BICER PARC CYBI PARC CYBI BEAKER Codwyd y potyn hwn o’r cistfedd Oes This vessel was lifted from the Bronze Efydd lle cafodd ei osod yn wreiddiol. Age burial cist in which it had been Mae potiau Bicer yn ddarganfyddiadau placed. Beakers are typical vessels to nodweddiadol o’r cyfnod Bicer mewn find in Beaker period or Early Bronze beddau o’r Oes Efydd Gynnar. Canfuwyd Age graves. This one had held a milk- cynnyrch llaeth yn yr un yma, yn ddiod based product, probably a drink as an offrwm efallai ar gyfer y meirw. offering for the dead. 201 9–2020 www.heneb.co.uk/windex.html

Newyddion a Digwyddiadau www.heneb.co.uk/wnewnews.html Allgymorth ac Addysg www.heneb.co.uk/wnewoutreach.html Darlithoedd ar-lein Gwynedd Rufeinig http://bit.ly/3jjqRFn Adnodd gwneud potyn ar-lein CAI https://youtu.be/OKZbcBVU1rI

www.heneb.co.uk

News and Events www.heneb.co.uk/newnews.html Outreach and Education www.h eneb.co.uk/newoutreach.html Roman Gwynedd online lectures http://bit.ly/2MPXvCy YAC online pot-making resource https://youtu.be/kK9xj7AxjkE u e .

Craig Beuno, Ffordd y Garth s m a i l

Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2RT l i n w a t r g

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✆ 01248 366957 d b y o w r h @ c t r r y e h n b y o C r Cyflwyniad Cynnwys Introduction Contents Andrew Davidson, Prif Archaeolegydd Cyfeillion Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Andrew Davidson, Chief Archaeologist Friends of Gwynedd Archaeological Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Gwynedd / Cylchlythyr 2019–2020 Gwynedd Archeological Trust Trust / Newsletter 2019–2020

Annwyl Gyfaill yr Ymddiriedolaeth Dear Friend of the Trust Rwy’n gobeithio eich bod yn parhau i gadw’n ddiogel Prosiectau Maes I hope you are all keeping safe and well in these Field Projects yn ystod y cyfnod heriol hwn. Yn naturiol, cafodd Bryngaer Arfordirol Dinas Dinlle 2 turbulent times. e Covid-19 restrictions inevitably Dinas Dinlle Coastal Hillfort 3 cyfyngiadau Covid-19 gryn effaith ar ein gwaith yn had quite an impact on our work in 2020-21. We Barics Chwarel Pen y Bryn, Dyffryn Nantlle 6 Pen y Bryn Quarry Barracks, Dyffryn Nantlle 7 2020-21. Ni lwyddom i gynnal unrhyw waith cloddio were unable to run any volunteer excavations, gwirfoddol ond fe lwyddom serch hynny i gynnal Pendalar, Segontium, Caernarfon 14 however we were able to undertake a variety of Pendalar, Segontium, Caernarfon 15 amrywiaeth o brosiectau masnachol, a manylir ar y commercial projects, which we will report on in our rhain yn ein cylchlythyr nesaf, a bu ein tîm Addysg Archaeoleg ym Mharc Cybi 20 next newsletter, and our Education and Outreach Archaeology at Parc Cybi 21 ac Allgymorth yn gweithio’n galed yn darparu team have been hard at work providing additional adnoddau ychwanegol. Y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol (HER) 30 resources. The Historic Environment Record (HER) 31 Mae’r cylchlythyr hwn yn adrodd ar y gwaith a Niwbwrch a’i Darddiad Cynhanesyddol 32 is newsletter reports on the work we undertook Newborough and its Prehistoric Origins 33 gwblhawyd gennym yn 2019-20 cyn i’r sibrydion in 2019-20 before Covid-19 was a twinkle in the am Covid-19 hyd yn oed ddechrau lledaenu ar Enghraifft o Brosiect Masnachol eyes of the world. at was a particularly exciting Example of a Commercial Project draws y byd. Cafwyd blwyddyn gyffrous iawn gyda’r Amddiffynfeydd Gwrth-ymosodiad year for volunteer field projects, and included Nant Ffrancon Second World War gwaith maes gwirfoddol, gan gynnwys gwaith o’r Ail Ryfel Byd Nant Ffrancon 38 excavations at Dinas Dinlle, Segontium and Llan - Anti-Invasion Defences 39 cloddio yn Ninas Dinlle, Segontium a Llanfairfechan. fair fechan. I hope that all volunteers enjoyed their Rwy’n gobeithio y mwynhaodd yr holl wirfoddolwyr ‘Treftadaeth Ddisylw?’ 40 time working with us, and that this newsletter will ‘Unloved Heritage?’ 41 eu hamser gyda ni ac y bydd y cylchlythyr hwn yn help keep GAT Friends more fully informed. rhoi rhagor o wybodaeth i Gyfeillion YAG. Allgymorth ac Addysg 42 Outreach and Education 43 Mae’r tŷ crwn o ddiwedd y cyfnod cynhanesyddol / e late prehistoric/Roman round house at Dinas Rhufeinig yn Ninas Dinlle yn ddarganfyddiad Dinlle is a particularly impressive well-preserved arbennig iawn ac wedi goroesi’n wych, ond mae’n structure, but is vulnerable to the effects of coastal fregus yn sgil erydiad yr arfordir a bydd hyn yn sicr erosion, a situation we will see worsen as a result of o waethygu o ganlyniad i newid hinsawdd. Bydd ein climate change. How we adapt to these new impacts dull o ymateb i’r effeithiau hyn yn chwarae rhan will play a major role in our work for 2021-22, bwysig yn ein gwaith yn 2021-22, gan obeithio which hopefully will include further excavation cwblhau prosiect cloddio arall ar y fryngaer. Rhaid within the hillfort. Let us hope we can return to i ni obeithio y cawn ddychwelyd i ryw fath o normal - some sort of normality during the 2021-22 financial rwydd yn ystod blwyddyn ariannol 2021-22. year. I gadw llygad ar ein gweithgareddau ewch i’n gwefan To follow our activities keep an eye on our website a’n tudalennau cyfryngau cymdeithasol, ac yn y and social media pages, and in the meantime take cyfamser byddwch yn ofalus a pharhewch i astudio. care and keep studying, and I hope to see you later Edrychaf ymlaen, gobeithio, i’ch gweld yn ddiwedd - in 2021, perhaps at our forthcoming Parc Cybi arach yn 2021, yn ein harddangosfa Parc Cybi yn exhibition at Oriel Môn, or at our online lecture Oriel Môn efallai, neu yn ein cyfres o ddarlithoedd series. ar-lein.

Cofion gorau, Andrew All the best, Andrew 2 Prosiect Maes Bryngaer Dinas Dinlle Field Project Dinas Dinlle Hillfort 3 Cloddiad Gwerthuso Archaeolegol Cymunedol Archaeological Evaluation Community Excavation

Mae bryngaer Dinas Dinlle yn edrych dros y môr Dinas Dinlle hillfort overlooks the sea from its o’i safle ar ben bryn ynysig o waddodion dri Ardal Gloddio A perch on an isolated hill of glacial dri in the Archaeological Evaluation rhew lifol ar wastadedd arfordirol Sir Gaernarfon. Caernarfonshire coastal plain. e fort, thought to Byddai’r gaer, y credir ei bod yn dyddio i’r cyfnod O ffos 01 canfuwyd olion a oedd wedi goroesi’n dda o dŷ be of late prehistoric origin, would have originally Community Excavation cynhanesyddol, wedi’i hamddiffyn yn wreiddiol crŵn mawr o garreg, dan orchudd gwaddodion tywod wedi’u been defended by two earth ramparts with a deep As part of the EU-funded Wales/Ireland CHERISH project, gan ddau ragfur o bridd gyda ffos fawr yn y canol. lluwchio gan wynt. Roedd y waliau gweddilliol yn 3 i 4 cwrs ditch in between. Severe erosion has removed all GAT was commissioned to undertake an archaeological eval - Mae erydu sylweddol wedi cael gwared ar yr holl o uchder, ac yn cynnwys wynebau mewnol ac allanol. traces on the seaward side but the defences are still uation excavation during summer 2019. e work focused olion ar yr ochr tua’r môr ond mae’r amddiffynfeydd Ymhlith y deunyddiau adeiladu oedd meini geirwon nadd a visible from the south, east and north. on the hillfort itself as well as an area to the immediate south. yn dal yn weladwy o’r de, y dwyrain a’r gogledd. cherrig traeth. Roedd sianel garreg, draen mae’n debyg, yn e results of earlier geophysical survey work (Hopewell rhedeg ar hyd ochr ddeheuol y tŷ crwn. Yn fwy o faint nag Prior to Gwynedd Archaeological Trust’s 2019 evaluation 2017, 2018) helped inform which areas the evaluation exca - Cyn cloddiad gwerthuso Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol amryw o dai o’r un cyfnod yng ngogledd-orllewin Cymru, a excavation the site had never been formally excavated, but vation would investigate. e evaluation excavation comprised Gwynedd yn 2019, nid oedd y safle erioed wedi cael ei gyda diamedr o 13.2m a thrwch wal o 2m ar gyfartaledd, pottery sherds revealed by casual digging suggested occu - two targeted excavation areas and a targeted (resistivity) geo - gloddio’n ffurfiol, ond datgelodd teilchion crochenwaith awgryma hyn strwythur o gryn statws. pation (or reoccupation) in the Roman period. physical survey area (conducted by the CHERISH project). drwy gloddio achlysurol, feddiannaeth (neu ailfeddiannaeth) Roedd y prif strwythur a ddatgelwyd yn ffos 02 , hefyd wedi’i e fort has Welsh literary and cultural associations. A long yn ystod y cyfnod Rhufeinig. e project was also a community excavation, involving over orchuddio gan haenau o dywod wedi’i chwythu, yn awgrymu standing tradition associates Lleu , a personal name, with forty volunteers. See the next page for further information Mae gan y gaer gysylltiadau â llenyddiaeth a diwylliant tŷ crwn. Roedd cerrig wyneb mawr a chraidd rwbel yn debyg Din , giving Dinlleu . e medieval township became known on the public engagement aspects of this project. Cymru. Mae traddodiad hirsefydlog yn cysylltu Lleu , enw i’r rheiny a ddarganfuwyd yn ffos 01 . Mae’n bosib bod gan y as Dinas Dinlle, which refers to both the fort and the lands person, â Din , sy’n rhoi Dinlleu i ni. Daethpwyd i adnabod y strwythur hwn ardal fewnol risiog. Canfuwyd cerrig wedi’u which make up the township. Lleu features in the fourth Excavation Area A faestref ganoloesol fel Dinas Dinlle, sy’n cyfeirio at y gaer a’r heffeithio gan wres ar y wal fewnol a’r cerrig cwymp, gan branch of the Mabinogion, and he stayed at Dinas Dinlle in tir sy’n ffurfio’r faestref. Mae Lleu yn ymddangos ym Mhedair awgrymu tân lleol ar ôl dymchwel yr adeilad. Gallai darn o his youth. Some of the details regarding Lleu were already Trench 01 revealed the well-preserved remains of a large Ardaloedd cloddio, stone-built roundhouse, sealed by windblown sand deposits. Cainc y Mabinogi, ac arhosodd yn Ninas Dinlle pan oedd lechen a ddarganfuwyd ar waelod pwll o fewn y strwythur, lleoliadau’r ffosydd known to the author of the fourth branch, as they feature in a phlot deongliadol yn ifanc. Roedd rhai manylion ynghylch Lleu eisoes yn hys - fod wedi bod yn sylfaen postyn i gynnal y strwythur. Roedd the earlier Welsh Triads. Close to Dinas Dinlle was a second Surviving walls were three to four courses high, consisting geoffisegol of an inner and outer facing. Building material consisted of bys i awdur y pedair cainc, gan eu bod yn ymddangos yn y olion a ganfuwyd yn y ffos yn cynnwys siarcol mân a chlai Excavation areas, fort called Caer Dathyl which Lleu also visited, however the Trioedd Cymraeg cynharach, yn Nhrioedd Tiroedd Prydain. wedi’i losgi ac maent yn awgrymu meddiannaeth yn ystod trench locations location of this fort is unknown, though Tre’r Ceiri and dressed field stones and beach stones. A stone channel, prob - and geophysical ably a drain, ran alongside the southern end of the round - Yn agos i Ddinas Dinlle roedd ail gaer o’r enw Caer Dathyl y yr Oes Haearn. Roedd darganfyddiadau yn cynnwys llestri interpretative plot Segontium have both been suggested as possible sites. bu i Lleu ymweld â hi hefyd, fodd bynnag mae lleoliad y house. Larger than many contemporary roundhouses in During the early twentieth century the monument formed gaer hon yn anhysbys, ond mae Tre’r Ceiri a Segontium wedi north-west Wales, with a diameter of 13.2m and an average part of Dinas Dinlle golf course. In addition, a Second World cael eu hawgrymu fel lleoliadau posib. wall thickness of 2m, this suggests a structure of considerable War ‘seagull trench’ was located on the northern slopes of status. Yn ystod dechrau’r 20fed ganrif, ffurfiodd yr heneb ran o the fort, forming part of the defence of nearby RAF Lland - gwrs golff Dinas Dinlle. Yn ogystal, yn ystod yr Ail Ryfel wrog, now Caernarfon Airport. e hillfort and sea gull e main structure revealed in trench 02 , also covered by layers Byd, lleolwyd ‘ffos wylan’ ar lethrau gogleddol y gaer, gan trench are Scheduled Monuments. Situated on National Trust of windblown sand, was indicative of a roundhouse. Large fac - ffurfio rhan o’r amddiffynfa o RAF Llandwrog gerllaw, sef owned land, the hill is also a site of special scientific interest, ing stones and a rubble core were similar to those found in Maes Awyr Caernarfon. Mae’r fryngaer a’r ffos wylan yn owing to the nature of the underlying geology. trench 01 . It is possible that this structure had a terraced interior. Henebion Cofrestredig. Mae’r bryn, sydd ar dir yr Ym- ddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol, hefyd yn safle o ddiddordeb gwyddonol arbennig, ar sail natur y ddaeareg waelodol. Cloddiad Gwerthuso Archaeolegol Cymunedol Fel rhan o brosiect CHERISH a ariennir ar y cyd rhwng Cymru ac Iwerddon, comisiynwyd YAG i ymgymryd â chloddiad gwerthuso archaeolegol yn ystod haf 2019. Roedd y gwaith yn canolbwyntio ar y fryngaer ei hun yn ogystal â’r ardal i’r de. Helpodd canlyniadau gwaith arolwg geoffisegol cynharach (Hopewell 2017, 2018) i lywio pa ardaloedd y bydd ai’r cloddiad gwerthuso yn eu harchwilio. Roedd y clodd iad gwerthuso yn cwmpasu dwy ardal gloddio a dargedwyd ac ardal arolwg geoffisegol (gwrthedd), (a gwbl - hawyd gan brosiect CHERISH). Roedd y prosiect hefyd yn gloddiad cymunedol, yn cynnwys dros 40 o wirfoddolwyr. Gweler y dudalen nesaf am ragor o wybodaeth ynghylch agweddau cyfranogiad y cyhoedd ar y prosiect hwn. 4 BrYnGAer DInAs DInlle DInAs DInlle hIllForT 5 cwrs Rhufeinig, un darn o lestri llathredig du, pwys plwm Ar ôl peiriannu / Heat affected stones were identified on the inner wall and tum - Conclusions posib a blaen gwaywffon Rhufeinig-Brydeinig posib, gan aw - cyn cloddio ffos 01 ble, suggesting post-demolition localised burning. A piece of Targeted trenches confirmed the presence of substantial grymu meddiannaeth, neu ailfeddiannaeth yn ystod y cyfnod Post machining / slate discovered at the base of a pit within the structure could pre-excavation roundhouses within the hillfort, as well as later activity in Rhufeinig. Gallai nodwedd linellol garreg a ddarganfuwyd trench 01 have been a post pad for the structural support. Deposits the area to the south, whilst the resistivity survey suggested yn y ffos fod yn fwy diweddar, efallai yn rhan o dirlunio yn found in the trench contained fine charcoal and burnt clay further evidence of structural activity and localised distur - gysylltiedig â’r cwrs golff o’r 20fed, neu gorlan i ddefaid. and are indicative of Iron Age occupation. Finds included bance. e recovery of Roman artefacts in the hillfort and sherds of Roman coarse ware, a single sherd of black burnished Mae’n debygol bod y fryngaer wedi cael ei gorchuddio gan elsewhere demonstrated continued occupation within this ware, a possible lead weight and a possible Romano-British dywod wedi’i chwythu ar fwy nag un achlysur, gan gynnwys period and the identification of the abandoned post-medieval spearhead, suggesting possible occupation, or reoccupation y storm fawr a ddogfennwyd yn 1330 a effeithiodd yn ddifrifol farmstead reflected more recent settlement. All trenches in the Roman period. A stone linear feature found in the ar Niwbwrch, o bosib. Bydd canlyniadau dyddio ‘OSL’ were characterised by thick deposits of windblown sand. trench may be more recent, perhaps either part of landscaping (ymoleuedd wedi’i ysgogi’n optegol) o samplau tywod, a Further excavation is needed to fully characterise results and associated with the 20th century golf course, or a sheep fold. wnaed gan Brifysgol Aberystwyth / CHERISH yn Ninas Din - confirm the extent of archaeological activity, particularly lle, yn dehongli ymhellach y gwaddodion tywod ar y safle. Gwirfoddolwyr yn It is likely that the hillfort has been inundated with wind - within the hillfort. e roundhouses were only partially ex - helpu i gloddio’r blown sand in various instances, possibly including the doc - cavated and there is potential to identify occupation layers Ardal Gloddio B tŷ crwn yn ffos 01 Volunteers help umented severe storm in 1330 which badly affected New - and further structural activity, whilst the area to the south excavate the borough. Results of the optically stimulated luminescence Roedd ardal gloddio B, yn cynnwys 5 ffos (a ffos ychwanegol roundhouse in may also reveal additional activity. a agorwyd i aelodau’r Clwb Archaeolegwyr Ifanc) i’r de o’r trench 01 (OSL) dating of sand samples, undertaken by Aberystwyth gaer, ac yn targedu anomaleddau a nodwyd yn ystod arolygon University / CHERISH at Dinas Dinlle, will further the in - Education and Outreach geoffisegol 2017 a 2018. Roedd y rhain wedi cael eu dehongli terpretation of sand deposits at the site. Over 40 volunteers took part in the community excavation. fel system faes bosib, anomaleddau llinol, gweddillion posib Excavation Area B Volunteer recruitment was two tier, with opportunities to adeilad, a ffin gromlinog. Datgelodd y cloddiad nodweddion participate offered first to local residents along with members ôl-ganoloesol, gan gynnwys gweithgarwch amaethyddol a Excavation area B, comprising five trenches (and an addi - of local historical groups and societies. Remaining places ffin ar y cyd â gweddillion fferm ôl-ganoloesol wedi’i gadael. tional trench opened for Young Archaeologists’ Club mem - were taken up by GAT volunteers, students and members of Ymddengys bod y rhain yn cyfateb i wybodaeth ar fap bers) was to the south of the fort, and also targeted anomalies the wider public. Participants helped uncover the remains degwm 1849 Plwyf Llandwrog. Gallai darganfyddiad teil - as identified during the 2017 and 2018 geophysical surveys. of the huge roundhouse found in one of the trenches in the chion llestri cwrs Rhufeinig mewn twll yn un ffos awgrymu ese had been interpreted as a possible field system, linear fort interior. ough there were no school sessions as part Cerrig wyneb allanol cymariaethau â gweithgarwch yn y gaer. tŷ crwn, ffos 01 anomalies, the possible remains of a building, and a curvi - of this project – it being the summer holidays – a trench Outer facing stones linear boundary. e excavation revealed post-medieval fea - was opened up especially for a well-attended Young Archae - Casgliadau of roundhouse, trench 01 tures, including agricultural and boundary activity along ologists’ Club session. Roedd ffosydd penodol a dargedwyd yn cadarnhau with the remains of an abandoned post-medieval farmstead. is project in particular enjoyed a high press profile. Nu - bodolaeth tai crynion sylweddol o fewn y fryngaer, yn ogystal ese appear to match information on the 1849 Parish of merous television and radio items were broadcast, the project â gweithgarwch diweddarach yn yr ardal i’r de, tra awgrym - Llandwrog tithe map. e recovery of Roman coarse ware also received international press attention. As a result, the odd yr arolwg gwrthedd dystiolaeth bellach o weithgarwch sherds in a pit in one trench may suggest parallels with ac - project’s open day was almost too popular – over 400 mem - strwythurol a pheth dinistr. Roedd darganfyddiad arteffactau tivity at the fort. bers of the public were in attendance. e open day was fa - Rhufeinig yn y fryngaer ac mewn mannau eraill, yn Young Archaeologists’ cilitated by GAT, CHERISH and National Trust staff and in - arddang os meddiannaeth barhaus yn ystod y cyfnod hwn, Club session Wal wyneb fewnol cluded guided site tours. ■ Sesiwn Clwb tra roedd presenoldeb fferm fechan ôl-ganoloesol yn dysti - tŷ crwn, ffos 01 Archaeolegwyr Ifanc olaeth o anheddiad mwy diweddar. Roedd pob ffos wedi’u Inner facing wall of roundhouse, nodweddu gan waddodion trwchus o dywod wedi’i chwythu trench 01 gan wynt. Mae angen rhagor o gloddio i ddeall y canlyni - adau’n llawn a chadarnhau graddfa’r gweithgarwch archae -  One of many olegol, yn arbennig o fewn y fryngaer. Ni chloddiwyd y tai guided tours of the site during the public crynion yn llwyr, ac mae potensial i adnabod haenau an - open day heddu a rhagor o weithgarwch strwythurol, tra gall yr ardal  Un o’r teithiau i’r de ddangos rhagor o weithgarwch. tywys niferus o’r safle yn ystod y diwrnod agored i’r cyhoedd Addysg ac Allgymorth Cymerodd dros 40 o wirfoddolwyr ran yn y cloddiad cymun - edol. Roedd dwy haen i’r broses recriwtio gwirfoddolwyr, gyda chyfleoedd i gymryd rhan yn cael eu cynnig i breswyl - Cafodd y prosiect hwn yn benodol gryn sylw yn y wasg. wyr lleol yn gyntaf ynghyd ag aelodau o grwpiau a chymdei - Darlledwyd sawl eitem ar y teledu a’r radio, denodd y prosiect thasau hanesyddol lleol. Cynigwyd y lleoedd yn weddill i sylw’r wasg ryngwladol hefyd. O ganlyniad, roedd diwrnod wirfoddolwyr YAG, myfyrwyr a’r cyhoedd yn ehangach. agored y prosiect bron rhy boblogaidd – mynychodd dros Rhoddodd y cyfranogwyr help i ddadorchuddio gweddillion 400 o bobl. Hwyluswyd y diwrnod agored gan YAG, y tŷ crwn a ddarganfuwyd yn un o’r ffosydd ym mewndir y CHERISH a staff yr Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol ac roedd gaer. Er nad oedd sesiynau ysgol yn rhan o’r prosiect hwn yn cynnwys teithiau tywys o’r safle. ■ gan ei bod yn wyliau ysgol – agorwyd ffos yn neilltuol ar gyfer sesiwn Clwb Archaeolegwyr Ifanc brysur iawn.  www.cherishproject.eu/cy/  www.cherishproject.eu/en/ 6 Prosiect Maes Barics Chwarel Pen y Bryn Field Project Pen y Bryn Quarry Barracks 7 Cofnodi a Chloddio Adeilad Cymunedol Community Building Recording & Excavation

