on the site of were studying here, but I never imagined I would be back here the monastery and its similarity to other gravestones from that to make such an incredible discovery,” said Murray. “We used to period. An analysis of the skeleton and teeth will be able to tell take breaks between classes, just a few feet away in the build- us more about where the individual was born, what he ate, where ing’s doorway, and all that time the grave was lying under the he lived and how he died. car park.” The car park had been demolished to make way for Richard Lewis, a Councillor at the City of Edinburgh Council, the University of Edinburgh’s new Edinburgh Centre for Carbon explained, “This find has the potential to be one of the most Innovation (ECCI) building in the Old Town. The site will contain a

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