Inky Caps Coprinus Sp

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

inky caps Coprinus sp. Kingdom: Fungi Division/Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales Family: Agaricaceae ILLINOIS STATUS common, native FEATURES The body of a fungus (mycelium) is made up of strands called mycelia. The mycelium grows within the soil, a dead tree or other object and is rarely seen. The fruiting body that produces spores is generally present for only a short period of time but is the most familiar part of the fungus to people. The gray or brown inky cap is elliptic to bell-shaped. The edge of the cap is upturned when fully open. The surface of the cap has a few fringy scales. This thin cap is gray at ﬁrst becoming pink, then black as it ages. The cap and gills dissolve into a black, inky liquid when mature. The stalk is cylindrical with a solid or narrowly hollow center. The upper stalk is white, while near the base the stalk is gray. The cap may be two and one-half inches wide. The stalk reaches a maximum height of six inches. BEHAVIORS The inky cap may be found statewide in Illinois. It grows at the base of stumps or trees. Unlike plants, fungi do not have roots, stems, leaves, ﬂowers or seeds. The inky cap must absorb nutrients and water from the objects it grows in. Spores are produced in the spring and fall. The spores provide a means of reproduction, dispersal and survival in poor conditions. Spore production occurs when conditions are favorable, generally with warm temperatures and ample moisture. HABITATS Aquatic Habitats bottomland forests; peatlands; swamps Woodland Habitats bottomland forests; coniferous forests; southern Illinois lowlands; upland deciduous forests Prairie and Edge Habitats none © Illinois Department of Natural Resources. 2016. Biodiversity of Illinois. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Postharvest Biochemical Characteristics and Ultrastructure of Coprinus Comatus
Postharvest biochemical characteristics and ultrastructure of Coprinus comatus Yi Peng1,2, Tongling Li2, Huaming Jiang3, Yunfu Gu1, Qiang Chen1, Cairong Yang2,4, Wei liang Qi2, Song-qing Liu2,4 and Xiaoping Zhang1 1 College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2 College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 3 Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Suining, Sichuan, China 4 Institute of Microbiology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China ABSTRACT Background. Coprinus comatus is a novel cultivated edible fungus, hailed as a new preeminent breed of mushroom. However, C. comatus is difficult to keep fresh at room temperature after harvest due to high respiration, browning, self-dissolve and lack of physical protection. Methods. In order to extend the shelf life of C. comatus and reduce its loss in storage, changes in quality, biochemical content, cell wall metabolism and ultrastructure of C. comatus (C.c77) under 4 ◦C and 90% RH storage regimes were investigated in this study. Results. The results showed that: (1) After 10 days of storage, mushrooms appeared acutely browning, cap opening and flowing black juice, rendering the mushrooms commercially unacceptable. (2) The activity of SOD, CAT, POD gradually increased, peaked at the day 10, up to 31.62 U g−1 FW, 16.51 U g−1 FW, 0.33 U g−1 FW, respectively. High SOD, CAT, POD activity could be beneficial in protecting cells from ROS-induced injuries, alleviating lipid peroxidation and stabilizing membrane integrity. (3) The activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase were significantly increased. Higher degrees of cell wall degradation observed during storage might be due to those enzymes' high activities.
[Show full text]
The Good, the Bad and the Tasty: the Many Roles of Mushrooms
available online at www.studiesinmycology.org STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY 85: 125–157. The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms K.M.J. de Mattos-Shipley1,2, K.L. Ford1, F. Alberti1,3, A.M. Banks1,4, A.M. Bailey1, and G.D. Foster1* 1School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK; 2School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK; 3School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; 4School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK *Correspondence: G.D. Foster, [email protected] Abstract: Fungi are often inconspicuous in nature and this means it is all too easy to overlook their importance. Often referred to as the “Forgotten Kingdom”, fungi are key components of life on this planet. The phylum Basidiomycota, considered to contain the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of this Kingdom, includes some of the most iconic fungal species such as the gilled mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. Basidiomycetes inhabit a wide range of ecological niches, carrying out vital ecosystem roles, particularly in carbon cycling and as symbiotic partners with a range of other organisms. Speciﬁcally in the context of human use, the basidiomycetes are a highly valuable food source and are increasingly medicinally important. In this review, seven main categories, or ‘roles’, for basidiomycetes have been suggested by the authors: as model species, edible species, toxic species, medicinal basidiomycetes, symbionts, decomposers and pathogens, and two species have been chosen as representatives of each category.