Mae chwarel lechi Pen y Bryn yn gorwedd o fewn Cafodd pum cyfnod Pen y Bryn slate quarry lies within the slate e cottages were examined as part of GAT’s Cadw grant- tirwedd chwareli llechi Dyffryn Nantlle. Daw o weithgarwch eu hadnabod quarrying landscape of Dyffryn Nantlle. e aided programme for 2019-20. e site is within part of a enw’r chwarel o fferm o’r un enw, ac mae’r tŷ fferm quarry takes its name from a farm of that name, Scheduled Area, Cloddfa’r Lon Slate Quarry, and the Snow - Rhes o bedwar croglo (hanner-llo) oedd y 'barics' ar gyfer adfeiliedig o’r 17eg ganrif i’w weld hyd heddiw. of which the ruinous 17th century farmhouse donia Slate Trail passes within touching distance of the site. gweithwyr y chwarel a'u teuluoedd. Roedd y bythynnod yn Yn gorwedd uwchben y tŷ fferm mae yna deras still remains. Lying above the farmhouse is an cynrychioli un cyfnod o ddefnydd o ystod o adeiladau a oedd e project contributed to the World Heritage Site nomi - diddorol o bedwar bwthyn, y cyfeirir atynt fel y interesting terrace of four cottages, typically yn deillio o flynyddoedd yn hwyr yn y 17eg ganrif. Cyfeirir at nation bid for the Slate Industry of North Wales and to the barics. Mae yna awgrymiadau o fewn y gwaith referred to as barracks. ere are hints within the yr anheddau hyn fel barics chwarel, a oedd yn gartref i weith - Welsh Government Initiative, ‘Year of Discovery’. e work maes o sawl cam o ddefnydd ac ailadeiladu, gydag masonry of several phases of use and rebuilding, wyr chwarel yn ystod yr wythnos, a oedd yn dychwelyd adref was undertaken as a community project, and involved a agoriadau bwaog a thrawstiau pren yn awgrymu with arched openings and timber trusses ar y penwythnos. Fodd bynnag, mae cyfansoddiad aelwydydd measured and photographic survey, and excavation. gwreiddiau yn y 17eg ganrif. suggesting 17th century origins. o ffurflenni cyfrifiad yn dangos eu bod, mewn gwir ionedd, Archwiliwyd y rhain fel rhan o raglen 2019-20 YAG a gafodd yn fythynnod a oedd yn gartref i deuluoedd (a oedd yn gwei - gymorth grant gan Cadw. Mae’r safle o fewn rhan o Ardal thio yn y chwarel) yn hytrach na bod yn farics gweith wyr. Restredig, Chwarel Lechi Cloddfa’r Lôn, ac mae Llwybr • Cyfnod 1 (17eg ganrif hwyr) Llechi Eryri yn agos iawn at y safle. Cyfrannodd y prosiect Pen y Bryn Barracks Mae’r pâr gogleddol o fythynnod (1 a 2) yn dyddio i’r adeg – phasing at y cais am enwebiad Safle Treadaeth y Byd ar gyfer Di - Barics Pen y Bryn cyn eu defnyddio fel bythynnod, fe’u hadeiladwyd yn wrei - wydiant Llechi Gogledd Cymru ac at Fenter Llywodraeth – pennu cyfnodau ddiol fel adeilad amaethyddol, ysgubor yn ôl pob tebyg, gyda Cymru. ‘Blwyddyn Darganfod’. Ymgymerwyd â’r gwaith fel drysau bwaog nodedig. Gosodwyd dau ddrws ar ochrau prosiect cymunedol, ac roedd yn cynnwys arolwg a chloddio gwrthwynebol tuag at y canol. Roedd dau ddrws arall yn ar - mesuredig a ffotograffig. wain trwy wal dalcen y gogledd, un ar lefel y ddaear ac un Roedd y gwaith cychwynnol ym Mhen y Bryn yn cynnwys ar lefel y llawr cyntaf, mae’n rhaid bod yr olaf wedi arwain i clirio llystyfiant, yn fwyaf nodedig dwy goeden hynafol a mewn i lo. Roedd yr adeilad yn cynnwys ffenestri hollt ac oedd yn tyfu yn y barics a’r gerddi cysylltiedig. Dilynwyd fe’i hadeiladwyd o gerrig o gaeau ac roedd y to yn cael ei hyn gan gloddio dwy ardal gyfyngedig, cofnodi rhes y barics gynnal gan bren derw. Roedd yr ysgubor yn gyfoes â ffermdy yn fanwl, ail-gofnodi hanes llafar ac ymchwil archif. Trefnwyd Pen y Bryn gerllaw a oedd yn rhan o ystâd fach yn perthyn i diwrnod agored i’r cyhoedd. Am ragor o wybodaeth am ag - deulu’r Garnons. weddau ymgysylltu â’r cyhoedd o’r prosiect, ewch i dudalen 13. • Cyfnod 2 (18fed neu 19eg ganrif gynnar) Ychwanegwyd adeilad amaethyddol pellach i ben deheuol y Roedd y gwaith yn cynnwys clirio a chofnodi carreg ganon sgubor. Adeiladwyd yr adeilad hwn o slabiau llechi. Nid yw gyda llythrennau wedi’u hendorri arni oedd wedi’i lleoli yn maint gwreiddiol yr adeilad hwn yn hysbys. Gellir adnabod agos at y barics. Ymgymerwyd â’r gwaith hwn gan bobl ifanc darn o’r wal Gorllewin-De-Orllewin gydag un drws caeedig sy’n cymryd rhan yn y Prosiect ‘Treadaeth Ddisylw’ a arien - ym mwthyn 3. Roedd adeiladau cam I a II yn wynebu’r Gor - nir gan Gronfa Treadaeth y Loteri y mae cangen Dyffryn llewin-De-Orllewin i’r hyn a oedd, o bosib, yn fuarth fferm Nantlle yn cael ei rhedeg gan Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol garw gyda’r garreg ganon yn y canol. Gwynedd ( tudalen 40 ).

Un o dair taith o’r safle yn ystod y diwrnod agored i’r cyhoedd One of three site tours during the public open day 8 BArICs ChwArel Pen Y BrYn Pen Y BrYn QuArrY BArrACks 9

Iard, bythynnod 3 e initial work at Pen y Bryn comprised clearance of vege - at ground level and one at first floor level, the latter must Yard, cottage 3 tation, most notably two mature trees that were growing in have led into a lo. e building incorporated slit windows the barracks and associated gardens. is was followed by and was built from field stone and the roof was supported the excavation of two limited areas, detailed recording of the by oak timbers. e barn was contemporary with the nearby row of barracks, recording of oral history and archive research. Pen y Bryn farmhouse which was part of a small estate be - A public open day was organised. For further information longing to the Garnons family. on the public engagement aspects of this project, see page 13. • Phase 2 (18th or early 19th century) e work included clearance and recording of a rock cannon with incised initials adjacent to the barracks. is work was A further agricultural building was added to the southern undertaken by young people participating in the Heritage end of the barn. is was built from slate slabs. e original Lottery funded ‘Unloved Heritage?’ project, the Dyffryn extent of this building is not known. A length of the WSW Nantlle branch of which is run by Gwynedd Archaeological wall with one blocked doorway can be positively identified Trust ( page 41 ). in cottage 3. e phase I and II buildings faced WSW to what must have been a rough farmyard with the rock cannon Five phases of activity were identified in the centre. e ‘barracks’ were a row of four crog-lo (half-loed) cot - • Phase 3 (between 1861 and 1871) tages that housed quarry workers and their families. e cottages represented one phase of use of a range of buildings e agricultural buildings were extensively remodelled by that originated in the late 17th century. ese dwellings are insertion of dividing walls, fireplaces, windows and doors usually referred to as quarry barracks, which housed quarry to form four crog-lo cottages which, according to census workers during the week, but who then returned home at records, housed quarry workers and their families. e front the weekend. However the makeup of the households from of the buildings faced ENE towards garden plots and a path census returns shows that they were, in fact, cottages housing running parallel to the row. e phase 1 oak roof timbers families (who worked at the quarry) as opposed to being were reused in cottages 1 and 2. e truncated first floor • Cyfnod 3 (rhwng 1861 ac 1871) Cliriwyd llystyfiant o’r garreg ganon a ddatgelodd 14 o dyllau worker’s barracks. doorway in the gable shows that the roof-line was altered at a 5 llythyren a dyddiadau wedi’u hendorri. Mae cerrig canon Ail-fodelwyd yr adeiladau amaethyddol yn helaeth trwy osod this point. e ground floor door in the gable end appears yn nodwedd gyffredin mewn ardaloedd chwarela llechi ac • Phase 1 (late 17th century) gwahanfuriau, lleoedd tân, ffenestri a drysau i ffurfio pedwar to have been kept open in order to provide access to the maent yn cynnwys tyllau wedi’u turio mewn creigwely a bwthyn croglo a oedd, yn ôl cofnodion y cyfrifiad, yn e northern pair of cottages (1 and 2) pre-dates their use neighbouring lane and subsequently to an extension but was gafodd eu llenwi â phowdr du a’u tanio yn eu trefn yn ystod gartref i weithwyr chwarel a’u teuluoedd. Roedd blaen yr as cottages, they were originally built as an agricultural build - probably narrowed in order to accommodate the fireplace, dathliadau. Cafodd rhai eu comisiynu gan berchnogion adeiladau’n wynebu’r Dwyrain-Gogledd-Ddwyrain tuag at ing, probably a barn, with distinctive arched doorways. Two part of which was built in front of it. Each cottage was sub - chwarel ac maent yn gymhleth iawn ac yn cynnwys llawer o blotiau gardd a llwybr a oedd yn rhedeg yn gyfochrog â’r doorways were set on opposing sides towards the centre. divided by a narrow wall to form a main living room and a dyllau. Mae’r enghrai ym Mhen y Bryn yn bendant yn llai rhes. Ail-ddefnyddiwyd y pren to o gyfnod I ym mwthyn 1 Two other doorways led through the north gable wall, one small, narrow room with a crog-lo over it. ac yn anffurfiol. Cafodd y llythrennau eu torri gyda chŷn yn a 2. Mae’r fynedfa o ddrws sydd wedi ei dorri’n fyrrach ar y y 1890au a gellir eu paru â chofnodion cyfrifiad preswylwyr Dave Hopewell, llawr cyntaf yn y talcen yn dangos bod llinell y to wedi’i seconds after finding y bythynnod. Maent yn nodedig am ddefnyddio ffurf hynafol a piece of slate art newid ar y pwynt hwn. Mae’n ymddangos bod drws y llawr o’r llythyren J sydd i’w chael yn gyffredin mewn graffiti o’r David Hopewell gwaelod yn y talcen wedi’i gadw ar agor er mwyn darparu eiliadau ar ôl 17eg a’r 18fed ganrif ledled Prydain ond a oroesodd yng darganfod darn mynediad i’r lôn gyfagos ac wedi hynny i estyniad ond mae’n ngogledd Cymru tan ddechrau’r 20fed ganrif. o gelf llechi debyg iddo gael ei gulhau er mwyn cynnwys y lle tân, y cod - wyd rhan ohono o’i flaen. Rhannwyd pob bwthyn gan wal I gloi, mae Pen y Bryn yn arwyddocaol oherwydd ei fod yn Drws caeedig, gul i ffurfio prif ystafell fyw ac ystafell fach gul gyda chrog dangos integreiddiad y diwydiant chwareli llechi yn Nantlle bwthyn 3 Blocked door, lo drosti. â’r gymuned ffermio a oedd yn bodoli eisoes. cottage 3 • Cyfnod 4 (19eg ganrif hwyr) Ychwanegwyd estyniadau ar oledd, ceginau yn ôl pob tebyg, i ochr Gorllewin-De-Orllewin bwthyn 1 a 2. Ychwanegwyd estyniad i ben Gogledd-Gogledd-Orllewin bwthyn 1 gyda mynediad trwy’r drws cyfnod I yn y talcen. Mae tystiolaeth map yn dangos y gostyngwyd hyn wedi hynny rhwng 1889 a 1913 ac ychwanegwyd cegin i gornel ogleddol y bwthyn. Ymddengys bod Bwthyn 4 wedi cael ei ymestyn yn gynnar yn ei hanes. • Cyfnod 5 (ar ôl y 1920au) Gadawyd y barics a chafodd yr adeiladau a’r gerddi eu hail- ddefnyddio fel corlannau anifeiliaid. Roedd hyn yn cynnwys ychwanegu tair wal lechi sych i fwthyn 4 a blocio ffenestri a drysau gyda gwaith maen llechi garw, yn y 1950au mae’n debyg. 10 BArICs ChwArel Pen Y BrYn Pen Y BrYn QuArrY BArrACks 11

Ffenestri wedi blocio, bwthyn 4 Blocked windows, cottage 4

 Graffiti hanesyddol, carreg ganon (yn cynnwys y symbol J)

 Historic graffiti, rock cannon (includ - ing the J symbol

Volunteers assisting with excavation work • Phase 4 (late 19th century) • Phase 5 (post 1920s) in one of the cottages at Pen y Bryn Lean-to extensions, probably kitchens, were added to the e barracks were abandoned and the buildings and gardens Gwirfoddolwyr yn helpu gyda’r gwaith WSW side of cottages 1 and 2. An extension was added to re-used as animal pens. is included the addition of three cloddio yn un o’r the NNW end of cottage 1 that was accessed through the drystone slate walls to cottage 4 and the blocking of windows bythynnod ym Mhen y Bryn phase I door in the gable end. Map evidence shows that this and doors with rough slate masonry, probably in the 1950s was subsequently reduced between 1889 and 1913 and a Vegetation was cleared from the rock cannon revealing 14 kitchen added to the northern corner of the cottage. Cottage holes along with 5 incised initials and dates. Rock cannons 4 appears to have been extended early in its history. are a common feature of slate quarrying areas and consist of holes bored in bedrock that were filled with black powder and fired in sequence during times of celebration. Some were commissioned by quarry owners and are very complex and contain many holes. e example at Pen y Bryn is dis - tinctly small and informal. e initials were cut with a chisel in the 1890s and can be matched to census records of resi - dents of the cottages. ey are notable for the use of an ar - chaic form of the letter J which is commonly found in 17th and 18th century graffiti across Britain but survived in north Wales until the early 20th century. Tortoiseshell hair slide 8cm Sleid gwallt trilliw In conclusion, Pen y Bryn is significant because it demon - strates the integration of the slate quarrying industry at Nantlle with the pre-existing farming community. 12 BArICs ChwArel Pen Y BrYn Pen Y BrYn QuArrY BArrACks 13

