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VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Samanta Fominova LEGAL AND VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND DIPLOMACY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Samanta Fominova LEGAL AND PHYSICAL BARRIERS FOR NGOs ACTIVITIES: THE CASE OF RUSSIA Final master’s thesis Diplomacy and International relations study programme, state code 6211JX049 Political science study field Supervisor Dr. Gintarė Žukaitė __________ ________ (Research degree, name, surname) (signature) (date) Defended Prof., Dr. Šarūnas Liekis __________ ________ (PMDF Dean) (signature) (date) Kaunas, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS SANTRAUKA .................................................................................................................................... 4 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 6 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE RESEARCH......................................................... 10 1.1. The role of international organizations in international relations theories ......................... 10 1.2. Institutional liberalism ........................................................................................................ 12 1.3. Definition of NGO .............................................................................................................. 18 1.4. Interactions between human right and NGOs ..................................................................... 22 2. POTENTIAL STATE‘S BARRIERS FOR NGO ...................................................................... 27 2.1. Legal Barriers for NGOs ..................................................................................................... 27 2.1.1. Barriers to entry and associate ..................................................................................... 28 2.1.2. Barriers to speech and advocacy ................................................................................. 30 2.1.3. Barriers to assembly .................................................................................................... 32 2.1.4. Barriers to resources .................................................................................................... 33 2.1.5. Barriers for operational activity ................................................................................... 35 2.2. Physical harassment ............................................................................................................ 37 3. ACTIVITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF NGOs IN RUSSIA .................................................... 41 3.1. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.2. NGOs development in Russia ............................................................................................. 43 3.3. Russian NGOs features ....................................................................................................... 45 3.4. NGOs legal and physical aspects in Russia ........................................................................ 50 3.4.1. Barriers to entry and associate ..................................................................................... 51 3.4.2. Barriers to speech and advocacy ................................................................................. 54 3.4.3. Barriers to assembly .................................................................................................... 58 3.4.4. Barriers to resources .................................................................................................... 61 3.4.5. Barriers for operational activity ................................................................................... 68 3.4.6. NGOs physical harassment in Russia .......................................................................... 71 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 79 LITERATURE AND SOURCES ...................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................................... 91 2 LIST OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS List of tables: Table No 1. Executions and death penalties in 2018. ........................................................................ 25 Table No. 2. Violations by rights and numbers of states where violations occurred in 2015. .......... 30 Table No. 3. Legal and Physical barriers for NGOs activities. ......................................................... 40 Table No. 4. Interview Methodology ................................................................................................ 42 Table No. 5. Number of public associations and organizations registered in the Russian Federation in 2017 and 2018. .............................................................................................................................. 46 List of diagrams and figures: Figure No. 1. Three challenges of NGO’s management ................................................................... 21 Diagram No. 1. Participation, trust and awareness in NGOs activities. ............................................ 47 Diagram No. 2. Organizational opinion on the situation in Russia over the last three years, 2016.. 48 Diagram No. 3. Organizational opinion on the situation in Russia over the last three years, 2017.. 48 Picture No. 1. Russian NGOs match themselves as “Foreign Agent” in their website. .................... 66 3 Samanta Fominova, Teisinės ir fizinės kliūtys NVO veiklai: Rusijos atvejo analizė. Diplomatijos ir tarptautinių santykių studijų programos Magistro baigiamasis darbas. Darbo vadovė: Dr. Gintarė Žukaitė. Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas, Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos fakultetas, 2019 metai. 116 psl. SANTRAUKA NVO vaidmuo yra svarbus stiprioje ir demokratinėje šalyje, kurioje saugomos visos piliečių teisės. Tačiau NVO dažnai susiduria su įvairiais sunkumais, kadangi kai kurie dalyviai NVO veiklą suvokia kaip grėsmę, todėl norėdami suvaržyti NVO veiksmus taiko teisines ir fizines kliūtis. Taigi problema yra ta, kad be veiksmingo NVO bendradarbiavimo su vyriausybe sunku sukurti sėkmingą, demokratišką ir išsivysčiusią visuomenę. Nustačius ir išanalizavus esamas kliūtis, galima jas išspręsti ir sukurti demokratiškesnę ir stipresnę šalį. Dėl to šio darbo objektai yra šiuolaikinės teisinės ir fizinės NVO veiklos kliūtys Rusijoje. Šio darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti teisines ir fizines kliūtis NVO veiklai Rusijoje. Tam pasiekti buvo iškelti šeši pagrindiniai uždaviniai: pristatyti pagrindinius liberalaus institucionalizmo bruožus, siekiant sukurti teorinį pagrindą; apibūdinti NVO sąvoką ir NVO sąveiką su žmogaus teisėmis; apibūdinti galimas vyriausybės teisines ir fizines kliūtis NVO veiklai; ištirti NVO formavimąsi ir plėtrą Rusijoje; nustatyti Rusijos vyriausybės teisines kliūtis NVO veiklai; nustatyti Rusijos vyriausybės fizines kliūtis NVO veiklai. Analizuojant teisines ir fizines kliūtis NVO veiklai Rusijoje, buvo naudojami kokybiniai tyrimo metodai: aprašymo metodas, dokumentų analizės metodas ir pusiau struktūruotas interviu metodas atliktas su šešiomis Rusijos NVO. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Rusijoje NVO turi neigiamą asociaciją su Sovietų Sąjungos žlugimu ir ekonomikos krize. Pagrindinės teisinės kliūtys yra susijusios su NVO finansavimu - tai 2012 m. „Užsienio Agento“ įstatymas ir 2015 m. „Nepageidaujamos Organizacijos“ įstatymas. Taip pat, NVO teisė rengti taikius susirinkimus yra ribojama, nes jiems draudžiama rengti viešus protestus. Be to, Rusijos NVO susiduria su fizinėmis kliūtimis, psichologiniu spaudimu, gauna grasinančius laiškus, ypač tos NVO, kurios dirba su žmogaus teisėmis ir politiniais klausimais. Apibendrinant, šiame darbe buvo įrodyta hipotezė, kad Rusijos NVO operatyvinis darbas yra ribotas dėl teisinių apribojimų. „Užsienio Agentas“ ir „Nepageidaujamos Organizacijos“ įstatymai yra didžiausi iššūkiai NVO veiklai Rusijoje. Todėl veiksmingas NVO bendradarbiavimas su Rusijos vyriausybe gali būti užtikrintas tik pakeičiant teisines nuostatas. Raktiniai žodžiai: NVO, Rusija, teisinės kliūtys, fizinės kliūtys. 4 Samanta Fominova. Legal and Physical Barriers for NGOs activities: The case of Russia. Master thesis in Diplomacy and International relations study programme. Supervisor: Dr. Gintarė Žukaitė. Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy, Department of Political science. Kaunas, 2019. 116 pages. SUMMARY NGOs role is significant in a strong and democratic country, where all citizen’s rights are protected. However, NGOs movement is constantly very complicated because some actors perceive NGOs activities as a threat, so they try to challenge NGO’ actions by applying legal and physical barriers. Therefore, the problem is that without an effective NGO cooperation with the government is difficult to create a successful, democratic and developed society. Once identified and analysed, existing barriers can be solved and a more democratic, strong and prosperous country established. Accordingly, the objects of this thesis are contemporary legal and physical barriers for NGOs activities in Russia. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the legal and physical barriers for NGOs activities in Russia. In order to achieve
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