[Show full text]
A New Genus and Four New Species in the /Psathyrella S.L. Clade from China
A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 80: 115–131 (2021) doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.80.65123 RESEARCH ARTICLE https://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A new genus and four new species in the /Psathyrella s.l. clade from China Tolgor Bau1, Jun-Qing Yan2 1 Key Laboratory of Edible Fungal Resources and Utilization (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Af- fairs, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China 2 Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Fungal Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China Corresponding authors: Tolgor Bau ([email protected]); Jun-Qing Yan ([email protected]) Academic editor: Alfredo Vizzini | Received 27 February 2021 | Accepted 15 May 2021 | Published 26 May 2021 Citation: Bau T, Yan J-Q (2021) A new genus and four new species in the /Psathyrella s.l. clade from China. MycoKeys 80: 115–131. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.80.65123 Abstract Based on traditional morphological and phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, tef-1α and β-tub) of psathyrel- loid specimens collected from China, four new species are here described: Heteropsathyrella macrocystidia, Psathyrella amygdalinospora, P. piluliformoides, and P. truncatisporoides. H. macrocystidia forms a distinct lineage and groups together with Cystoagaricus, Kauffmania, and Typhrasa in the /Psathyrella s.l. clade, based on the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Thus, the monospecific genusHeteropsathyrella gen. nov. is introduced for the single species. Detailed descriptions, colour photos, and illustrations are presented in this paper. Keywords Agaricales, Basidiomycete, four new taxa, Psathyrellaceae, taxonomy Introduction Psathyrella (Fr.) Quél. is characterized by usually fragile basidiomata, a hygrophanous pileus, brown to black-brown spore prints, always present cheilocystidia and basidi- ospores fading to greyish in concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (Kits van Waveren 1985; Örstadius et al.
[Show full text]
Coprinopsis Rugosomagnispora: a Distinct New Coprinoid Species from Poland (Central Europe)
Plant Syst Evol DOI 10.1007/s00606-017-1418-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Coprinopsis rugosomagnispora: a distinct new coprinoid species from Poland (Central Europe) 1 2 3,4 5 Błazej_ Gierczyk • Pamela Rodriguez-Flakus • Marcin Pietras • Mirosław Gryc • 6 7 Waldemar Czerniawski • Marcin Pia˛tek Received: 3 November 2016 / Accepted: 31 March 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract A new coprinoid fungus, Coprinopsis rugoso- evolutionary trees recovered C. rugosomagnispora within a magnispora, is described from Poland (Central Europe). Its lineage containing species having morphological charac- macromorphological characters are similar to species ters of the subsection Lanatuli (though within the so-called belonging to the subsection Nivei of Coprinus s.l. How- Atramentarii clade) that contradicts its morphological ever, C. rugosomagnispora has unique micromorphologi- similarity to members of the subsection Nivei. cal characters: very large, ornamented spores, voluminous basidia and cystidia, and smooth veil elements. The large Keywords Agaricales Á Coprinopsis Á Coprinoid fungi Á spores and pattern of spore ornamentation (densely pitted) Molecular phylogeny Á Spore ornamentation Á Taxonomy make this species unique within all coprinoid species described so far. The structure (arrangement and shape) of veil elements in C. rugosomagnispora is intermediate Introduction between members of the subsections Nivei and Lanatuli of Coprinus s.l. Molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on The coprinoid fungi are a highly diverse and polyphyletic single-locus (ITS) maximum likelihood and Bayesian group of the order Agaricales, which species show a unique set of characters: presence of dark spores, deliquescent basidiocarps that often undergo autolysis, and pseudopa- Handling editor: Miroslav Kolarˇ´ık.