Plant ysgol lleol yn NNW gable end of helpu gyda’r gwaith barracks showing cofnodi phase 1 doorways Local school children Talcen Gogledd- taking part in Gogledd-Orllewin y building recording barics yn dangos drysau cam 1

 Partially blocked archway, cottage 2  Porth bwaog rhannol gaeedig, bwthyn 2 Education and Outreach Addysg ac Allgymorth A public open day, sessions with local schools and volunteer Roedd diwrnod agored i’r cyhoedd, sesiynau gydag ysgolion engagement formed the public engagement elements of the lleol ac ymgysylltu â gwirfoddolwyr yn ffurfio elfennau ym - project. e public open day, also part of the Festival of Ar - gysylltu â’r cyhoedd y prosiect. Yn ystod y diwrnod agored chaeology, saw members of the public participate in pre- i’r cyhoedd, a oedd hefyd yn rhan o’r Ŵyl Archaeoleg, gwel -  Carreg briodas neu booked guided tours of the site and wider quarrying land - wyd aelodau o’r cyhoedd yn cymryd rhan mewn teithiau garreg ganon yn dan - gos golygfeydd or - scape. Members of the ‘Unloved Heritage?’ young people’s tywys o amgylch y safle a’r dirwedd chwarela ehangach. thograffig o graffiti. (Dangosir tyllau group helped deliver these tours, recounting how they exca - Helpodd aelodau o’r prosiect ‘Treadaeth Ddisylw?’ , grŵp o mewn coch) vated and recorded the nearby rock cannon. Display mate - bobl ifanc, i arwain y teithiau hyn, gan adrodd eu hanes yn  Marriage stone or rials consisted of project finds, including examples of slate cloddio ac yn cofnodi’r garreg ganon gerllaw. Roedd y rock cannon, showing orthographic art, historic graffiti, marbles, pieces of pottery and a hair deunyddiau arddangos yn cynnwys darganfyddiadau’r views of graffiti. slide. prosiect, gan gynnwys enghreiiau o gelf llechi, graffiti (Holes are shown red) hanesyddol, marblis, darnau o grochenwaith, a sleid gwallt. ree local primary schools were invited to take part in the project. Following classroom sessions, groups visited us on Gwahoddwyd disgyblion o dair o ysgolion cynradd lleol i site where they became ‘archaeologists for the day’, assisting gymryd rhan yn y prosiect. Yn dilyn sesiynau yn yr ystafell us with our recording work. ddosbarth, ymwelodd grwpiau â ni ar y safle i fod yn ‘arch - aeolegwyr am y diwrnod’, gan ein cynorthwyo gyda’n gwaith irty or so volunteers took part in the excavation and cofnodi. recording work. ■ Gwnaeth tua 30 o wirfoddolwyr helpu gyda’r gwaith cloddio a chofnodi. ■

 Fideo Pen y Bryn:  Pen y Bryn video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwASaPxoeYE www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwASaPxoeYE 14 Prosiect Maes Pendalar, Segontium Field Project Pendalar, Segontium 15 Pendalar, Segontium, Caernarfon / Cloddiad Gwerthuso Cymunedol Community Evaluation Excavation

Erbyn diwedd y 4edd ganrif OC roedd presenoldeb llwyth cyfan [ Ordofigiaid ] yn cael ei dorri i ddarnau’ ildiodd By the end of the 4th century AD the Roman However, despite the initial forceful takeover of the island, milwrol Rhufeinig yng ngogledd-orllewin Cymru y militareiddio a ddeilliodd o hynny yn gyflym i berthynas military presence in north-west Wales was largely and in particular the infamous attack by Suetonius Paulinus wedi lleihau i raddau helaeth, oherwydd bod yn seiliedig ar fasnach a gweinyddiaeth. Mae poblogaeth diminished, the Roman administration distracted in 60-61 AD, followed in 69 AD by the Flavian conquest digwyddiadau ymhellach i ffwrdd, yng nghalon leol, a oedd yn awyddus i gaffael nwyddau newydd a ddyg - by events further afield, at the heart of the empire. which, according to Tacitus, saw ‘almost the entire tribe [ Or - yr ymerodraeth, wedi tynnu sylw’r weinyddiaeth wyd i mewn neu a gynhyrchwyd gan y Rhufeiniaid, yn amlwg But the ebbing of a militarised Gwynedd began dovices ] cut to pieces’, the resulting militarisation quickly Rufeinig. Ond roedd presenoldeb milwrol yng o ddarganfyddiadau mewn aneddiadau brodorol fel Din long before this. e network of auxiliary forts gave way to a relationship based on trade and administration. Ngwynedd wedi bod ar drai ymhell cyn hyn. Roedd Lligwy a Bryn Eryr. and Roman roads built in the late ’70s AD was in A local population, keen to acquire new goods brought in y rhwydwaith o gaerau ategol a ffyrdd Rhufeinig a decline during the second century. As the Roman or produced by the Romans, is evident from finds at native Er bod cynhyrchu a masnachu yn anochel wedi digwydd yn adeiladwyd ar ddiwedd y 70au OC yn dechrau presence became accepted rather than contested, settlements such as Din Lligwy and Bryn Eryr. yr anheddiad allanol a oedd yn gorwedd y tu allan i’r gaer, dirywio yn ystod yr 2il ganrif. Wrth i bresenoldeb forts were reduced in size or abandoned. ategwyd hyn yn Ynys Môn gan yr anheddiad Rhufeinig Although manufacture and trading inevitably took place at y Rhufeiniad gael ei dderbyn yn hytrach na’i herio, hynod yn agos at Trefarthen a ai Cochion. Yn hawdd ei However not all Roman activity ceased, and there is good the extra-mural settlement which lay outside the fort, this cafodd y caerau eu lleihau mewn maint neu eu gadael. gyrraedd mewn cwch, a chyda ffordd yn arwain i fyny o’r evidence for continuity of trading, and, uniquely within was supplemented on Anglesey by the remarkable Roman Fodd bynnag, ni ddaeth yr holl weithgareddau Rhufeinig i Fenai i ganol yr anheddiad, mae’n ymddangos bod yr north-west Wales, the continued presence of a garrison settlement close to Trefarthen and Tai Cochion. Easily ben, ac mae tystiolaeth dda o barhad masnachu, ac, yn uni - adeiladau petryal mawr niferus wedi’u defnyddio ar gyfer within the fort at Caernarfon. reached by water, and with a road leading up from the Straits gryw yng ngogledd-orllewin Cymru, presenoldeb parhaus cynhyrchu, masnachu a chartrefi domestig. into the heart of the settlement, the numerous large rectan - Archaeological survey and excavation has identified a num - gwarchodlu yn y gaer yng Nghaernarfon. gular buildings appear to have been used for manufacture, Mae’r cloddiad diweddaraf a wnaed gan yr Ymddiriedolaeth ber of key sites associated with the Roman military presence. trading and domestic homes. Mae arolwg a chloddio archaeolegol wedi adnabod nifer o yn cadarnhau presenoldeb anheddiad y tu allan i borth At Llanbeblig a temporary camp, identified by the presence safleoedd allweddol sy’n gysylltiedig â phresenoldeb milwrol gogleddol caer Segontium. Roedd hwn yn brosiect cymun - of ovens – each of which would have served a small group – e most recent excavation undertaken by the Trust confirms Rhufeinig. Yn Llanbeblig mae gwersyll dros dro, a gafodd ei edol a gynhaliwyd ar hen safle Ysgol Pendalar, yn union i’r is contemporary with the establishment of the fort, and was the presence of a settlement outside the northern gate of adnabod gan bresenoldeb poptai y byddai pob un ohonynt gogledd-orllewin o gwadrant gogleddol y gaer. possibly a construction camp for those building the fort. In Segontium fort. is was a community-based project un - wedi gwasanaethu grŵp bach, yn gyfoes â sefydlu’r gaer, ac north-west Anglesey a new fortlet has been discovered which dertaken at the former site of Ysgol Pendalar, immediately Wedi’i sefydlu gan Agricola yn 77 OC, dyluniwyd Segontium oedd o bosibl yn wersyll adeiladu i’r rhai oedd yn adeiladu’r indicates a military presence on the island, possibly associated to the north-west of the northern quadrant of the fort. i ddal 1,000 o droedfilwyr. Mae meddiannaeth hir y gaer – gaer. Yng ngogledd orllewin Ynys Môn darganfuwyd caer with the extraction of copper from along the north coast as dros dri chan mlynedd – yn awgrymu pwysigrwydd econo - Established by Agricola in AD77, Segontium was designed fach newydd sy’n dystiolaeth o bresenoldeb milwrol ar yr well as the agricultural wealth from the island. maidd a gweinyddol yn ychwanegol at rôl filwrol. to hold 1,000 infantrymen. And the fort’s lengthy occupation ynys, yn gysylltiedig o bosib ag echdynnu copr o rannau o – over three hundred years – does suggest an economic and arfordir y gogledd yn ogystal â chyfoeth amaethyddol yr ynys. Roedd prosiect Pendalar yn rhan o raglen Ymddiriedolaeth administrative importance in addition to a military role. Archaeolegol Gwynedd ar gyfer 2019-20 a gafodd gymorth Fodd bynnag, er gwaethaf meddiant grymus cychwynnol yr grant gan Cadw, mae terfyn de-ddwyreiniol safle’r ysgol e Pendalar project at Caernarfon formed part of GAT’s ynys, ac yn benodol yr ymosodiad drwg-enwog gan Sueto - gydag amddiffynfeydd y gaer yn ffin iddi. Mae’r ffordd Cadw grant-aided programme for 2019-20. e southeastern nius Paulinus yn 60-61 OC, ac yn dilyn hynny yn 69 OC Rufeinig o borth y gaer yn rhedeg ychydig i’r tu allan i ffin y limit of the school site is bounded by the defences of the gan y goncwest Flafaidd a welodd, yn ôl Tacitus, ‘bron y de-orllewin. Ymchwiliwyd i rannau o’r ardal gan Mortimer fort. e Roman road from the fort gate runs just to the out -

Map of main Roman side of the southwestern boundary. Parts of the area were in - forts and roads in vestigated by Mortimer Wheeler in the 1920s. At this time north-west Wales Mae’r ffordd Rufeinig the space immediately to the outside of the fort walls was oc - o borth y gaer yn cupied by Cae Mawr farm. e majority of the area that was rhedeg ychydig i’r Ardal samplu tu allan i ffin y later to be occupied by the school comprised open fields. trwy ganol y safle de-orllewin Sample section through the centre of the site

1 1 : A selection of 25 cm pottery: decorated samian ware, stamped amphora handle, stamped mortarium rim 1 : Crochenwaith samiaidd addurnedig, handlen amffora wedi’i stampio, rhimyn mortariwm wedi’i stampio

2 : Bronze fibula brooch 2 : Broetsh ffibwla Efydd

3 : Iron intaglio ring 2 3 3 : Modrwy intaglio haearn 45mm 27mm 16 PenDAlAr, seGonTIwM PenDAlAr, seGonTIuM 17

tra-mural civilian settlement). Workmen constructing the houses found numerous wells, a road heading towards Hen Hen Ysgol Pendalar An aerial view of —cynllun o’r safle, the old school (now Waliau, an oven and much Roman pottery. cloddiadau 2019 demolished) and Former Ysgol Pendalar part of the fort e school was built in the late 1960s, without any archaeo - —site plan, 2019 Awyrlun o’r hen ysgol logical excavation taking place. e buildings were demol - excavations (wedi ei dymchwel erbyn hyn) a rhan ished in recent years leaving reinforced concrete slabs on a o’r gaer terraced site. e recent GAT excavation removed one slab and an area of road/car park and assessed the survival of the archaeology beneath. Roman archaeological deposits were generally well-preserved beneath the remains of the school and a series of features were identified and sampled. ese included two wells, four clay ovens, several pits, and a group of post-holes. ere was a significant depth of stratigraphy and it can be assumed that this short assessment excavation Wheeler recorded numerous Roman finds in the area during only uncovered a small proportion of the features in the area. both his own excavations and during the construction of No buildings were identified in the excavation and it is pre - houses along Constantine Road and Vaynol Street, which sumed that the excavated area was to the rear of vicus strip- bordered the fields. He recorded ‘pits and wells together with buildings alongside the Roman road 10m to 20m to the south. ill-defined remains of wooden booths or hut ments … beyond e excavated features are best interpreted as being associated the ditches on the northwest side of the fort’, suggesting the with the activities of the merchants, soldier’s families, cra- presence of the typical wooden strip buildings of a vicus (ex - workers and others who would have lived in the settlement.

The former Ysgol Pendalar showing excavation area and features from Wheeler’s excavation Hen Ysgol Pendalar yn dangos yr ardal gloddio a nodweddion o gloddiad Wheeler

Wheeler yn y 1920au, ar yr adeg hon roedd fferm Cae Mawr Adeiladwyd yr ysgol ddiwedd y 1960au, heb i unrhyw glo - yn meddiannu’r ardal y tu allan i waliau’r gaer. Byddai ddio archaeolegol ddigwydd. Cafodd yr adeiladau eu dym - mwyafrif yr ardal yn ddiweddarach yn cael ei meddiannu chwel yn ystod y blynyddoedd diwethaf gan adael slabiau gan gaeau agored yr ysgol. Cofnododd Wheeler nifer o ddar - concrit wedi’u hatgyfnerthu ar safle teras. Fe wnaeth y clodd- ganfyddiadau Rhufeinig yn yr ardal yn ystod ei gloddiadau iad diweddar gan YAG dynnu un slab ac ardal o ffordd / ei hun ac wrth adeiladu tai ar hyd Ffordd Constantine a maes parcio ac asesu goroesiad yr archaeoleg oddi tano. Yn Stryd Faenol a oedd yn ffinio â’r caeau. Cofnododd ‘byllau a gyffredinol, roedd y dyddodion archaeolegol Rhufeinig wedi ffynhonnau ynghyd ag olion bythod neu gytiau pren heb eu goroesi’n dda o dan weddillion yr ysgol a chafodd cyfres o diffinio … y tu hwnt i’r ffosydd ar ochr ogledd-orllewinol y nodweddion eu nodi a’u samplu. Roedd hyn yn cynnwys gaer’, gan awgrymu presenoldeb adeiladau hirgul pren nod - dwy ffynnon, pedwar popty clai, nifer o byllau, a grŵp o weddiadol ficws (anheddiad sifil allanol). Daeth gweithwyr dyllau pyst. Roedd dyfnder sylweddol o stratigraffeg a gellir a oedd yn adeiladu’r tai o hyd i nifer o ffynhonnau, ffordd tybio mai dim ond cyfran fach o’r nodweddion yn yr ardal a yn mynd tuag at Hen Waliau, popty a llawer o grochenwaith ddatgelodd y cloddiad asesu byr hwn. Ni nodwyd unrhyw Rhufeinig. adeiladau yn y cloddiad a rhagdybir bod yr ardal a gloddiwyd 18 PenDAlAr, seGonTIwM PenDAlAr, seGonTIuM 19

Un o’r ddwy ffynnon a One of two wells found gafodd eu darganfod at the site during the ar y safle: excavation:

