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Chapter 3 the Verb Phrase in Indian English

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Chapter 3 the Verb Phrase in Indian English CHAPTER 3 THE VERB PHRASE IN INDIAN ENGLISH III. The Verb Phrase in Indian English 3.1 Introductory Remariis The preceding chapter has revealed that tense, aspect, mood and voice are the major sub-systems that constitute the verb phrase in English. The main objective of this chapter is to describe different realizations of the canonical forms of tense, aspect, mood and voice and their different functions in IE. This study uses standard BrE as a convenient reference point for describing the formal and functional features of the verb phrase in IE. It also comments on the similarities and differences between the verb phrase in BrE and IE. 3.2 Methodology According to Halliday et al. (1964), 'For the description of a language to be of greatest use, it must account for contextual^ as well as formal patterns' (p. 40). This study aims at exploring the formal and functional patterns of the verb phrase in IE on the basis of the data collected from various sources. It has been pointed out by several linguists that in the studies carried out on IE, some features have been impressionistically regarded as characteristics of IE. Linguists like 109 Parasher (1991), Schneider (2004) and Daswani (1978) have emphasized the need for a careful collection and analysis of reliable data. To make this study more representative, data from various registers have been analysed in this chapter. According to Srivastava and Sharma (1991), 'The shape of Indian English is being determined by perhaps the most influential section of the educated society-writers, journalists, radio and TV commentators and above all teachers of English in India' (p. 199). As pointed out in section 1.10, this study aims at analysing the usage of educated Indians and as suggested by Srivastava and Sharma (1991), it also takes into consideration the language used by the most 'influential section of the educated society'. Gottfried et ai. (1977) give the following classification of the functional varieties of English. 110 stylistic Level Stilted Formal Neutral REGISTER Everyday Scientific Journalistic Official Literary Colloquial Intimate Vulgar In this study examples have been selected from all the registers indicated in the above classification and it focuses on formal, neutral, colloquial and intimate levels as far as the stylistic variation is concerned. The easy availability of language corpora and their processing tools have opened up several new avenues of language research. Dash (2003) defines a language corpus as 'a large collection of representative language samples obtained from texts covering different varieties of a 111 particular language used in various domains of linguistic activities' (p. 87). The machine - readable corpora that are examined in the present study are 'The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English' (texts from 1978) and 'The ICE-India Corpus' (texts from 2002). The Kolhapur corpus of IE has been built on the same lines as 'The Brown Corpus of Present-day American English' and 'The Lancaster-Oslo/ Bergen (LOB) Corpus of Present-day British English'. All these three corpora consist of roughly one million words, containing five hundred texts of approximately two thousand words each distributed across fifleen text categories. The basic composition of American, British and IE Corpora is given in the table below. 112 Text categories No. of texts in each category American British Indian Corpus Corpus Corpus 1 2 3 4 A Press: Reportage 44 44 44 B Press: Editorial 27 27 27 C Press: Reviews 17 17 17 D Religion 17 17 17 E Skills, Trades & Hobbies 36 38 38 F Popular Lore 48 44 44 G Belles Lettres 75 77 70 H Miscellaneous (Govt. 30 30 37 Documents, Foundation Reports. Industry Reports, College Catalogue, Industry House Organ) J Learned and Scientific 80 80 80 Writing K General Fiction 29 29 58 L Mystery & Detective Fiction 24 24 24 M Science Fiction 6 6 2 N Adventure & Western Fiction 29 29 15 P Romance & Love Story 29 29 18 R Humour 9 9 9 Total 500 500 500 113 Examples from different registers of the Kolhapur corpus have been taken into consideration for the present analysis and they have been indicated as (KC) in this study. One of the major limitations of the Kolhapur corpus is that it focuses only on the written texts. On the other hand, the ICE-India Corpus includes the spoken component as well. Therefore, this study has selected examples from the ICE-India Corpus as well. The ICE-India Corpus contains 500 texts. The categories included in the ICE-India Corpus are given in the table below. ICE TEXT CATEGORIES AND FUENAMES SPOKEN Private Dialogues SIA Public Dialogues SIB Unscripted Monologues S2A Scripted Monologues S2B WRITTEN Non-Professional Writing WIA Correspondence WIB Academic Writing W2A Non-Academic Writing W2B Reportage W2C Instructional Writing W2D Persuasive Writing W2E Creative W2F 14 The