[Show full text]
Phylogeny and Character Evolution of the Coprinoid Mushroom Genus <I>Parasola</I> As Inferred from LSU and ITS Nrdna
Persoonia 22, 2009: 28–37 www.persoonia.org RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/003158509X422434 Phylogeny and character evolution of the coprinoid mushroom genus Parasola as inferred from LSU and ITS nrDNA sequence data L.G. Nagy1, S. Kocsubé1, T. Papp1, C. Vágvölgyi1 Key words Abstract Phylogenetic relationships, species concepts and morphological evolution of the coprinoid mushroom genus Parasola were studied. A combined dataset of nuclear ribosomal ITS and LSU sequences was used to infer Agaricales phylogenetic relationships of Parasola species and several outgroup taxa. Clades recovered in the phylogenetic Coprinus section Glabri analyses corresponded well to morphologically discernable species, although in the case of P. leiocephala, P. lila- deliquescence tincta and P. plicatilis amended concepts proved necessary. Parasola galericuliformis and P. hemerobia are shown gap coding to be synonymous with P. leiocephala and P. plicatilis, respectively. By mapping morphological characters on the morphological traits phylogeny, it is shown that the emergence of deliquescent Parasola taxa was accompanied by the development Psathyrella of pleurocystidia, brachybasidia and a plicate pileus. Spore shape and the position of the germ pore on the spores species concept showed deﬁnite evolutionary trends within the group: from ellipsoid the former becomes more voluminous and heart- shaped, the latter evolves from central to eccentric in taxa referred to as ‘crown’ Parasola species. The results are discussed and compared to other Coprinus s.l. and Psathyrella taxa. Homoplasy and phylogenetic signiﬁcance of various morphological characters, as well as indels in ITS and LSU sequences, are also evaluated. Article info Received: 12 September 2008; Accepted: 8 January 2009; Published: 16 February 2009.
[Show full text]
The Mycological Legacy of Elias Magnus Fries
The mycological legacy of Elias Magnus Fries Petersen, Ronald H.; Knudsen, Henning Published in: IMA Fungus DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.04 Publication date: 2015 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Petersen, R. H., & Knudsen, H. (2015). The mycological legacy of Elias Magnus Fries. IMA Fungus, 6(1), 99- 114. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.04 Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 IMA FUNGUS · 6(1): 99–114 (2015) doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.04 ARTICLE The mycological legacy of Elias Magnus Fries Ronald H. Petersen1, and Henning Knudsen2 1Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996–1100 USA; corresponding author e–mail: [email protected] 2Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 2 C, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract: The taxonomic concepts which originated with or were accepted by Elias Magnus Fries Key words: were presented during his lifetime in the printed word, illustrative depiction, and in collections of dried Biography specimens. This body of work was welcomed by the mycological and botanical communities of his time: Fungi students and associates aided Fries and after his passing carried forward his taxonomic ideas. His legacy Systema mycologicum spawned a line of Swedish and Danish mycologists intent on perpetuating the Fries tradition: Hampus Taxonomy von Post, Lars Romell, Seth Lundell and John Axel Nannfeldt in Sweden; Emil Rostrup, Severin Petersen Uppsala and Jakob Lange in Denmark. Volumes of color paintings and several exsiccati, most notably one edited by Lundell and Nannfeldt attached fungal portraits and preserved specimens (and often photographs) to Fries names.