 cyn y cloddiad  before excavation  ar ôl y cloddiad  after excavation

y tu ôl i’r stribedi ficws ochr yn ochr â’r ffordd Rufeinig 10m anedig. Roedd yn cynnwys carreg gyda cheiliog wedi’i gerfio e site produced 2,286 sherds of Roman pottery including e aim of the project was to assess the area of the former i 20m i’r de. Y ffordd orau o ddehongli’r nodweddion a arni, sy’n symbol o ffyniant, a byddai wedi ei defnyddio fel a wide variety of forms and an unusually large proportion school. Mortimer Wheeler had demonstrated that there had gloddiwyd yw eu bod yn gysylltiedig â gweithgareddau’r sêl. Mae’r darganfyddiadau bellach mewn storfa yn aros am of decorated samian ware. Mortaria, used for pounding or been archaeological remains in the area but there was a high masnachwyr, teuluoedd y milwyr, gweithwyr cre a phobl waith pellach. mixing foods, were common as were fragments of amphora probability that they would have been damaged or destroyed eraill a fyddai wedi byw yn yr anheddiad. which would have contained imported olive oil, wine or fish by the school development. GAT’s excavation demonstrated Nod y prosiect oedd asesu ardal yr hen ysgol. Roedd Mor - sauce. Only two coins were recovered, one dating from the that the terracing for the school buildings in the assessment Cynhyrchodd y safle 2,286 talch o grochenwaith Rhufeinig timer Wheeler wedi dangos y bu olion archaeolegol yn yr late first/early second century and the second from the third area had been mostly achieved by moving topsoil around gan gynnwys amrywiaeth eang o ffurfiau a chyfran anarferol ardal ond roedd tebygolrwydd uchel y byddant wedi cael eu century. Small finds included a bronze fibula (brooch), an the site and the addition of some hardcore, but had only o fawr o grochenwaith samiaidd addurnedig. Roedd mort - difrodi neu eu dinistrio gan ddatblygiad yr ysgol. Dangosodd iron intaglio ring, glass gaming-pieces, a glass bead and a minimally affected the undisturbed archaeology. A depth of aria, a ddefnyddiwyd i guro neu gymysgu bwydydd, yn cloddiad YAG fod y terasau ar gyfer adeiladau’r ysgol yn yr possible small enamelled box lid. e iron ring would have up to 0.7m of stratified deposits was recorded which were gyffredin ynghyd â darnau o amffora a fyddai wedi cynnwys ardal asesu wedi’i gyflawni’n bennaf trwy symud uwchbridd Local school children been worn as a symbol of being freeborn. It contained a closely associated with Segontium and its extramural settle - olew olewydd, gwin neu saws pysgod wedi’u mewnforio. o amgylch y safle ac ychwanegu rhywfaint o graidd caled, assist the excavation stone with a cockerel carved into it, a symbol of prosperity, ment. Dim ond dau ddarn arian a ddarganfuwyd, un yn dyddio o ond dim ond ychydig yr oedd wedi effeithio ar yr archaeoleg work and would have acted as a seal. e finds are now in storage ddiwedd y ganrif gyntaf /dechrau’r ail ganrif a’r ail o’r drydedd heb ei gyffwrdd. Cofnodwyd dyfnder hyd at 0.7m o ddydd- Plant ysgol lleol yn is area is a rare survival of undisturbed Roman archaeology helpu gyda gwaith awaiting further work. ganrif. Roedd darganfyddiadau bach yn cynnwys ffibwla odion haenedig a oedd â chysylltiad agos â Segontium a’i cloddio in urban Caernarfon and is of national importance. efydd (tlws), modrwy intaglio haearn, darnau gemau gwydr, anheddiad allanol. Mae’r ardal hon yn oroesiad prin o arch - e presence of an extra-mural settlement outside the north glain gwydr a chaead blwch enamlog bach posib. Byddai’r aeoleg Rufeinig heb ei chyffwrdd yn nhref Caernarfon ac gate of the fort is not surprising, but confirmation of its ex - fodrwy haearn wedi cael ei gwisgo fel symbol o fod yn rhydd- mae o bwysigrwydd cenedlaethol. istence, and the quantity of finds from the site, adds consid - Nid yw presenoldeb anheddiad allanol y tu allan i borth erably to our knowledge of Roman occupation at Caernarfon. gogleddol y gaer yn syndod, ond mae cadarnhad o’i is contributes to the evidence south of the fort where buri - fodolaeth, a maint y darganfyddiadau o’r safle, yn ych - als lined the road on the site later occupied by the church of wanegu’n sylweddol at ein gwybodaeth o feddiannaeth St Peblig. Rufeinig yng Nghaernarfon. Mae hyn yn cyfrannu at y dys - Education and Outreach tiolaeth i’r de o’r gaer lle’r oedd claddedigaethau’n leinio’r ffordd ar y safle a feddiannwyd yn ddiweddarach gan eglwys Fiy volunteers took part in the project. ree local primary Sant Peblig. schools also took part– classroom sessions saw pupils learn Addysg ac Allgymorth about the site and its setting within the broader historic landscape, children also learnt about archaeology in general Cymerodd 50 o wirfoddolwyr ran yn y prosiect. Cymerodd and what it is to be an archaeologist. Site visits saw pupils  Gwirfoddolwyr yn tair ysgol gynradd leol ran hefyd – yn y sesiynau dosbarth gweithio’n galed, er take part in building recording, excavation and artefact han - gwaethaf yr amodau bu’r disgyblion yn dysgu am y safle a’i leoliad yn y dirwedd gwlyb dling. hanesyddol ehangach, dysgodd y plant hefyd am archaeoleg  Volunteers hard Cadw staff supervised a group of NEETs (Not in Education, yn gyffredinol a sut beth yw bod yn archaeolegydd. Yn ystod at work, braving the soggy conditions yr ymweliadau â’r safle bu’r disgyblion yn helpu gyda gwaith Employment or Training) participants in the excavation and cofnodi, cloddio a thrin arteffactau. helped to arrange a public open day. ■ Goruchwyliodd staff Cadw grŵp o gyfranogwyr ‘NEET’ (Ddim mewn Addysg, Cyflogaeth na Hyfforddiant) yn y cloddiad gan helpu i drefnu diwrnod agored i’r cyhoedd. ■ 20 Archaeoleg ym Mharc Cybi Archaeology at Parc Cybi 21  http://www.heneb.co.uk/parccybi/windex.html  www.heneb.co.uk/parccybi Mae Parc Cybi, safle datblygu mawr i Lywodraeth Anheddiad Canoloesol Cynnar Parc Cybi, a major Welsh Government Late Roman Cemetery, Cymru, wedi’i leoli ar Ynys Gybi, oddi ar arfordir development site, is situated on Holy Island, just Mae sychwyr corn a ddarganfuwyd ym Mharc Cybi yn Roman Period Industry gorllewinol Ynys Môn. Mae’r enw ‘Parc Cybi’ yn off the west coast of Anglesey. e name ‘Parc dangos bod pobl yn byw yma ar ôl diwedd rheolaeth y cyfeirio at Cybi Sant, sylfaenydd cymuned Cybi’ refers to Saint Cybi, founder of a monastic Most long cist cemeteries in west Wales date from aer the Rhufein iaid, yn ystod y cyfnod canoloesol cynnar. Daethp - fynachaidd yn y gaer Rufeinig ar yr hyn sydd community in the Roman fort on what is now the end of the Roman Empire in Britain, but a small cemetery wyd o hyd i chwe sychwr corn ym Mharc Cybi, i gyd yn bellach yn safle eglwys blwyf Caergybi. Gyda’i site of Holyhead parish church. With its of long cist graves found on Parc Cybi probably dated to the dydd io o’r 5ed neu 6ed ganrif. beddrodau siambr, meini hirion ac aneddiadau chambered tombs, standing stones and Iron Age late Roman period. Used by local people, this suggests that o’r Oes Haearn, mae gan Ynys Gybi archaeoleg Mynwent o ddiwedd y cyfnod Rhufeinig, settlements, Holy Island is rich in archaeology. they had adopted Roman traditions. gyfoethog. Ar gopa Mynydd Caergybi mae Diwydiant y Cyfnod Rhufeinig e summit of Holyhead Mountain is crowned Beside a trackway, probably leading towards the late Roman bryngaer Caer y Twr a gorsaf rybuddio by Caer y Tŵr hillfort and a small Roman signal fort in what is now Holyhead, was a native farmstead busy Rufeinig fach. Mae’r mwyafrif o fynwentydd cistfeddau yng ngorllewin station. making items and storing produce, presumably to trade with Cymru yn dyddio ar ôl diwedd yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig Roman soldiers. Rhwng 2006 a 2008, a 2009 a 2010, cynhaliodd Ymddirie - ym Mhrydain, ond mae’n debyg bod mynwent fach o gist - In 2006 to 2008, and 2009 to 2010, funded by Welsh Gov - dolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd waith cloddio archaeolegol feddau a ddarganfuwyd ar Barc Cybi yn dyddio o ddiwedd ernment, Gwynedd Archaeological Trust carried out archae - In a clay-walled building was a hearth made of large boulders, cyn i Barc Cybi gael ei adeiladau. Ymchwiliwyd i dros 20 y cyfnod Rhufeinig. Defnyddiwyd y fynwent hon gan bobl ological excavations prior to the building of Parc Cybi. Over possibly to hold a pan or bowl for dying cloth. Next to this hectar, gan ddatgelu tirwedd archaeolegol yn pontio o’r leol, sy’n awgrymu eu bod nhw wedi mabwysiadu traddod - 20 hectares were investigated, revealing an archaeological was a stone bowl, set in the floor, for grinding or mixing. cyfnod Mesolithig i ffermydd y 18fed ganrif. Yr uchawynt - iadau Rhufeinig. landscape spanning from the Mesolithic period to 18th cen - ere were also further hearths, troughs and pits crammed into the small building. iau oedd olion neuadd bren Neolithig 6000 mlwydd oed a Wrth ymyl trac, a oedd yn ôl pob tebyg yn arwain tuag at y tury farmsteads. Highlights included the remains of a 6000 phentref o’r Oes Haearn, ond roedd nifer fawr o nodweddion gaer Rufeinig hwyr yn yr hyn sydd bellach yng Nghaergybi, year old Neolithic timber hall and an Iron Age village, but eraill hynod ddiddorol hefyd. Mae Llywodraeth Cymru wedi  The late Roman many other features were found. Welsh Government has also roedd fferm frodorol yn brysur yn gwneud eitemau ac yn long cist cemetery ariannu dadansoddiad llawn o’r data ac mae’r gwaith ar y Yr hen fynwent funded the full analysis of the data, and work on the final storio cynnyrch, i fasnachu â milwyr Rhufeinig yn ôl pob  cyhoeddiad terfynol ynghylch y safle pwysig hwn yn parhau. cistfeddau o’r cyfnod publication of this important site is on-going. Two exhibitions tebyg. Rhufeinig hwyr Trefnwyd dwy arddangosfa er mwyn arddangos y dargan - were organised in order to display Parc Cybi findings. fyddiadau o Barc Cybi. Mewn adeilad gyda waliau clai roedd yna aelwyd wedi’i gwneud o feini mawr, o bosib i ddal padell neu bowlen ar Ffermydd y 18fed ganrif gyfer sychu brethyn. Wrth ymyl hwn roedd powlen garreg, wedi’i gosod yn y llawr, ar gyfer malu neu gymysgu. Roedd Mae ffiniau caeau sydd i’w gweld ar hen fapiau ystâd, a Ploughsoil stripping ffosydd a ddarganfuwyd trwy gloddio, yn awgrymu bod sys - yna hefyd aelwydydd, cafnau a phyllau eraill wedi’u gwasgu starting at Parc Cybi. i mewn i’r adeilad bach. View looking south tem caeau agored yn gorchuddio o leiaf rhan o Barc Cybi yn with the A55 on the y cyfnod canoloesol. Erbyn y 18fed ganrif roedd y caeau left and Kingsland Pentref o’r Oes Haearn Road on the right wedi’u hamgáu ac roedd y dirwedd yn frith o ffermdai. Gwaith i stripio’r pridd Gadawyd llawer o’r ffermdai yn y 19eg ganrif ond roedd yna Yng nghanol Parc Cybi darganfuwyd olion pentref a ddef - uchaf yn dechrau ym nyddiwyd yn yr Oes Haearn Ganol. Roedd gan hwn hyd at Mharc Cybi. Yr olygfa bobl yn dal i fyw mewn rhai yng nghanol yr 20fed ganrif. yn edrych tua’r de gy - dri thŷ crwn yn agos at ei gilydd gyda phedwerydd ychydig da’r A55 ar y chwith a Ffordd Kingsland bellter i ffwrdd, yn ogystal â strwythurau eraill gan gynnwys ar y dde ysguboriau. Roedd gan un o’r tai crwn gyntedd trawiadol a llwybr muriog yn arwain ato – o bosibl yn perthyn i bennaeth y pentref, wedi’i gynllunio i greu argraff ar ymwelwyr. Roedd tasgau domestig fel nyddu a pharatoi bwyd yn digwydd yn y pentref, ond roedd ei gynllun yn awgrymu nodwedd llai

 Sylfaen simnai a llawr y ffermdy yn Nhyddyn Pioden  The chimney base and floor of the Eighteenth Century Farmsteads farmhouse at Tyddyn Pioden  One of the corn ere are hints in field boundaries shown on old estate maps, dryers found at Parc and in ditches found by excavation, that an open field system Cybi  Ffynnon risiog covered at least part of Parc Cybi in the medieval period. By  Dau o’r sychwyr a ddefnyddiwyd gan corn a gafodd eu dar - the 18th century fields were enclosed and farmhouses dotted fferm Bonc Deg ganfod ym Mharc Cybi  A stepped well the landscape. Many of the farmhouses were abandoned in used by Bonc Deg the 19th century but some were still inhabited in the mid- farm 20th century. Early Medieval Settlement Corn dryers discovered at Parc Cybi indicate people were living here aer the end of Roman rule, during the early medieval period. Six corn dryers were found at Parc Cybi, all dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. 22 PArC CYBI PArC CYBI 23 ymarferol; roedd y prif ddrysau i gyd yn edrych tuag at Cistgladdiadau o’r Oes Efydd Iron Age Village Bronze Age Monuments Fynydd Caergybi, er gwaethaf gwyntoedd y gaeaf o’r cyfeiriad Darganfuwyd grŵp o gistgladdiadau ar y safle, yn ôl pob In the middle of Parc Cybi were the remains of a village Near the cist cemetery was another burial mound, probably hwnnw. Tua 150m i’r gogledd-ddwyrain o bentref yr Oes tebyg yn dyddio yn fuan ar ôl 2000 CC. Roedd yna bum used in the Middle Iron Age. is had up to three round - added later in the Bronze Age. e mound no longer existed Haearn Ganol, ac yn cael ei ddefnyddio tua’r un pryd, roedd cistfaen mawr a thri o rai bach – mynwent teulu yn ôl pob houses close to each other with a fourth a little distance but was marked by a circular ditch, from which the earth dau dŷ gyda waliau wedi’u gwneud o glai. Ychydig iawn o’r tebyg. Mae cynllun y beddau yn awgrymu eu bod yn ôl pob away, as well as other structures including granaries. for the mound was dug. It is likely that this barrow held cre - waliau sydd wedi goroesi, cafodd y tai eu hadnabod gan y tebyg wedi’u gorchuddio gan dwmpath crwn sengl, er nad mation burials either in urns or small cists. An odd ditched draeniau wedi’u leinio â cherrig oedd y tu mewn iddynt. One of the roundhouses had an impressive porch and a oes unrhyw ôl ohono wedi goroesi. Roedd dau fedd yn cyn - feature seems to have started as a ring ditch, then part of the walled pathway leading to it – possibly belonging to the head nwys potiau, a fyddai wedi dal offrymau o fwyd neu ddiod. ditch was infilled and the rest of the ditch redug to form a Maen Hir Tŷ Mawr of the village, designed to impress visitors. Domestic tasks Mae gwaith dadansoddi wedi dangos bod y ddau yn dal larger D-shaped enclosure. Pottery and radiocarbon dates Saif y Maen Hir yng nghanol Parc Cybi. Dyluniwyd y dat - such as spinning and food preparation took place in the vil - cynhyrchion llaeth. showed that this enclosure was Bronze Age, but its function blygiad i osgoi’r maen a gadael ardal glir o’i gwmpas gan gan- lage, but its layout suggested less practical concerns; the is unknown. Its location between two burial mounds suggests iatáu i’w osodiad gael ei werthfawrogi. Dangosodd y cloddio main doors all looked towards Holyhead Mountain, in spite Henebion o’r Oes Efydd that this was a ceremonial monument. 300m north-east of nad oedd y garreg yn bell o grŵp o henebion seremonïol o’r of winter winds from that direction. Gerllaw’r fynwent cistfeddau roedd yna domen gladdu arall, these monuments was another burial mound surrounded Oes Efydd, ac efallai ei bod yn ychwanegiad at y dirwedd a ychwanegwyd yn ddiweddarach yn yr Oes Efydd yn ôl About 150m north-east of the Middle Iron Age village, and by a ring ditch. is shows there was a group of monuments seremonïol hon. pob tebyg. Nid oedd y twmpath yn bodoli mwyach ond in use at about the same time, were two houses with walls within a fairly small area. made of clay. Very little of the walls survived but the houses cafodd ei farcio gan ffos gron, y cloddiwyd y pridd ar gyfer Burnt Mounds y twmpath ohoni. Mae’n debygol bod y crug hwn yn cynnal were identified by the stone-lined drains inside them. . corfflosgiadau naill ai mewn yrnau neu gistfeini bach. Mae’n Maen Hir Tŷ Mawr gy - Only two burnt mounds were found at Parc Cybi, though da’r ‘Truck Stop’ yn y Tŷ Mawr Standing Stone ymddangos bod nodwedd ffosog anghyffredin wedi dechrau cefndir there were other pits containing heat-cracked stone that may Tŷ Mawr e Standing Stone stands in the middle of Parc Cybi, the fel ffos gron, yna cafodd rhan o’r ffos ei mewnlenwi a chafodd Standing Stone with have been related to burnt mounds. A very small mound gweddill y ffos ei hail-gloddio i ffurfio lloc siâp D mwy o the Truck Stop in the development has been designed to avoid the stone and leave dated to about 2800 BC, a Neolithic leaf-shaped arrowhead faint. Dangosodd crochenwaith a dyddio radiocarbon fod y background a clear area around it allowing its setting to be appreciated. was found underneath this. e other mound was much lloc hwn o’r Oes Efydd, ond nid yw ei swyddogaeth yn hys - e excavation showed that the stone was not far from a larger, probably reused for up to 700 years from about 2500 bys. Mae ei leoliad rhwng dwy domen gladdu yn awgrymu group of Bronze Age ceremonial monuments, and may have BC onwards. bod hon yn heneb seremonïol. 300m i’r gogledd-ddwyrain been an addition to this ceremonial landscape. o’r henebion hyn roedd yna dwmpath claddu arall wedi’i Bronze Age Cist Burials amgylchynu â ffos gron. Mae hyn yn dangos bod yna grŵp

o henebion mewn ardal eithaf bach.  Clay-walled A group of cist burials, probably dating to soon aer 2000 roundhouse with complex drains, BC, was found at the site. ere were five large cists and Twmpathau llosg here shown with the three small ones – probably a family cemetery. e layout of capstones over the Dim ond dau dwmpath llosg a ddarganfuwyd ym Mharc drains the graves suggests that they were probably covered by a Cybi, er bod pyllau eraill yn cynnwys carreg wedi’i chracio  Tŷ crwn gyda single circular mound, although no trace of this survived. waliau clai gyda gan wres a allai fod yn gysylltiedig â thwmpathau llosg. draeniau cymhleth, Two of the graves contained pots, which would have held Daethpwyd o hyd i dwmpath bach iawn yn dyddio o tua yma i’w weld gyda’r meini capan dros y offerings of food or drink. Analysis shows that both con - 2800 CC, ac oddi tano roedd yna ben saeth siâp deilen draeniau tained dairy products. Neolithig. Roedd y twmpath arall yn llawer mwy, ac mae’n

debyg ei fod wedi’i ailddefnyddio am hyd at 700 mlynedd o  The larger cists excavated at Parc tua 2500 CC ymlaen. Cybi, the smaller ones have already been recorded and Ffos gron removed Ring ditch  Y cistfeini mwy a gloddiwyd ym Mharc Cybi, mae’r rhai llai wedi cael eu cofnodi a’u symud yn barod 24 PArC CYBI PArC CYBI PArC CYBI 25