ICE-India Corpus represents the speakers of major Indian languages. One of the interesting aspects of the category of 'Private Dialogues' is that they are drawn largely from the trained ELT teachers. The authors and speakers of the texts of ICE were educated through the medium of English and therefore, any syntactic description based on ICE-India is naturally based on the performance of fluent users of English in India. Agnihotri (1999) maintains that the claims on the syntax of IE are generally either exaggerated or based on data from lower registers of IE and comments, 'It has focused on data from non- fluent, school or undergraduate students of English' (p. 192). Since the ICE-data have selected examples fiom educated speakers of English, it is felt that these data would be extremely useful to describe the current standard of IE, both spoken and written. The examples from the ICE- Corpus of India have been indicated as (ICE-IND) in this study. In case of both these corpora, the line numbers are mentioned after the examples.^ Though the Kolhapur corpus and the ICE-India Corpus have a different structure, both are very useful as far as the judgements of acceptability and standardization are concerned. If a particular feature occurs both in the Kolhapur Corpus and in the ICE-India Corpus, which 115 is over a time span of twenty-four years, we can be reasonably sure that this usage has become a stable pan-Indian feature. Leitner (1991) points out that studies comparing IE and other Englishes have tended most often to be quantitative rather than qualitative. This study pays greater attention to the qualitative differences between the verb phrase in BrE and that in IE, though in some cases it also carries out a quantitative analysis. For the purpose of quantitative analysis, the LOB and Brown Corpora have also been taken into consideration. This study aims at identifying the conmion patterns regarding the verb phrase in IE from different registers but no attempt has been made in this study to discuss the registral differences in the use of the verb phrase in IE. It is hoped that the registral differences would be investigated in fiirther studies by a close analysis of the data. The observations made in this study are based on the analysis of limited amounts of data. However, it is felt that the findings of this study may be seen as symptomatic of what is likely to be manifested by a larger corpus. Apart from the Kolhapur Corpus and the ICE-India corpus the examples of IE cited in this chapter are of the following five types, (a) Media texts play a very significant role in norm-developing varieties as they provide realistic representations of the language as it is actually 116 used by the educated members of the society. In this study examples are selected from newspapers, magazines, internet, films and television and radio programmes. The generalizations made in this study are based on the analysis of six Indian newspapers - 'The Times of India', "The Indian Express', 'The Financial Express', 'The Economic Times', 'The Maharashtra Herald' and 'The Employment News' and eleven magazines- 'India Today', 'The Week', 'Business World', 'Outlook', 'University News', 'Naac News : A Weekly Journal of Higher Education', 'Good Health', 'Current Science', 'Education Digest', 'Effective Executive' and 'Indian Journal of Youth Affairs'. Some of the television programmes telecast on channels like NDTV. Headlines Today, DDl, Sony, Zee and Star News and radio programmes on AIR have also been used as sources of the data. Some Marathi and Hindi films include sentences in English and even these sentences are taken into consideration in this study. (b) Literary language displays a high degree of creativity. Language is the foundation on which literature is built and through the effective use of language a literary writer gives a lot of pleasure to his readers. The Indian writers in English have made a substantial contribution to the development of English literature. According to Mohan (1978), 'Indian 17 English like all living organisms has now become self-generating and its creative use in literature and other forms of writing has greatly enriched its resources and established its specific identity' (p. 202). This study explores how the verb phrase in IE has been used in both parodic and non-parodic literar}' texts written by Indian authors. It takes into consideration the literary works of Nissim Ezekiel, Parthasarathy, Raja Rao, Jai Nimbkar, Anita Desai, Anurag Mathur, Sudha Murthy, Chetan Bhagat, R.K. Narayan and Manju Kapur. (c) Examples are also selected from books and articles written by Indian authors. (d) Some of the examples cited in this study are selected from written documents like notices, letters, pamphlets and handbills. (e) Some of the examples of IE cited here were actually used by speakers of IE in formal contexts like seminars, interviews, public speeches and talks and their utterances were noted down at the first opportunity.
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