[Show full text]
Monstruosities Under the Inkap Mushrooms
Monstruosities under the Inkap Mushrooms M. Navarro-González*1; A. Domingo-Martínez1; S. S. Navarro-González1; P. Beutelmann2; U. Kües1 1. Molecular Wood Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany. 2. Institute of General Botany, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Müllerweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany Four different Inkcaps were isolated from horse dung and tested for growth on different medium. In addition to normal-shaped mushrooms, three of the isolates formed fruiting body-like structures re- sembling the anamorphs of Rhacophyllus lilaceus, a species originally believed to be asexual. Teleo- morphs of this species were later found and are known as Coprinus clastophyllus, respectively Coprinop- sis clastophylla. The fourth of our isolates also forms mushrooms but most of them are of crippled shape. Well-shaped umbrella-like mushrooms assigns this Inkcap to the clade Coprinellus. ITS se- quencing confirmed that the first three strains and the Rhacophyllus type strain belong to the genus Coprinopsis and that the fourth isolate belongs to the genus Coprinellus. 1. Introduction Inkcaps are a group of about 200 basidiomycetes whose mushrooms usually deliquesce shortly after maturation for spore liberation (see Fig. 1). Until re- cently, they were compiled under the one single genus Coprinus. However, molecular data divided this group into four new genera: Coprinus, Coprinop- sis, Coprinellus and Parasola (Redhead et al. 2001). Genetics and Cellular Biology of Basidiomycetes-VI. A.G. Pisabarro and L. Ramírez (eds.) © 2005 Universidad Pública de Navarra, Spain. ISBN 84-9769-107-5 113 FULL LENGTH CONTRIBUTIONS Figure 1. Mushrooms of Coprinopsis cinerea strain AmutBmut (about 12 cm in size) formed on horse dung, the natural substrate of the fungus.
[Show full text]
Occurrence of Coprophilous Agaricales in Italy, New Records, and Comparisons with Their European and Extraeuropean Distribution
Mycosphere Occurrence of coprophilous Agaricales in Italy, new records, and comparisons with their European and extraeuropean distribution Doveri F* Via Baciocchi 9, I-57126-Livorno [email protected] Doveri F 2010 – Occurrence of coprophilous Agaricales in Italy, new records, and comparisons with their European and extraeuropean distribution Mycosphere 1(2), 103–140. This work is the successor to a recent monograph on coprophilous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes from Italy. All Italian identifications of coprophilous Agaricales, which the author has personally studied over an 18 year period, are listed and categorized depending on the dung source. All collections were subjected to the same procedure and incubated in damp chambers and an estimate of occurrence of fungal species on various dung types is made. A second collection of Coprinus doverii is described and discussed, while the southern most finding of Panaeolus alcis is listed. An additional collection of Psilocybe subcoprophila, a species previously reported from Italy, is described and illustrated with colour photomicrographs. The morphological features of each species is briefly described, and substrate preferences compared with those reported from previous data. Key words – Coprinus doverii – damp chambers – fimicolous basidiomycetes – frequency – natural state – Panaeolus alcis – Psilocybe subcoprophila – survey. Article Information Received 25 March 2010 Accepted 21 May 2010 Published online 19 July 2010 *Corresponding author: Francesco Doveri – e-mail –[email protected] Introduction have recently been made and despite a The commencement of our systematic relatively slow increase in the numbers of studies on the dung fungi of Italy started in coprophilous basidiomycetes known from Italy 1992 resulting in Doveri (2004) and Doveri et and the inability to use field records for al.
[Show full text]
June-1982-Inoculum.Pdf
SUSTAI W IWG MEMBERS ABBOTT LABORATORIES ELI LILLY AND COMPANY ANALYTAB PRODUCTS MERCK SHARP AND DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES AYERST RESEMCH LABORATORIES MILES LABORATORIES INC. BBL MICROBIOLOGY SYSTEMS NALGE COMPANY / SY BRON CORPORATION BELCO GLASS INC. NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC CO. BURROUGHS WELCOME COMPANY PELCO BUTLER COUNTY WJSHROOM FMI PFIZER, INC. CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. DEKALB AGRESEARCH , INC . THE QUAKER OATS COMPANY DIFCO LABORATORY PRODUCTS ROHM AND HASS COMPANY FORRESTRY SUPPLIERS INCORPORATED SCHERING CORPORATION FUNK SEEDS INTERNATIONAL SEARLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT HOECHST-ROUSSEL PHARMACEUTICALS INC. SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE, INC. SPRINGER VERLAG NEW YORK, INC. JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA INCORPORATED TRIARCH INCORPORATED LANE SCIENCE EqUIPMENT CO. THE WJOHN COMPANY WYETH LABORATORIES The Society is extremely grateful for the support of its Sustaining Members. These organizations are listed above in alphabetical order. Patronize them and let their repre- sentatives know of our appreciation whenever possible. OFFICERS OF THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Margaret Barr Bigelow, President Donald J. S. Barr, Councilor (1981-34) Harry D. Thiers, President-elect Meredith Blackwell, Councilor (1981-82) Richard T. Hanlin, Vice-president O'Neil R. Collins, Councilor (1980-83) Roger Goos, Sec.-Treas. Ian K. Ross, Councilor (1980-83) Joseph F. Amrnirati, Councilor (1981-83) Walter J. Sundberg, Councilor (1980-83) Donald T. Wicklow, Councilor (1930-83) MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER Volume 33, No. 1, June 1982 Edited by Donald H. Pfister and Geraldine C. Kaye TABLE OF CONTENTS General Announcements .........2 Positions Wanted ............14 Calendar of Meetings and Forays ....4 Changes in Affiliation .........15 New Research. .............6 Travels, Visits.