Neolithig a Neolithig Gynnar Neolithic and Early Neolithic Roedd sawl grŵp o bydewau bach yn cynnwys teilchion o Several groups of small pits contained sherds of middle or grochenwaith Neolithig ganol neu hwyr (Llestri Peterbor - late Neolithic pottery (Peterborough Ware and Grooved ough a Llestri Rhigolog) yn ogystal â naddion fflint, yn ôl Ware) as well as flint flakes, probably marking the locations pob tebyg yn nodi lleoliadau cytiau dros dro, a ddefnyddi - of temporary huts, probably used for short durations be - wyd yn ôl pob tebyg ar gyfer cyfnodau byr rhwng tua 3400 tween about 3400 and 2400 BC. Peterborough Ware and a 2400 CC. Gellir dod o hyd i arddulliau Llestri Peterbor - Grooved Ware styles can be found across Britain and indi - ough a Llestri Rhigolog ledled Prydain ac maent yn dynodi cate cultural links across the country, although the pottery cysylltiadau diwylliannol ledled y wlad, er i’r crochenwaith itself was made locally. One pit also contained a stone ei hun gael ei wneud yn lleol. Roedd un pydew hefyd yn macehead that may have been a status symbol, though one cynnwys pen brysgyll carreg a allai fod yn symbol o statws, end was rather battered, suggesting it had been used for er bod un pen braidd yn dolciog, gan awgrymu ei fod wedi’i practical purposes. ddefnyddio at ddibenion ymarferol. In a natural hollow a patch of buried soil and a few small Mewn pant naturiol goroesodd darn o bridd claddedig ac features survived destruction by ploughing. e buried soil ychydig o nodweddion bach rhag cael eu dinistrio gan was full of pot sherds and flint flakes and these, with a waith aredig. Roedd y pridd claddedig yn llawn teilchion scatter of holes that had held stakes and posts, and some crochenwaith a naddion fflint ac roedd y rhain, gyda gwas - basic hearths, indicated occupation. However, there was gariad o dyllau a oedd wedi dal polion, a rhai aelwydydd no evidence of a house, and at most slight shelters were sylfaenol, yn dynodi meddiannaeth. Fodd bynnag, nid oedd used, so occupation here must have been short term. e tystiolaeth o dŷ, ac ar y mwyaf defnyddiwyd llochesi bach, pottery and radiocarbon dates showed the hollow was used felly mae’n rhaid bod y feddiannaeth hon wedi bod am mainly in the Early Neolithic period; about 3700 –3600 BC, gyfnod byr. Roedd y crochenwaith a’r dyddio radiocarbon at the same time that the Neolithic hall was in use. It was yn dangos bod y pant yn cael ei ddefnyddio yn bennaf yn also used several centuries later and it is likely that people y cyfnod Neolithig Gynnar; tua 3700 –3600 CC, ar yr un came back to this location repeatedly. pryd ag yr oedd y neuadd Neolithig yn cael ei defnyddio. Possibly the most important site found on Parc Cybi was Fe’i defnyddiwyd hefyd sawl canrif yn ddiweddarach ac the remains of an Early Neolithic building. is was defined mae’n debygol bod pobl wedi dod yn ôl i’r lleoliad hwn by the postholes and foundations slots that survived in the dro ar ôl tro. ground when the timber superstructure had been lost. is building was about 15m long and 6m wide and would have The Early Neolithic been an impressive structure, which might be described as a hall as it might have looked in use hall. ese buildings are quite rare but are found across Britain (Helen Flook) and Ireland, with very large examples in Scotland. e Parc Y neuadd Neolithig Gynnar fel yr Cybi hall was used between about 3700 and 3600 BC. ymddangosai o bosib pan gafodd ei defnyddio (Helen Flook)

Beddrod siambrog Neolithig Neolithic chambered tomb

Neuadd bren Neolithig Gynnar Early Neolithic timber hall

Cytiau Neolithig Neolithic hut

Beddrod crwn yr Oes Efydd Bronze Age round barrow

Heneb yr Oes Efydd Bronze Age monument

Maen hir Standing stone

Tŷ o’r Oes Efydd mae’n debyg Probable Bronze Age house

Tŷ crwn yr Oes Haearn Iron Age Roundhouse

Cwt yr Oes Haearn Iron Age hut

Cors Marsh 26 PArC CYBI PArC CYBI 27

Mae’n bosib mai’r safle pwysicaf a ddarganfuwyd ym Mharc e hall contained scatters of domestic waste (pottery sherds, Mesolithic Activity Cybi oedd gweddillion adeilad Neolithig Gynnar. Fe’i ham - flakes of flint and fragments of burnt bone) as well as saddle Llestri Peterborough At Parc Cybi there were only hints of Mesolithic activity lygwyd fel tyllau pyst a slotiau sylfaen a oroesodd yn y tir pan o’r cyfnod Neolithig querns. e hall was aligned on the Trefignath chambered Ganol with a few distinctive flint tools, known as microliths, scat - gollwyd y prif strwythur pren. Roedd gan yr adeilad hwn (Frances Lynch) tomb, which seems to have been rebuilt to follow this align - tered over the site. Radiocarbon dates even hint that there hyd o 15m a lled o 6m a byddai wedi bod yn strwythur traw - Middle Neolithic ment. is link between the hall and the tomb suggests the Peterborough Ware may have been a small hut used in the Mesolithic period. iadol, y gellid ei ddisgrifio fel neuadd o bosib. Mae’r adeiladau pottery hall may have had more than a domestic function. hyn yn eithaf prin ond fe’u gwelir ar draws Prydain ac Iwer - (Frances Lynch) Local people Conclusion ddon, gydag enghreiiau mawr iawn yn yr Alban. Defnydd - occasionally acquired Roman objects, such iwyd neuadd Parc Cybi rhwng oddeutu 3700 a 3600 CC. as this Melon Bead e project has provided an understanding of the develop - Byddai pobl lleol yn 20 mm ment of this landscape over the last 6000 years, increasing cael gafael ar wrthrychau Rhufeinig our knowledge of how occupants lived, farmed, buried their o dro i dro fel y dead and participated in ceremonial activities. ey were Mwclen Melon hon part of a wider culture, which saw the introduction of farm - e most significant find came not directly from the building ing, changing burial practices and the introduction of Chris - Gweithgarwch Mesolithig but from an isolated post hole to the north. is was a large tianity. is shared culture connected inhabitants with wider bead of cannel-coal (a type of oil shale that looks much like European cultures spreading from the Orkney Isles in the Ym Mharc Cybi dim ond awgrymiadau o weithgarwch  Neuadd bren Neolithig Gynnar o’r jet), the bead had been lost or discarded before it was fin - far north, and south into continental Europe. ose that Mesolithig a gafwyd, gyda rhai creiriau fflint nodweddiadol, pen dwyreiniol yn ished. Radiocarbon dates show the bead was made when lived at Parc Cybi were neither particularly rich or powerful, a elwir yn ficrolithau, wedi’u gwasgaru ar draws y safle. Aw - ystod cloddio, yn dangos cerrig pacio ar the hall was in use, meaning this is the only known jet-like but we can see how they adopted new cultures and learnt gryma dyddiadau radiocarbon efallai fod cwt bach wedi cael y talcen y dwyreiniol Neolithic bead from Wales . new skills. ■ ei ddefnyddio, hyd yn oed, yn ystod y cyfnod Mesolithig hwn. i ddal pyst ac estyll ar gyfer y talcen  Early Neolithic Roedd y neuadd yn cynnwys gwasgariadau o wastraff do - Casgliad timber hall from the mestig (teilchion crochenwaith, naddion fflint a thameidiau eastern end during Mae’r prosiect wedi darparu dealltwriaeth o ddatblygiad y excavation, showing o esgyrn wedi llosgi) yn ogystal â breuanau cyfrwy. Roedd y dirwedd hon dros y 6000 o flynyddoedd diwethaf, gan gyn - packing stones in the neuadd wedi ei halinio ar feddrod siambrog Trefignath, a eastern gable end to yddu ein dealltwriaeth o ffordd o fyw y preswylwyr, eu dull - support posts and The rare cannel- ailadeiladwyd o bosib i ddilyn yr aliniad hwn. Mae’r cysylltiad planking for the coal bead iau o amaethu, claddu’r meirw a chymryd rhan mewn end wall (photographs by rhwng y neuadd a’r beddrod yn awgrymu ei bod yn bosib yr gweith gareddau seremoniol. Roeddent yn rhan o ddiwylliant Alison Sheridan) oedd gan y neuadd fwy nag un swyddogaeth ddomestig. Y glain o 27mm ehangach, a welodd ddyfodiad ffermio, arferion claddu yn lo cannwyll (ffotograffau Nid o’r adeilad ei hun y daeth y darganfyddiad mwyaf arwydd - newid a dyfodiad Cristnogaeth. Roedd y diwylliant a rennir gan Alison Sheridan) ocaol, ond o dwll postyn ynysig i’r gogledd. Glain o lo cannwyll hwn yn cysylltu preswylwyr â diwylliannau Ewropeaidd ydoedd (math o siâl olew sy’n edrych fel muchudd), collwyd ehangach yn cwmpasu Ynysoedd Orkney yn y gogledd pell, neu taflwyd y glain cyn iddo gael ei orffen. Dengys dyddiadau a’r de i gyfandir Ewrop. Nid oedd y rheiny a oedd yn byw  Pen brysgyll carreg o grŵp o bydewau radiocarbon y crëwyd y glain pan oedd y neuadd yn cael ei ym Mharc Cybi yn hynod gyfoethog na phwerus, ond gallwn Neolithig Ganol defnyddio, gan olygu mai dyma’r unig lain o lo cannwyll Neo - weld sut y bu iddynt fabwysiadu diwylliannau newydd a  Stone macehead dysgu sgiliau newydd . from a Middle lithig fel muchudd o Gymru. ■ Neolithic pit group

Parc Cybi, 2019

Mae adran newydd, bwrpasol yn sôn am Barc Cybi wedi’i chreu ar wefan YAG: www.heneb.co.uk/parccybi/windex.html  A new, dedicated Parc Cybi section of the GAT website has been created: www.heneb.co.uk/parccybi/index.html 28 PArC CYBI PArC CYBI 29

Archaeoleg ym Mharc Cybi – Digwyddiadau Sgwrs Uwch Archaeology at Parc Cybi – Events Archaeolegydd yr Ymddiriedolaeth, YSGOL CYBI Galluogodd digwyddiadau amrywiol (a ariannwyd gan Jane Kenney, yn Ysgol Various events (funded by Welsh government) enabled peo - Lywod raeth Cymru) i bobl ddysgu am yr archaeoleg ym Ddydd Parc Cybi ple to learn about the archaeology at Parc Cybi. Mharc Cybi. Senior Trust archaeologist Jane Two extensive exhibitions were organised. e first, at the Kenney’s talk at the Trefnwyd dwy arddangosfa helaeth. Cynhaliwyd y gyntaf Parc Cybi Day School Ucheldre Centre in Holyhead, took place during Spring 2020. yng Nghanolfan Ucheldre, Caergybi, yn ystod gwanwyn 2020. A second, at Oriel Môn, Llangefni, was delayed because of the Oedwyd yr ail, yn Oriel Môn, Llangefni, oherwydd y sefyllfa current climate. It can be seen once museums are reopened. bresennol ond caiff ei chynnal wedi i’r amgueddfeydd ailagor. For up to date information: www.heneb.co.uk/parccybi I gael y wybodaeth ddiweddaraf: A wide selection of finds are on display, as well as several www.heneb.co.uk/parccybi/windex.html replica artefacts made especially for the exhibition. e dis - Mae casgliadau eang o ddarganfyddiadau ar ddangos, a nifer play also includes a series of interpretation panels. o arteffactau wedi’u hatgynhyrchu, yn arbennig ar gyfer yr arddangosfa. Ceir hefyd gyfres o baneli dehongli. Two events heralded the Ucheldre exhibition launch 120 Ysgol Cybi pupils helped create some of the ex - — a popular talk and a Day School. hibits. GAT held over twenty sessions with the school, Cafodd lansiad arddangosfa Ucheldre ei arwain gan where pupils learnt about the archaeology discovered ddau ddigwyddiad — sgwrs boblogaidd ac Ysgol Ddydd. Day School at Parc Cybi, visited Tŷ Mawr Hut circles, created a e day school consisted of a series of talks investigating Ysgol Ddydd photographic display based on the hut circles visits, the archaeological discoveries at Parc Cybi and placing the made clay walled, thatched roofed model roundhouses, Roedd yr ysgol ddydd yn cynnwys cyfres o sgyrsiau yn arch - site in its regional and national context, by way of a wide drilled and smoothed stone spindle whorls using ancient wilio’r darganfyddiadau archaeolegol ym Mharc Cybi a gosod range of ideas and comparative sites. cra techniques, made beads and wrote and recorded a y safle yn ei gyd-destun rhanbarthol a chenedlaethol, drwy soundscape and song inspired by the excavations ystod eang o syniadau a safleoedd cymharol. (housed at a listening post as part of the exhibitions).  The Trust’s Parc e project as a whole attracted a considerable amount Cybi exhibition, YSGOL CYBI ‘A Landscape Through of press and social media interest, fuelling excellent Time’ at Oriel Môn, footfall for the Ucheldre leg. Helpodd 120 o ddisgyblion 2021 Ysgol Cybi i greu rhai o’r  Arddangosfa Parc Cybi yr pethau ar ddangos. Cyn- Ymddiriedolaeth, haliodd YAG dros ugain o ‘Tirlun Drwy’r Oesoedd’ yn Oriel sesiynau gyda’r ysgol, lle Môn, 2021 cafodd disgyblion ddysgu am yr archaeoleg a ddargan- fuwyd ym Mharc Cybi, ymweld â ai Crynion Tŷ Mawr, creu arddangosfa ffoto graffig yn seiliedig ar yr ymweliad â’r tai crynion, gwneud tai crynion model â tho gwellt a waliau clai, drilio a llyfnhau sidelli gwerthyd carreg yn defnyddio technegau cre hynafol, gwneud gleiniau ac ysgrifennu a chofnodi seinwedd a chân a ysbrydolwyd gan y clodd - iadau (wedi’u gosod ar bwynt gwrando fel rhan o’r arddan gosfeydd). Cafwyd llawer iawn o sylw yn y wasg ac ar y cyfryngau cymdeithasol, gan ddenu nifer helaeth o bobl i'r arddangosfa yn yr Ucheldre. 30 Y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol ( HER ) The Historic Environment Record ( HER ) 31

Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd sy’n Mynediad ar-lein y Gwynedd Archaeological Trust maintains the Archwilio : An Introduction cyhoedd at Gofnodion cynnal y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol ( HER ) Amgylchedd regional Historic Environment Record. e HER and Step-by-Step User Guide rhanbarthol. Y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol Hanesyddol Cymru is the primary source of information about the Public online access As the 2019/20 financial year drew to a close and Covid-19 yw’r brif ffynhonnell wybodaeth am amgylchedd Cymru. Datblygwyd Archwilio mewn partneriaeth gan be - to the Welsh HERs historic environment of north-west Wales and is hanesyddol gogledd-orllewin Cymru ac mae ar dair Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Cymru ac mae’n cynnwys publicly available online. It covers all aspects of restrictions came into force, the HER team, working in con - gael i’r cyhoedd ar-lein. Mae’n ymdrin â phob gwybodaeth am Gymru gyfan. Mae mynediad ar-lein at human activity dating from early prehistory to the junction with the Outreach and Education team, produced agwedd ar weithgarwch dynol yn dyddio o’r Archwilio, yn ei hanfod, yn golygu y gall aelodau o’r cyhoedd present day and also includes information relating and distributed revised user guidance for Archwilo – the cyfnod cynhanesyddol cynnar hyd heddiw, ac bori drwy filoedd o safleoedd hanesyddol ledled Cymru o to archaeological investigations such as excavations online access system to the HERs of Wales. Archwilio was mae hefyd yn cynnwys gwybodaeth yn ymwneud gartref. Mae’n cynnwys (neu’n darparu mynediad at) wybod- and desk-based research, known as ‘events’. developed in partnership by the four Welsh Archaeological ag ymchwiliadau archaeolegol yn cynnwys aeth ynglŷn â miloedd o safleoedd hanesyddol neu waith Trusts and contains information for the whole of Wales. On - cloddiadau ac ymchwil desg, a elwir yn ymchwiliol ledled Cymru. e HER is constantly being updated by dedicated profes - line access to Archwilio, in essence, means members of the ‘ddigwyddiadau’. sional staff. In 2019/20 2,515 new historic asset records and public can browse thousands of historic sites across Wales Derbynodi Arch Camb 386 new investigation (event) records were created. At the from home. It includes (or provides access to) information Mae’r Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol yn cael ei ddiwedd- Gydag ychydig iawn o obaith o unrhyw brosiectau cymun - end of March 2020 there were 41,975 historic asset records on tens of thousands of historic sites or investigative work aru’n rheolaidd gan staff proffesiynol, pwrpasol. Yn 2019/20, edol ar lawr gwlad yn digwydd yn ystod haf 2020, roedd yr on the GAT HER and 5,525 event records. across Wales. crëwyd 2,515 o gofnodion asedau hanesyddol newydd a Ymddiriedolaeth yn teimlo ei bod yn bwysig parhau i ym - e data held within the HER underpins all the archaeolog - Accessioning Arch Camb chrëwyd 386 o gofnodion ymchwiliadau (digwyddiadau) gysylltu â gwirfoddolwyr mewn ffordd ystyrlon. Dyfeisiodd ical work undertaken in north-west Wales, whether this is newydd. Ar ddiwedd Mawrth 2020, roedd 41,975 o gof - With little hope of any ground-based community projects y tîm Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol, gan weith io law yn the provision of information and advice by heritage man - nodion asedau hanesyddol ar Gofnod Amgylchedd Hanesy - taking place during summer 2020, the Trust felt it was im - llaw â’r tîm Allgymorth ac Addysg unwaith yn rhagor, ar agement or planning archaeologists; or the implementation ddol YAG a 5,525 o gofnodion digwyddiadau. portant to continue to engage with volunteers in a meaningful brosiect newydd: ‘Derbynodi Arch Camb’. of grant-aided or commercially-contracted archaeological way. e HER team, once again working alongside the Edu - Mae’r data a gedwir o fewn y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanes - work. e HER has a complex relational database at its core Drwy wefannau Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru a Gwasanaeth cation and Outreach team, devised a new project: ‘Acces - yddol yn sail i’r holl waith archaeolegol a wneir yng ngogledd- that has been developed in partnership with the Welsh Ar - Data Archaeoleg, mae’r rheiny sy’n cymryd rhan ym sioning Arch Camb’. orllewin Cymru, boed yn ddarpariaeth gwybodaeth a chyngor mhrosiect Derbynodi Arch Camb, gan weithio o gartref, yn chaeological Trusts and InkGIS, and the data links to other gan archaeolegwyr cynllunio neu reoli treadaeth; neu wei th - ein helpu i ychwanegu gwybodaeth newydd at y Cofnod records such as those held by Cadw, the RCAHMW, and the Via the National Library of Wales and rediad gwaith archaeolegol dan gontract masnachol neu drwy Amgylchedd Hanesyddol rhanbarthol drwy ymchwilio fer - National Museum of Wales. HER staff attend meetings re - Archaeology Data Service websites, those gymorth grant. Mae gan y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanes yddol siynau wedi’u digideiddio o Gyfnodolyn Cymdeithas . Mae’r lating to historic environment data standards and collabo - taking part in the Accessioning Arch Camb gronfa ddata berthynol gymhleth wrth ei wraidd a ddatblyg - canllaw diwygiedig a grybwyllir gennym uchod yn chwarae ratively work with other organisations to improve terminol - project, working from home, are helping us wyd mewn partneriaeth ag Ymddiriedolaethau Archae olegol rhan allweddol yn y prosiect hwn, gan fod cyfra nogwyr yn ogy, workflow, and standards. add new information to the regional HER Cymru ac InkGIS, ac mae’r data yn cysylltu â chof nod ion eraill by researching digitised versions croesgyfeirio gwybodaeth o’r cyfnodolyn â gwy bo d aeth bre - HER staff undertake an audit of data and services on a quin - megis y rheiny a gedwir gan Cadw, CBHC ac Amgueddfa of the Journal of the Cambrian sennol yn y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol. quennial basis, from which annual reports are created to Genedlaethol Cymru. Mae staff y Cofnod Amgylchedd Archaeological Association, schedule the enhancement tasks and routine maintenance Hanesyddol yn mynychu cyfarfodydd yn ymwneud â safonau Un (neu ai dau?) o’n Archæologia Cambrensis . required for the management of the HER. Work during the data amgylchedd hanesyddol ac yn gweithio ar y cyd â sefyd - gwirfoddolwyr yn e revised Archwilio guidance we mention above plays a key cymryd rhan yn 2019/20 year included: reviewing and enhancing UNAS - liadau eraill i wella terminoleg, llif gwaith, a safonau. Derbynodi Arch Camb role in this project, as participants cross reference information SIGNED Broadclass records; improving the perception of One (or is that two?) from the journal with existing information held in the HER. Mae staff y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol yn cynnal arch - of our volunteers accuracy in locational data and designing/implementing taking part in wiliad o ddata a gwasanaethau bob pum mlynedd, a ddef - Accessioning Arch work programmes to refine data where accuracy can be im -  HER information: www.heneb.co.uk/newher.html nyddir i greu adroddiadau blynyddol i amserlennu tasgau Camb proved; commencing work on the review and cleansing of  Archwilio user guidance: gwella a gwaith cynnal a chadw sy’n ofynnol ar gyfer rheoli’r duplicated records for individual sites, and; a review of object www.heneb.co.uk/newsimages/archwilioinstructions.pdf Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol. Roedd gwaith yn ystod y recording which resulted in the development of a new artefact  Archwilio: www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/ flwyddyn 2019-20 yn cynnwys: adolygu a gwella cofnodion table within the HER.  Accessioning Arch Camb project: http://bit.ly/3jg2W9U UNASSIGNED Broadclass; gwella’r canfyddiad o gywirdeb mewn data lleoliadol a dylunio/gweithredu rhaglenni gwaith Archwilio map view, with search i fireinio data lle gellir gwella cywirdeb; dechrau gwaith ar parameters and adolygu a glanhau cofnodion dyblygedig ar gyfer safleoedd search results Golwg ar fap Archwilio unigol, ac; adolygu cofnodi gwrthrychau a arweiniodd at gyda pharamedrau ddatblygu tabl arteffactau newydd o fewn y Cofnod Am - chwilio a chanlyniadau chwilio gylchedd Hanesyddol. Archwilio : Cyflwyniad a Chanllaw Cam wrth Gam i Ddefnyddwyr Wrth i flwyddyn ariannol 2019-20 dynnu tua’i therfyn a chy - fyngiadau Covid-19 ddod i rym, cynhyrchodd a dosbarthodd  Y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol: www.heneb.co.uk/wnewher.html tîm y Cofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol, gan weithio ar y  Canllawiau defnyddiwr Archwilio: cyd â’r Tîm Allgymorth ac Addysg, ganllaw cam wrth gam www.heneb.co.uk/newsimages/warchwilioinstructions.pdf diwygiedig i ddefnyddwyr ar gyfer Archwilio – y system  Archwilio: www.archwilio.org.uk/arch/index_cym.html fynediad ar-lein at Gofnodion Amgylchedd Hanesyddol  Prosiect Derbynodi Arch Camb: http://bit.ly/3jg2W9U 32 Niwbwrch a’i Darddiad Cynhanesyddol Newborough and its Prehistoric Origins 33

Pentref ger arfordir gorllewinol Ynys Môn yw gwyllt, ceirw coch a bualod mawr wedi cael eu hela, tra byddai Newborough is a village close to the west coast of The Historical Development of Newborough Niwbwrch. Fe’i sefydlwyd gan Edward I ar dir yn pysgod wedi cyfrannu at ddiet pobl hefyd. Byddai planhigion, Anglesey. It was established by Edward I on land Newborough is situated in the south-western corner of An - perthyn i lys Brenhinol Rhosyr pan symudodd gan gynnwys cnau cyll a ffrwythau, wedi cael eu casglu hefyd. belonging to the Royal court of Rhosyr when glesey, within easy reach of a major crossing of the Menai Edward breswylwyr Llan-faes yno ar ddechrau’r Edward moved the inhabitants of Llan-faes Er y gwyddom fod cryn dipyn o weithgarwch Neolithig wedi Strait, and a road network which follows the west coast to 14eg ganrif. there in the early fourteenth century. bod o fewn Ynys Môn, ni ddaethpwyd o hyd i olion yn yr the north, and leads inland along the ridge which bounds ardal a gloddiwyd. Fodd bynnag, darganfuwyd crochenwaith Mae’r erthygl hon yn edrych ar brosiect diweddar a gyn - is article looks at a recent project undertaken within the the Cefni estuary to the north-east. e coast is bounded by o’r Oes Efydd o sawl nodwedd. Daethpwyd o hyd i grochen - haliwyd o fewn yr ardal, yn disgrifio’r olion cynhanesyddol area, describing the prehistoric remains found when exca - a broad swathe of dunes, which forms Newborough Warren. waith o ddiwedd yr Oes Efydd (c.1200–800 CC) mewn ardal a ddarganfuwyd yno pan aethpwyd ati i gloddio cyn adeiladu vations were undertaken in advance of the construction of a e southern part of these dunes is still an active dune sys - o byllau yn cynnwys cerrig wedi llosgi, y tybiwyd eu bod at ysgol newydd ar ymyl gogledd-orllewin y pentref. Byddwn new school on the north-west edge of the village. We will tem, now a National Nature Reserve and supporting a rich ddibenion coginio. Er na adnabuwyd unrhyw strwythurau yna’n symud i archwilio twf hanesyddol y pentref, cyn then move on to examine the historical growth of the village flora. Between 1947 and 1965 the northern part of the dunes tai, adnabuwyd arae hirsgwar o naw post ac un arall o bedwar ystyried cymeriad presennol Niwbwrch. before taking stock of Newborough’s present character. was planted with Corsican pine for timber and to protect post o’r math a’r maint y dehonglir fel rheol, fel graneri wedi’u the village from windblown sand. e plantation formed Olion cynhanesyddol a chanoloesol codi oddi ar y llawr ar gyfer storio grawn a bwyd arall. Tybir Prehistoric and medieval remains Newborough Forest, and the dunes here have been stabilised yn Niwbwrch y byddai anheddiad o’r Oes Efydd, yn cynnwys, o bosib, at Newborough by the trees, though dune plants do still survive under the nifer o dai crynion, wedi sefyll gerllaw. trees in places. Comisiynwyd Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd gan Gwynedd Archaeological Trust was commissioned by Cyn - Gyngor Sir Ynys Môn i gynnal rhaglen o waith archaeolegol Roedd ffosydd canoloesol, yn rhan o system gaeau agored gor Sir Ynys Môn to carry out a programme of archaeological cyn adeiladu ysgol gynradd newydd Ysgol Bro Aberffraw, wedi’i rhannu yn stribedi, yn torri drwy’r safle, a byddent work in advance of the construction of the new Ysgol Bro yn Niwbwrch. wedi ffurfio rhan o’r tiroedd yn perthyn i’r fwrdeistref Aberffraw primary school, located in Newborough. ganoloesol. Sefydlwyd fferm, o bosib yn y 17eg ganrif. Caiff Profodd y cloddiadau yn hynod ddiddorol, gan ddangos bod ei nodi ar fap ystâd â’r dyddiad 1792, ond ni ddangosir ar e excavations proved particularly interesting, showing that bodau dynol wedi bod yn byw yn yr ardal am filoedd o fly - fap degwm 1840, na map OS 1889, felly nid oedd yn cael ei humans had been living in the area for thousands of years, nyddoedd, er nid yn barhaus yn ôl pob tebyg. Yr olion cyn - defnyddio erbyn dechrau’r 19eg ganrif. though probably not continuously. e earliest remains found haraf a ddarganfuwyd oedd pwyntiau fflint o’r math a ddefny - were flint points of the type used in the later Mesolithic pe - ddiwyd yn y cyfnod Mesolithig hwyrach (6500 i 4000 CC). Mae meddiannaeth ddynol o fewn yr ardal o’r cyfnod riod (6500 to 4000 BC). Although the relatively small quan - Er yr awgryma’r swm cymharol fach o fflint fod meddiannaeth Mesolithig, yn arfer ffordd o fyw helwyr, drwy anheddiad tity of flint suggests that occupation of the site had been o’r safle wedi bod yn eithaf byr, mae’n awgrymu bod hela amaethyddol cynnar ac i’r oesoedd canol a’r oes fodern, yn fairly short, it does show that hunting had been undertaken, wedi cymryd lle, o bosib ar y tiroedd arfordirol gwastad isel, atgyfnerthu’r dystiolaeth o dde Ynys Môn o briddoedd da, a possibly on the low flat coastal lands between Newborough rhwng Niwbwrch a’r môr. Byddai anifeiliaid megis baeddod llwybrau cyfathrebu rhagorol. and the sea. Animals such as wild boar, red deer and aurochs would have been hunted, whilst fish would also have con - Grŵp o dyllau pyst Prehistoric —granar o bosib pottery sherds tributed to people’s diets. Plant remains, including hazelnuts Group of postholes Teilchion and fruit, would have been gathered as well. —possibly a granary crochenwaith cynhanesyddol Although we know that there was considerable Neolithic ac -

tivity within Anglesey, no remains were found within the 25mm area excavated. However, Bronze Age pottery was recovered from a number of features. Pottery of the Late Bronze Age (c.1200 –800 BC) was found in an area of pits containing burnt stone, assumed to be for cooking purposes. Although no house structures were identified, a rectangular array of nine posts and another of four posts are of the type and size usually interpreted as raised granaries for the storage of grain and other foods. It is assumed that a settlement of Bronze Age date, consisting possibly of a number of post-built round houses, would have lain close-by. Medieval ditches, part of an open field system divided into strips, cut through the site, and would have formed part of the lands belonging to the medieval borough. A farmstead was established, possibly in the 17th century. It is marked on an estate map of 1792, but is not shown on the tithe map of c.1840, nor on the OS map of 1889, so had gone out of use by the early 19th century. Human occupation within the area from the Mesolithic pe - riod, practising a hunter/gatherer lifestyle, through early agricultural settlement and into medieval and modern times, reinforces the evidence from southern Anglesey of good soils, and excellent communication routes. 34 nIwBwrCh newBorouGh 35

Datblygiad Hanesyddol Niwbwrch Hanes Cyffredinol Mae Niwbwrch wedi’i leoli yng nghornel de-orllewin Ynys Erbyn y 13eg ganrif prif uned weinyddol Teyrnas Gwynedd Môn, o fewn cyrraedd i fan croesi pwysig dros y Fenai, a oedd y cwmwd. Rhannwyd Ynys Môn yn chwe chwmwd. rhwydwaith ffyrdd sy’n dilyn yr arfordir gorllewinol tua’r Roedd llys brenhinol ym mhob un, a dyma oedd y ganolfan gogledd, ac yn arwain i mewn i’r tir ar hyd y gefnen sy’n cy - weinyddol ac yma fyddai Tywysog Gwynedd yn aros wrth sylltu afon Cefni â’r gogledd-ddwyrain. Mae’r arfordir wedi’i iddo deithio o amgylch ei deyrnas. Rhosyr oedd canolfan ffinio gan ystod eang o dwyni, sy’n ffurfio Tywyn Niwbwrch. frenhinol cwmwd Menai, gyda llys a threfgordd, y faerdref, Mae rhan ddeheuol y twyni hyn yn parhau i fod yn system lle trigai’r taeogion a ffermiai ystadau’r Tywysog. Cloddiwyd dwyni weithredol, sydd bellach yn Warchodfa Natur Gened - safle’r llys, i’r gorllewin o bentref Niwbwrch, yn y 1990au gan laethol ac yn cefnogi fflora cyfoethog. Rhwng 1947 a 1965, ddatgelu neuadd, siambr, ac adeilad mawr arall, yn ogystal â plannwyd pinwydd Corsica yn rhan ogleddol y twyni ar strwythurau eraill yn cynnwys popty. Nid oes sicrwydd ynglŷn gyfer coed ac i amddiffyn y pentref rhag tywod sy’n cael ei â lleoliad yr anheddiad a oedd yn gysylltiedig â’r faerdref. chwythu. Ffurfiodd y blanhigfa Goedwig Niwbwrch, ac Fel arfer roedd gan y llys gapel brenhinol a thybir mai ar mae’r twyni wedi cael eu sefydlogi gan y coed, er mae plan - safle’r capel brenhinol y sefydlwyd eglwys Sant Pedr, sy’n es - higion twyni yn dal i oroesi o dan y coed mewn rhai man - bonio ei lleoliad gerllaw’r llys. Mae’r eglwys bresennol yn nau. dyddio o’r 14eg ganrif, pan sefydlwyd y fwrdeistref, ond Mae’r traeth hir yn boblogaidd iawn gydag ymwelwyr, twris - mae’r fedyddfaen yn dyddio o’r 11eg/12fed ganrif ac yn dan - tiaid a phobl leol fel ei gilydd, mae Coedwig Niwbwrch bell - gos bod adeilad cynharach wedi sefyll yma a oedd yn gysyll - ach yn cael ei defnyddio’n helaeth ar gyfer gweithgareddau tiedig â’r llys. Cafodd yr eglwys ei hymestyn ar ddiwedd y hamdden; gan gynnwys cerdded, beicio a marchogaeth. 15fed neu ddechrau’r 16eg ganrif. Mae’r pentref wedi’i leoli ar ben de-orllewin y gefnen isel Yn y 13eg ganrif Llan-faes, yn ne-ddwyrain Ynys Môn, oedd sy’n ffinio ag afon Cefni ac sy’n codi o oddeutu 10m OD i prif ganolfan fasnachu’r ynys, ond ym 1294 dechreuodd Ed - bwynt uchel o 40m OD. Mae hyn yn rhoi agwedd ddeheuol ward I adeiladu ei gastell a’r fwrdeistref gerllaw ym Miw - i’r pentref a golygfeydd da o fynyddoedd Eryri ar draws y mares. Mae’n bosib bod Llan-faes yn fygythiad iddynt felly Fenai. Sgist yw’r creigwely islaw, math o graig fetamorffig, symudwyd y boblogaeth ar draws yr ynys ac i fwrdeistref gyda gwaddodion rhewlifol yn ei orchuddio ynghyd ag newydd a sefydlwyd ar eu cyfer ar diroedd brenhinol Rhosyr. ardaloedd mawr o dywod wedi’i chwythu gan wynt ger yr General History Cynlluniwyd bwrdeistref Niwbwrch, a dderbyniodd ei siarter arfordir. Mae’r tir fferm o amgylch y pentref yn dir pori yn 1303, er mwyn rhoi’r un faint o eiddo i’r holl fwrdeisiaid By the 13th century the main unit for administration in the wedi’i wella ac yn cael ei ddefnyddio’n bennaf ar gyfer defaid ag oedd yn eu meddiant yn Llan-faes, ac fe’i cynlluniwyd yn Kingdom of Gwynedd was the cwmwd (commote). Anglesey ar hyn o bryd, ond cyn hynny câi ei ddefnyddio’n helaeth ar ofalus o gwmpas y groesffordd. Roedd gan bob eiddo dŷ ar was divided into six commotes. Each had a royal llys (court) gyfer amaethu tir âr. flaen y stryd a darn hir, cul o dir y tu ôl iddo. Mae’r lleiniau that was the administrative centre and where the Prince of Gwynedd stayed as he travelled around his kingdom. Rhosyr was the royal centre for the commote of Menai, with a llys Terfyn posib tref ganoloesol gyda and a township, the maerdref (reeve’s township) where the lleoliad adeiladau ar y bondsmen who farmed the Prince’s estate lived. e site of map degwm i’w weld the llys, to the west of Newborough village, was excavated Probable limit of the medieval town, in the 1990s revealing a hall, chamber, and another large with the location of buildings on the tithe building, as well as other structures including a bakehouse. map shown e settlement associated with the maerdref has not been located with certainty. Royal courts usually had a royal chapel and it is assumed that St Peter’s church originated as the royal chapel, explain - ing its position next to the llys. e present church dates A reconstruction e long beach is very popular with visitors, tourists and lo - from the 14th century, when the borough was established, illustration of Llys Rhosyr cals alike, and Newborough Forest is now extensively used but th e 11th/12th century font indicates an earlier building (CADW+Menter Môn: John once stood here associated with the court. e church was Hodgson a Robert Williams) for recreation; including walking, cycling and horse riding. Darlun atgynhyrchiad extended in the late 15th or early 16th century. o Lys Rhosyr e village is located at the south-west end of the low ridge (CADW+Menter Môn: John which borders the Cefni estuary and which rises from about In the 13th century Llan-faes, in the south-east of Anglesey, Hodgson & Robert Williams) 10m OD to a high point of 40m OD. is gives the village a was the main trading centre on the island but in 1294 Edward southern aspect and good views of the mountains of Snow - I built his castle and the adjacent borough at Beaumaris. donia across the Menai Strait. e underlying bedrock is Llan-faes might have proved a threat to these so its popula - schist, a metamorphic rock, with glacial deposits overlying tion was moved across the island and a new borough was it along with large areas of windblown sand near the coast. established for them on the royal lands of Rhosyr. e farmland surrounding the village is currently under im - e borough of Newborough, which received its charter in proved pasture and used largely for sheep, but was previously 1303, was laid out to give each burgess the same amount of extensively used for arable cultivation. property as they held in Llan-faes and it was carefully planned nIwBwrCh newBorouGh 37 hyn, a elwir yn lleiniau ‘bwrdais’, yn parhau i nodweddu nineteenth century led to the loss of rights to collect marram nifer o’r eiddo yn Niwbwrch. grass, hindering the industry. In 1913 the industry was re - vived with the establishment of the Mat Makers’ Association Roedd y dref bron yn gyfan gwbl Gymraeg, ac yn croesawu and marram grass was woven in Newborough until New - beirdd Cymraeg yn cynnwys Dafydd ap Gwilym, a gan - borough Warren, the source of the marram grass, was com - molodd y dref, ei gwin a’i phobl. Cynhaliwyd marchnad mandeered by the War Ministry in 1939 and used as a bomb - wythnosol ar ddydd Mawrth, a chynhaliwyd nifer o ffeiriau Cynllun eiddo o’r enw St Peter’s Church ing range, before being taken over by the Forestry bob blwyddyn. Roedd y rhain yn gwasanaethu tenantiaid ‘Yr House’ Niwbwrch, Eglwys Sant Pedr 1782, gyda’r Commission in 1947. Menai, er y daeth y farchnad yn enwog dros ardal ehangach mewnosodiad yn am ei gwartheg a’i hychen. Ar ddiwedd y 14eg ganrif roedd dangos y lleoliad The Borough and the Town (Archifau a Chasgliadau around a crossroads. Each property had a house on the street yn fwrdeistref ffyniannus, ac yn llwyddiannus yn econo - Arbennig, Prifysgol Bangor, front and a long narrow piece of land behind. ese plots, maidd. Roedd hynny er gwaetha’r caledi a achoswyd gan Llawysgrifau Ychwanegol e borough of Newborough included not just the town but Lligwy 1123) known as ‘burgage’ plots, still define many of the properties extensive lands around it as far as Abermenai Point, as the Storm Fawr Rhagfyr 6 1330 a orchuddiodd ardal eang o dir Plan of a property in Newborough. amaethyddol â thywod. Dinistriwyd mwy o dir gan storm known as ‘Yr House’ borough ran the ferry across the Strait. Places marking the Newborough, 1782, boundary were recorded by Henry Rowlands in the early arall yn 1396-7 ac ar ganol y bedwaredd ganrif ar ddeg cre - with inset showing e town was almost entirely Welsh, and welcomed Welsh bachodd poblogaeth yr ynys o ganlyniad i’r Pla Du. Yn ystod location poets including Dafydd ap Gwilym, who praised the town, 18th century, and most can still be identified, though in (Archives & Special many places the exact line of the boundary is unclear. Some gwrthryfel Owain Glyndŵr ar ddechrau’r 15fed ganrif, gwn- Collections, its wine and its people. A weekly market was held on Tuesdays, Bangor University, of the boundary was followed by the parish boundary and aethpwyd cryn ddifrod i dref Niwbwrch a maerdref Rhosyr Lligwy Additional Mss.1123) and there were also several fairs each year. ese served the o ganlyniad i ymosodiadau gan y ddwy ochr. tenantry of Menai, though the market became famous over a some is marked by boundary stones. much wider area for its cattle and oxen. In the later 14th cen - e present settlement is a large village measuring 1km Yn 1507, symudodd Harri’r VII lysoedd y sir o Fiwmares i tury it was a thriving borough, and economically successful. north-west to south-east and 800m south-west to north- Niwbwrch, gan gynyddu ei ffyniant eto, ond cafodd hyn ei is was despite the hardship caused by the Great Storm of east. e original main north-west to south-east street (Mall - wrthdroi yn 1549 a dechreuodd y dref ddirywio. Erbyn di - December 6 1330 which covered a large area of agricultural traeth and Chapel Streets) is now part of the main coastal wedd y 17eg ganrif, collodd Niwbwrch lawer o’i nodweddion o’r brif groesffordd ac mae hon yn arwain at Langaffo. Mae land with sand. Another storm in 1396/7 destroyed more road around Anglesey, A4080. e B4421 comes off the main trefol, daeth y farchnad wythnosol i ben ar ddechrau’r 19eg canol y dref yn eithaf adeiledig gyda rhesi o dai o’r 19eg land, whilst in the mid-fourteenth century the Black Death road just north-west of the main cross roads and this leads ganrif, ond byddai ffeiriau blynyddol yn dal i gael eu cynnal. ganrif bob ochr i’r brif ffordd, ac mae’r nifer o dai yn lleihau caused a severe decline in the population of Anglesey. During to Llangaffo. e centre of the village is fairly heavily built- Nid oedd gan deithwyr a oedd yn mynd heibio bethau da tuag at ymylon y pentref. Mae’r tai hynaf tuag at ganol y the uprising of Owain Glyndŵr in the early 15th century up with rows of 19th century houses flanking the main road, i’w dweud. Ar ddiwedd y 18fed ganrif, disgrifiodd omas pentref ac mae datblygiadau modern ar gyrion y pentref, yn both the town of Newborough and the township of Rhosyr and the density of housing decreases towards the edges of Pennant Niwbwrch fel ‘a place greatly fallen away from its enwedig i’r gogledd o’r pentref. Er bod nifer fawr o siopau a were badly damaged by attacks from both sides. the village. e older houses are towards the centre of the antient splendor’ ac ar ddechrau’r 19eg ganrif, dywed Richard busnesau yn y pentref yn y gorffennol, erbyn hyn mae llawer village with the outskirts dominated by modern develop - Fenton bod y lle yn ‘a wretched plac e’. llai ohonynt, a thai domestig yw’r rhan helaeth o’r adeiladau. In 1507 Henry VII transferred the county courts from Beau - Yn nodweddiadol, mae’r rhain yn adeiladau cerrig â thoeau maris to Newborough, raising its prosperity again, but this ments, especially at the northern end of the village. Ers y 16eg ganrif o leiaf, byddai moresg yn cael ei ddefnyddio llechi, gyda dau lawr, ac mae gan y rhan fwyaf ohonynt sim - was reversed in 1549 and the town began to decline. By the ough the village formerly contained a high number of yn Niwbwrch i greu matiau, rhaffau, basgedi a nwyddau nai. Mae gwaith adnewyddu diweddar y tai wedi arwain at end of the 17th century Newborough had lost much of its shops and businesses, these are now much less in evidence, crand, a heblaw am amaethyddiaeth, dyma oedd prif ddi - nifer ohonynt yn cael ffenestri a drysau newydd, ac arwyn - urban character, the weekly market was discontinued by the and the large majority of the buildings are domestic houses. wydiant yr ardal. Roedd cau’r tir comin ar ddechrau’r 19eg ebau wedi’u chwipio. Mae terasau byrion i’w cael yno, ond early 19th century, but annual fairs still continued. Travellers ese are typically two-storey, stone-built with slate roofs, ganrif yn golygu y collwyd yr hawliau i gasglu moresg, gan yn nodweddiadol mae pob tŷ ar uchder ac o faint ychydig who passed through were not complimentary. In the late and a high percentage of chimneys. Recent upgrading of the rwystro’r diwydiant. Yn 1913 rhoddwyd bywyd newydd i’r yn wahanol i’r tŷ nesaf, er eu bod fel arfer yn gysylltiedig â’i 18th century omas Pennant describes Newborough as ‘a houses has resulted in a high number of new windows and diwydiant pan sefydlwyd y Gymdeithas Creu Matiau a gwe - gilydd. Adlewyrcha hyn y diffyg buddsoddiad ar raddfa fawr place greatly fallen away from its antient splendor‘ and in doors, and pebble-dash surfaces. Short terraces do exist, but hyddwyd moresg yn Niwbwrch tan y meddiannwyd Tywyn yn y 19eg ganrif, a dargadwedd perchnogaeth unigol y tai the early 19th century Richard Fenton thought it was ‘a typically each house is of slightly different height and size to Niwbwrch, lle’r oedd y moresg yn tyfu, gan y Weinyddiaeth ym mhob plot. Mae mathau eraill o adeiladau yn cynnwys wretched place’. its neighbour, though they are usually attached to each other. Ryfel yn 1939 a’i ddefnyddio fel maes bomio, cyn dod dan capeli Anghydffurfiaeth, y Sefydliad Prichard-Jones, ac Since the 16th century, at least, marram grass ( moresg ) was is reflects the lack of large-scale investment in the 19th reolaeth y Comisiwn Coedwigaeth yn 1947. Eglwys Sant Pedr y plwyf. Mae’r eglwys wedi’i lleoli cryn century, and the retention of individual ownership of the Prichard-Jones used in Newborough to make mats, ropes, baskets and fancy bellter tua de-orllewin y pentref, ger y llys blaenorol. Mae’r Y Fwrdeistref a’r Dref Institute goods, and this was the main industry of the area other than houses within each plot. Other building types include non- ail wedi’i gloddio’n rhannol, ac mae’n bosibl ymweld ag o, Sefydliad conformist chapels, the Prichard-Jones Institute, and the Prichard-Jones agriculture. e enclosure of the common land in the early Roedd bwrdeistref Niwbwrch yn cynnwys y dref ei hun yn ond heb gyfleusterau parcio ac arwyddion gwael, mae nifer parish church of St Peter. e church lies a significant dis - ogystal â thiroedd helaeth o’i hamgylch cyn belled â Phwynt o dwristiaid yn mynd heibio iddo, heb wybod am ei tance to the south-west of the village, and adjacent to the Abermenai, gan fod y fwrdeistref yn cynnal y fferi ar draws fodolaeth. Mae’r ffordd hon yn arwain at faes parcio mawr former llys. e latter has been partially excavated, and is y Fenai. Cafodd y lleoedd ar y ffin eu cofnodi gan Henry i’r traeth yn unig, gan fynd heibio’r goedwig, ac mae’n boblog - accessible for visiting, though with no parking and poor Rowlands ar ddechrau’r 18fed ganrif, a gellir adnabod y rhan aidd ymysg twristiaid a phreswylwyr. sign-posting, many tourists pass it by unaware of its existence. fwyaf ohonynt hyd heddiw, er yn nifer o fannau mae union Mae’r rhan fwyaf o’r adeiladau yn dyddio o’r 19eg ganrif, er is road leads only to a large beach carpark, passing through linell y ffin yn aneglur. Roedd peth o’r ffin yn cyd-fynd â ffin y cofnodwyd porth yn dyddio o’r 16eg ganrif yn ystod yr the forest, and is popular with tourists and residents. y plwyf a pheth wedi’i marcio â cherrig terfyn. 1930au ac mae ychydig ohonynt yn parhau i ddangos nod - e majority of the buildings date from the 19th century, Mae’r anheddiad presennol yn bentref mawr yn mesur 1 km weddion o’r 18fed ganrif. Mae’r Sefydliad Prichard-Jones, a though a doorway dating from the 16th century was recorded o’r gogledd-orllewin hyd at y de-ddwyrain ac 800m o’r de- adeiladwyd yn 1902, yn ymgorffori llyfrgell, ystafelloedd in the 1930s, and a minority retain 18th century features. e orllewin i’r gogledd-ddwyrain. Erbyn hyn mae’r stryd wrei - darllen a neuaddau, yn ogystal â chwe bwthyn i breswylwyr Prichard-Jones Institute, built in 1902, incorporates a library, ddiol o’r gogledd-orllewin i’r de-ddwyrain (Stryd Malltraeth lleol, ac mae’n adeilad amlwg yn y pentref. ■ reading rooms and halls, as well as six cottages for local res - a Stryd y Capel), yn mynd o Aberffraw hyd at Abermenai, idents, and is a notable complex within the village. ■ yn rhan o’r brif ffordd arfordirol o amgylch Ynys Môn, A4080. Mae’r B4421 yn gysylltiedig â’r brif ffordd i’r gogledd-orllewin 38 Enghraifft o Brosiect Masnachol An example of a Commercial Project 39 Amddiffynfeydd Gwrth-ymosodiad o’r Ail Ryfel Byd Nant Ffrancon Nant Ffrancon Second World War Anti-Invasion Defences

Comisiynwyd Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Ymgymerwyd â’r gwaith atgyweirio ar gyfer Caer Danddaearol Gwynedd Archaeological Trust was commissioned e repair works are for Pill Box A, on the northern shore Gwynedd gan yr Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol A, ar ymyl gogleddol Llyn Ogwen (NGR SH65486048), Caer by the National Trust to undertake archaeological of Llyn Ogwen (NGR SH65486048), Pill Box B at the head i ymgymryd â lliniariad archaeolegol cyn ac yn Danddaearol B ym mhen Nant Ffrancon yn Fferm Blaen y mitigation in advance of, and during repair of Nant Francon in Blaen y Nant Farm (SH64786057) and ystod gwaith atgyweirio amddiffynfeydd gwrth- Nant (SH64786057) a Blociau D gwrth-danciau ar hyd ochr works, of Second World War anti-invasion anti-tank Blocks D along the west side of Nant Francon ymosodiad o’r Ail Ryfel Byd a oedd yn rhan o gorllewinol Nant Ffrancon (SH64756042). defences that were part of Western Command (SH64756042). Lein Orllewinol Gorchymyn ac Atal 23, a redai and Stop Line No.23, which ran from Bangor Dechreuwyd y lliniariad yn 2019 ac mae’n cynnwys cofnod e mitigation was started in 2019 and includes a record of o Fangor i Borthmadog. to Porthmadog. o’r ddwy gaer danddaearol a’r wyth bloc gwrth-danciau cyn the two pillboxes and the eight anti-tank blocks prior to the Mae’r amddiffynfeydd wedi’u lleoli yn ne Nant e defences are located at the southern end dechrau’r gwaith atgyweirio, briff gwylio yn ystod y gwaith start of repair works, a watching brief during repair works Ffrancon, lle’r oeddynt yn amddiffyn Bwlch of Nant Ffrancon, where they defended the atgyweirio a chofnod terfynol y strwythurau wedi’u hatgy - and a final record of the repaired structures. A 3D photo - Ogwen rhwng Bethesda a Chapel Curig, a oedd strategically important Ogwen Pass between weirio. Mae llun model 3D grametrig o’r ddwy gaer dan - grammetric model of the two pill boxes prior to repair has yn strategol bwysig. Mae’r strwythurau sydd wedi Bethesda and Capel Curig. e surviving ddaearol cyn eu hatgyweirio wedi’i gynhyrchu a’i rannu ar- Y tu mewn i gaer been produced and posted online via Sketchfab. ■ goroesi yn cynnwys dwy gaer danddaearol, chwe structures include two pillboxes, six spigot mortar lein drwy Sketchfab. ■ danddaearol, safle morter, tri safle milwyr troed ac aliniad Llyn Ogwen emplacements, three infantry positions and an https://sketchfab.com/GAT2020/collections/cymraeg Pill box interior, https://sketchfab.com/GAT2020/collections/english anghyflawn o wyth bloc gwrth-danciau.  Llyn Ogwen incomplete alignment of eight anti-tank blocks. 

Anti-tank blocks, Nant Ffrancon Blociau gwrth- danciau, Nant Ffrancon

3D photogrammetric model (Sketchfab) Model 3D grametrig (Sketchfab) 40 Prosiect ‘Treftadaeth Ddisylw?’ The ‘Unloved Heritage?’ project 41  https://treftadaethddisylw.cymru  https://unlovedheritage.wales

Mae ‘Treadaeth Ddisylw?’, a ariennir gan Gronfa  Group members ‘Unloved Heritage?’, funded by the National help deliver a guided Dreadaeth y Loteri Genedlaethol, yn rhaglen walk as part of the Lottery Heritage Fund, is a community archaeolegol gymunedol sy’n ysbrydoli pobl ifanc Pen y Bryn open day archaeology programme inspiring young people  Aelodau’r grŵp yn ledled Cymru i ymgysylltu â’u tirlun hanesyddol cynorthwyo i throughout Wales to engage with their local lleol. Mae Ymddiriedolaeth Archeolegol Gwynedd gyflwyno taith historic landscape. Gwynedd Archaeological gerdded dywysedig yn rhedeg y Prosiect Dyffryn Nantlle, sy’n fel rhan o ddiwrnod Trust runs the Dyffryn Nantlle Project, focusing canolbwyntio ar hanes chwareli llechi’r ardal. agored Pen y Bryn on the area’s slate quarrying history.

Gan weithio gyda’r asiantaeth greadigol, Galactig, mae aelo - Working with creative agency Galactig, group members have dau’r grŵp wedi creu Graen, ap realiti estynedig sy’n canol - created Graen, an augmented reality app centred on Dorothea bwyntio ar Chwarel Dorothea. Bydd defnyddwyr yn cael Teithiau Quarry. Users experience video stories at key points around straeon fideo mewn mannau allweddol o amgylch y safle. the site. e stories, told by group members, are inspired by Mae’r straeon, sy’n cael eu hadrodd gan aelodau’r grŵp, wedi’u Fis Hydref 2019, mynychodd y grŵp ddau benwythnos the recollections of local residents. Launched in October hysbrydoli gan atgofion preswylwyr lleol. Bydd yr ap, a lansi - preswyl, ynghyd ag aelodau prosiectau eraill Treadaeth Ddi - 2020, the app will serve as an educational resource for local wyd mis Hydref 2020, yn gwasanaethu fel adnodd addysgol i sylw? Roedd y cyntaf, yn Llanddeusant, De Cymru, yn cyn - schools, members of the local community and visitors. ysgolion lleol, aelodau o’r gymuned leol ac ymwelwyr. nwys sesiwn gwneud ffilm lle’r oedd gofyn i bob grŵp greu Pen y Bryn Quarry Barracks fideo byr yn seiliedig ar eu prosiect – cyfle gwych i ddysgu  Uncovering Barics Chwarel Pen y Bryn am weithgareddau grwp iau eraill. Yn ogystal, fel rhan o’r the Pen y Bryn rock cannon During summer 2019 the group was invited to take part in daith cafwyd sesiwn adeiladu tîm drwy badlfyrddio a Yn ystod haf 2019, gwahoddwyd y grŵp i gymryd rhan yng  Dadorchuddio the Trust’s Cadw-funded clearing, recording and excavation ngwaith clirio, cofnodi a chloddio Ymddiriedolaeth Archae - chanŵio. canon garreg Pen work at Pen y Bryn quarry barracks, Dyffryn Nantlle ( page y Bryn olegol Gwynedd a ariannwyd gan Cadw ym marics chwarel Ar daith arall, aeth aelodau o wahanol grwpiau Treadaeth 7). Members learnt various archaeological skills and uncov - Pen y Bryn, Dyffryn Nantlle ( tudalen 6 ). Dysgodd aelodau’r Ddisylw? i Ogledd Iwerddon. Cafwyd cyflwyniadau gan bob ered and recorded a rock cannon (in this instance a marriage grŵp amrywiaeth o sgiliau archaeolegol a dadorchuddio a grŵp yn seiliedig ar eu prosiectau, a gan archwilio Bushmills stone) adjacent to the barracks. ey also learnt about the chofnodi carreg ganon (yn yr achos hwn carreg briodas) yn a Belfast, clywsant gan bobl ifanc sydd ynghlwm â phrosiect- area’s local history and helped deliver guided walks as part agos at y barics. Yn ogystal, cawsant ddysgu am hanes lleol au cyffelyb yn yr ardaloedd hyn. Roedd hwn yn gyfle gwerth- of a public open day. A video created by the group describes yr ardal a helpu i gyflwyno teithiau cerdded tywysedig fel fawr i ddysgu sut mae pobl ifanc yng ngwahanol rannau o their experiences: rhan o ddiwrnod agored i’r cyhoedd. Mae fideo, a gafodd ei Brydain yn ymgysylltu â’u tirwedd hanesyddol leol. Roedd  www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwASaPxoeYE greu gan y grŵp, yn disgrifio eu profiadau o’r prosiect : y daith hefyd yn cynnwys ymweliadau â Wal Heddwch Trips  www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwASaPxoeYE Belfast, Carrick a Rede a Sarn y Cedwri. ■ A further trip saw members of different Unloved Heritage? During October 2019, along with members of other Unloved groups visit Northern Ireland. Each group made presentations Ymweliad â Wal Heddwch Belfast Heritage? projects, the group attended two residential week - on their projects and, exploring Bushmills and Belfast, heard A visit to the Belfast ends. e first, in Llanddeusant, South Wales, included a from young people involved in similar projects in these areas. Peace Wall filmmaking session where each group created a short video is was a valuable opportunity to learn how young people on their project – a great opportunity to learn about other in a different part of Britain are engaging with their local his - group’s activities. e trip also included a paddleboarding toric landscape. e trip also included outings to the Belfast and canoeing team building session. Peace Wall, Carrick a Rede and the Giant’s Causeway. ■

The Graen augmented reality app

Ap realiti estynedig Y Graen 42 Allgymorth ac Addysg Outreach and Education 43  www.heneb.co.uk/wnewoutreach.html  www.heneb.co.uk/newoutreach.html Trefnodd YAG dri darn o waith cloddio Teithiau Cerdded a Sgyrsiau Arguably GAT’s busiest ever year in terms of Shows and Events cymunedol yn 2019–20, a gellir dadlau mai dyma public engagement, the Trust organised three Unwaith eto, roedd rhaglen teithiau cyhoeddus flynyddol In 2019 GAT attended the National Eisteddfod (as part of oedd blwyddyn brysuraf yr Ymddiriedolaeth o community excavations during 2019 –20. YAG yn llawn (cafodd ein taith gerdded Tre’r Ceiri ei gohirio the Lle Hanes partnership), the Bryn Celli Ddu Landscape ran ymgysylltiad â’r cyhoedd. Roedd hyfforddi Volunteer training formed a major part of these, oherwydd Covid-19). Roedd teithiau cerdded yn ddigwydd - project open day, Anglesey Agricultural Show, Meirionydd gwirfoddolwyr yn ffurfio rhan fawr o’r rhain, with those taking part gaining experience in iadau unigol neu’n gysylltiedig â Cadw, neu’n rhan o rag - County Show, the Four Nations History Festival (organised gyda’r rheiny yn cymryd rhan yn ennill profiad various aspects of recording and excavation. lenni ehangach megis Open Doors neu’r Ŵyl Archaeoleg. by Bangor University and Pontio Innovation & Arts Centre), yng ngwahanol agweddau ar gofnodi a chloddio. e dissemination and outreach phase of the Parc Ar gyfer y teithiau cerdded a drefnwyd fel rhan o ddiwrnod as well as engaging with school pupils at careers events. e Bu i gam lledaenu ac allgymorth prosiect Parc Cybi project also came to fruition this year. agored Pen y Bryn, bu i’r Ymddiriedolaeth fanteisio ar y cy - Outreach team has also been researching new potential venues Cybi ddwyn ffrwyth eleni hefyd. hoeddusrwydd a grëwyd gan Ŵyl Archaeoleg CBA, gan Other aspects of the Trust’s pubic engagement work included and events and will, if the climate permits, be present at weithi o mewn partneriaeth hefyd â’r prosiect Treadaeth the Friends of GAT winter lecture series, the annual public Venue Cymru’s ‘Take Part’ event, scheduled for January 2021. Ddisylw?; cynorthwyodd aelodau i gyflwyno teithiau o am - walks programme, attendance at various shows and events, gylch y safle. Yn ogystal, ar gyfer un daith gerdded, gweith -  Gwirfoddolwyr Walks and Talks yn Ninas Dinlle working with schools and organising several Young Archae - iodd YAG mewn partneriaeth â Swyddog Awyr Dywyll Aw -  Volunteers at ologists Club (YAC) sessions: GAT runs the Bangor branch. Once again GAT’s annual public walks programme was fully durdod Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri, ar Ynys Môn. Dinas Dinlle booked (our Tre’r Ceiri walk was postponed due to Covid- Fel rhan o gyfres darlithoedd gaeaf flynyddol Cyfeillion YAG, YAC bridge building 19). Walks were standalone events or connected to Cadw cafwyd cyfuniad o staff YAG a siaradwyr gwadd yn cyflwyno session projects, or part of wider programmes such as Open Doors Sesiwn adeiladu pont sgyrsiau ynghylch archaeoleg a thirlun hanesyddol gogledd- CAI or the Festival of Archaeology. For the walks organised as orllewin Cymru. Cafwyd presenoldeb uchaf erioed mewn part the Pen y Bryn open day, the Trust ‘piggy-backed’ onto darlith yn y gyfres hon gan YAG, pan fynychodd 200 o bobl publicity generated by the CBA’s Festival of Archaeology, also y sgwrs Dinas Dinlle, a gyflwynwyd mewn partneriaeth â working in partnership with the Unloved Heritage? project; RCAHMW a CHERISH. Drwy gydol y flwyddyn, aeth staff members helped deliver tours of the site. GAT also worked yr Ymddiriedolaeth ati i gyflwyno sgyrsiau i amrywiaeth o in partnership with the SNPA Dark Skies Officer for one walk sefydliadau eraill. Ddiwedd mis Mawrth 2020, fel y daeth – a night visit to Din Lligwy and Capel Lligwy, on Anglesey. mesurau cyfnod clo Covid-19 i rym, dechreuodd YAG bara - e annual Friends of GAT winter lecture series saw a com - toi cyfres o ddarlithoedd ar-lein yn seiliedig ar Wynedd bination of GAT staff and guest speakers deliver talks on the Rufeinig, gan yr Uwch-archaeolegydd Dave Hopewell archaeology and historic landscape of north-west Wales. e Roedd agweddau eraill ar waith ymgysylltu â chyhoedd yr Cafodd y rhain dderbyniad cadarnhaol. series saw GAT’s highest ever attendance for a lecture when Darlithoedd ar-lein Gwynedd Rufeinig: www.bit.ly/3jjqRFn Ymddiriedolaeth yn cynnwys cyfres o ddarlithoedd gaeaf   Bryn Celli Ddu 200 people came to the Dinas Dinas talk, delivered in part - Cyfeillion YAG, y rhaglen teithiau cerdded cyhoeddus flyn - public open day nership with RCAHMW and CHERISH. roughout the Cyfryngau Cymdeithasol a Gwefan  Diwrnod agored i’r yddol, mynychu gwahanol sioeau a digwyddiadau, gweithio cyhoedd Bryn Celli year Trust staff delivered talks for a variety of other organisa - gydag ysgolion a threfnu sawl sesiwn i’r CAI (Clwb Archae - Mae ein nifer o ddilynwyr ar gyfryngau cymdeithasol yn Ddu tions. At the end of March 2020, as Covid-19 lockdown mea - olegwyr Ifanc) – YAG sy’n rhedeg cangen CAI Bangor. parhau i gynyddu. Mae defnyddio cyfryngau cymdeithasol sures came into force, GAT began preparing a series of online Sioeau a Digwyddiadau yn effeithiol wedi cynorthwyo i sicrhau bod prosiectau yn lectures on Roman Gwynedd, by Senior Archaeologist Dave cael eu hyrwyddo’n dda a bod pobl yn eu mynychu. Mae Hopewell. ese enjoyed a positive reception. Yn 2019, mynychodd YAG yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol (fel YAG yn parhau i ddatblygu ei gwefan, gan ddefnyddio’r  Sioe Sir Feirionydd  Meirionydd County Roman Gwynedd online lectures: http://bit.ly/2MPXvCy rhan o’r bartneriaeth Lle Hanes), diwrnod agored prosiect adran newyddion a digwyddiadau i ychwanegu at ymgyrch - Show  Tirwedd Bryn Celli Ddu, Sioe Amaethyddol Môn, Sioe Sir oedd cyfryngau cymdeithasol o ran hyrwyddo prosiectau a  Darlith y gaeaf, Feirionydd, Gŵyl Hanes y Pedair Gwlad (trefnwyd gan Brifys - digwyddiadau. Ddiwedd 2019-20, wrth i fesurau cyfnod clo Canolfan Telford, Porthaethwy  Public walk, north gol Bangor a Chanolfan Celfyddydau ac Arloesi Pontio), yn Covid-19 ddod i rym, roedd y wefan yn cael ei defnyddio i coast of Anglesey  Winter lecture, ogystal ag ymgysylltu â disgyblion ysgol mewn digwyddiadau gyflwyno llu o adnoddau ar-lein, gan gynnwys canllawiau Telford Centre,  Taith gerdded Porthaethwy gyhoeddus, arfordir gyrfaol. Yn ogystal, mae’r tîm Allgymorth wedi bod yn ym - defnyddwyr Archwilio newydd yr Ymddiriedolaeth. gogleddol Ynys Môn chwilio i leoliadau a digwyddiadau newydd posibl ac os yw’n bosibl, byddant yn mynychu digwyddiad ‘Cymryd Rhan’ Venue Cymru, sydd wedi’i drefnu ar gyfer mis Ionawr 2021.

Social Media and Website Our number of social media followers continues to grow. Effective use of social media has helped ensure events and projects are well publicised and attended. GAT continues to develop its website, utilising the news and events section to augment social media campaigns in promoting projects and events. At the end of 2019 –20, as Covid-19 related lockdown measures were coming into force, the website was used to host an array of online resources, including the Trust’s newly created Archwilio user guidance. 44 AllGYMorTh AC ADDYsG ouTreACh AnD eDuCATIon 45

Gwirfoddolwyr a Lleoliadau Hel Trysor, Hel Straeon — Dyffryn Nantlle Volunteers and Placements Saving Treasures, Telling Stories — Dyffryn Nantlle Drwy gydol y flwyddyn, parhaodd yr Ymddiriedolaeth i Cyflwynodd YAG gais llwyddiannus am gyllid gan Hel Trysor, Saving Treasures, roughout the year the Trust continued to work closely weith io’n agos â gwirfoddolwyr, yn ein swyddfeydd ac yn y Hel Straeon – prosiect ar y cyd ag Amgueddfa Cymru, Ffed - Telling Stories: with volunteers, both at our offices and in the field. is was  Copy of maes. Eleni oedd blwyddyn brysuraf YAG o ran ymgysylltiad erasiwn Amgueddfeydd ac Orielau Celf Cymru, a Chynllun presentation slide GAT’s busiest year in terms of volunteer engagement – vol - gwirfoddolwyr – cyfrannodd wirfoddolwyr oddeutu 4,000 Hynafiaethau Cludadwy Cymru a ariennir gan Gronfa Dref -  Pupil’s coins unteers contributed some 4,000 hours during our 2019 com - awr yn ystod ein gwaith cloddio cymunedol 2019. Mae YAG tadaeth y Loteri. Hel Trysor, Hel Straeon: munity excavations. GAT continues to strengthen ties with 25mm yn parhau i gryau ei chysylltiadau â Phrifysgol Bangor –  Copi o sleid Bangor University – six students worked with the Trust on Mewn partneriaeth ag Amgueddfa ac Oriel Storiel, gweith - y cyflwyniad aeth chwe myfyriwr i wneud profiad gwaith gyda’r Ymddirie - placement this year. GAT has also been working on an in - iodd YAG gyda 60 o blant yn ardal Dyffryn Nantlle, yn ym -  Ceiniogau dolaeth. Yn ogystal, mae YAG wedi bod yn gweithio ar disgyblion ternship proposal with the Institute for the Study of Welsh gysylltu â grwpiau cymunedol lleol yn ogystal ag ysgol gyn - gynnig interniaeth gyda’r Sefydliad Ymchwil Ystadau Cymru Estates and Bangor University. radd Ysgol Bro Lleu, Penygroes. Archwiliodd plant gasgliad a Phrifysgol Bangor. o geiniogau aur o’r Canol Oesoedd a ganfuwyd yn lleol, gan Early in 2020 the Trust once again worked in partnership Ar ddechrau 2020, gweithiodd yr Ymddiriedolaeth mewn ddysgu pam mae’n bosibl bod y ceiniogau wedi cyrraedd lle with Cadw, Great Orme Country Park and the National partneriaeth unwaith eto â Cadw, Parc Gwledig y Gogarth cawsant eu canfod, o le y daethant yn wreiddiol a sut y Trust to arrange a scrub clearance volunteering day at the Fawr a’r Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol i drefnu diwrnod cawsant eu gwneud. Yna, cymerodd ddisgyblion ran mewn site of the former Royal Artillery School on the Great Orme, gwirfoddoli i glirio prysg ar gyn-safle’r Ysgol Frenhinol gweithdai creau, gan wneud eu bathau ceiniogau a’u cei - Llandudno. e session was fully booked, with those attend - Fagnel aeth ar y Gogarth Fawr, Llandudno. Roedd y sesiwn niogau eu hunain o glai modelu polymer. Ffurfiodd geinio - ing consisting of Bangor University Students and GAT  2019 YAC session: yn llawn, gyda myfyrwyr Prifysgol Bangor a gwirfoddolwyr gau’r plant ran o arddangosfa Metel yn Mudo yn Storiel yn Bryn Celli Ddu volunteers. YAG ymhlith y rheiny a fynychodd. hwyrach y flwyddyn honno. ■  Sesiwn CAI 2019: Bryn Celli Ddu Young Archaeologists’ Club (YAC)

Clwb Archaeolegwyr Ifanc (CAI) Hel Trysor, Hel Straeon: Archwilio'r casgliad Dyma oedd y flwyddyn brysuraf o geiniogau eto o ran CAI. Cafodd Dan Saving Treasures, Telling Stories: Amor (arweinydd y gangen) ei Examining the wahodd i ymuno â grŵp llywio coin hoard CAI y Deyrnas Unedig, yn sgil dull gwaith arbennig y gangen. Roedd sesiynau CAI yn cynnwys Dinas Dinlle (gweithio mewn partneriaeth â’r Ymddiriedolaeth Genedlaethol), Bryn Celli Ddu (gweithio mewn partneriaeth â’r bobl ifanc sydd  Sesiwn CAI 2019: Gwneud ynghlwm â’r prosiect Treadaeth Ddisylw? ) a barics chwarel crochenwaith

Pen y Bryn. Yn gyffredinol, roedd y lefelau presenoldeb yn  2019 YAC session: rhagorol. Bu bron i 20 o bobl fynychu’r sesiwn Dinas Dinlle Pot making gofiadwy. Mae gan gangen Bangor 40 o aelodau erbyn hyn.

 Adnodd gwneud potiau ar-lein CAI is was also the busiest year yet in terms of YAC. Dan Amor  YAC online pot GAT successfully applied for funding from Saving Treasures, making resource (branch leader) was invited to join the YAC UK steering Telling Stories – a Heritage Lottery funded project coordi - group, on account of the branches proactive approach. YAC nated by National Museum Wales, e Federation of Muse - sessions included Dinas Dinlle (working in partnership with ums & Art Galleries of Wales and the Portable Antiquities the National Trust), Bryn Celli Ddu (working in partnership Scheme in Wales. with young people involved in the ‘ Unloved Heritage?’ project) and Pen y Bryn quarry barracks. Attendance levels were gen - In partnership with Storiel Museum & Gallery, GAT worked erally excellent. Nearly 20 attended the memorable Dinas Din - with 60 children in the Dyffryn Nantlle area, engaging with lle session. e Bangor branch now has some 40 members. local community groups as well as Ysgol Bro Lleu primary school, Penygroes. Children examined a medieval silver coin 2019 YAC session: hoard found locally, learning why the coins may have ended Graffiti recording, up where they were eventually found, where they originally Bangor Sesiwn CAI 2019: came from and how they were made. ey then took part in Cofnodi graffiti, cra workshops, making their own coin dies and coins out Bangor of polymer modelling clay. e children’s coins then formed part of Storiel’s Migrating Metals exhibition, held later that year. ■

 Adnodd gwneud potyn ar-lein CAI:  YAC online pot-making resource: https://youtu.be/OKZbcBVU1rI https://youtu.be/kK9xj7AxjkE 46 AllGYMorTh AC ADDYsG ouTreACh AnD eDuCATIon

Edrych Ymlaen Looking Ahead Tuag at ddiwedd blwyddyn ariannol 2019-2020, wrth i gy - Towards the very end of the 2019 –2020 financial year, as fyngiadau Covid-19 ddod i rym, dechreuodd yr Ymddirie - Covid-19 restrictions took effect, the Trust began to adapt dolaeth addasu ei strategaeth ymgysylltu â’r cyhoedd yn its public engagement strategy accordingly. As well as unol â hynny. Yn ogystal â pharatoi’r gyfres o ddarlithoedd preparing the Roman Gwynedd series of online lectures, ar-lein, Gwynedd Rufeinig, dechreuwyd cynhyrchu amryw - production began on a variety of other online resources iaeth o adnoddau a phrosiectau ar-lein eraill. and projects. Roedd y rhain yn cynnwys Archwilio, y canllawiau defnydd - ese included the revised Archwilio user guidance ( see iwr diwygiedig ( gweler tudalen 30 ), cyfres o bosau lluniau, page 31 ), a series of photo puzzles, an online YAC pot mak - adnodd gwneud potiau CAI ar-lein ( tudalen 44 ) a phrosiect ing resource ( page 45 ) and new project ‘Accessioning Arch newydd ‘Derbynodi Arch Camb’, gwahodd gwirfoddolwyr, Camb’, inviting volunteers, working remotely, to read gweithio o bell, yn darllen drwy fersiynau digidol o’r through digitised versions of Archæologia Cambrensis , the Archæologia Cambrensis , cylchgrawn Cymdeithas Hynafi - journal of the Cambrian Archaeological Association aethau Cymru ( tudalen 30 ). (page 31 ).

Archæologia Cambrensis / ebrill April 1861  ‘Llaneilian’ H Longueville Jones Archæologia Cambrensis / Mehefin June 1924  ‘Prehistoric Remains in North Carnarvonshire’ W Bezant Lowe 48

 Un o grwpiau gwirfoddoli’r Ymddiriedolaeth yn Ninas Dinlle, gyda’r staff  One of the Dinas Dinlle volunteer groups, together with Trust staff

 Clirio prysgwydd ar hen safle’r Ysgol Fagnelau Frenhinol, Y Gogarth  Scrub clearance at the former site of the Royal Artillery School, Great Orme, Llandudno