[Show full text]
Mycelial Characteristics of Several Psathyrella Collections
MYCELIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERAL PSATHYRELLA COLLECTIONS Susanna Badalyan, Lilit Melikyan, Tatevik Shahbazyan Yerevan State University, Laboratory of Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, 1 Aleg Manoogian St., 0025, Yerevan, Armenia 8th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, 19-22 November, 2014, New Delhi, India Introduction Based on Index Fungorum presently the genus Psathyrella together with 24 other genera (Coprinellus, Cioprinopsis, Drosophila, Lacrimaria, Parasola, etc.) from former family Coprinaceae Sing. is included in the family Psathyrellaceae, phylum Basidiomycota [1]. Modern molecular data show that the genus Psathyrella is polyphyletic and species of this genus phylogenetically are closer to species from new clades Coprinellus and Coprinopsis. Currently Coprinellus and Psathyrella are discussing as sister clades [2]. Taxonomically significant morphological, ecological, physiological and genetic characteristics of mycelia of Basidiomycetes mushrooms together with characters of fruiting bodies are playing important role in their modern phylogenetic reconstruction, as well as further biotechnological cultivation. Study of biological characteristics of mycelia of different Psathyrella collections and evaluation of their taxonomic significance is topical. a b c d e Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of studied species: Coprinus comatus (a), Coprinellus disseminatus (b), Coprinellus radians (d) Coprinopsis strossmayeri (d) and Psathyrella candolleana (e). Table 1. Collections of tested cultures Material and Clade Species Strain Origine Methods Pc-5 Armenia, 2011 Studies of macromorphological P. candolleana Pc-6C Armenia, 2013 characters of 12 Psathyrella Pc-620 Iran, 2008 collections, such as colony Ps/I-1S Armenia, 2002 morphology, texture and Ps/I-1C Armenia, 2002 Ps/II-2S Armenia, 2002 pigmentation, as well as growth Psathyrella Ps/II-2C Armenia, 2002 rate were carried out on malt- Psathyrella sp.
[Show full text]
Coprinellus Radicellus, a New Species with Northern Distribution
Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-010-0709-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Coprinellus radicellus, a new species with northern distribution Judit Házi & László G. Nagy & Csaba Vágvölgyi & Tamás Papp Received: 22 April 2010 /Revised: 17 August 2010 /Accepted: 30 August 2010 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2010 Abstract A new coprophilous species, Coprinellus radi- Introduction cellus, is presented and described on the basis of morpho- logical characters and a species phylogeny inferred from Species of subsection Setulosi of the genus Coprinellus are ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 and beta-tubulin gene sequences. The widely considered to be a problematic group of fungi, due species is characterized by lageniform pileo- and caulocys- to difficulties in identification and unsettled species tidia, 8- to 11-μm long ellipsoid basidiospores with a concepts (Lange 1952; Lange and Smith 1953; Orton and central germ-pore, globose cheilocystidia, an often rooting Watling 1979; Uljé and Bas 1991; Uljé 2005). In addition, stipe, the lack of pleurocystidia and velar elements. These this group includes some of the smallest known species of characters distinguish C. radicellus from all other described agarics, their pileus not exceeding 1 mm in diameter in species in subsection Setulosi. It comes closest to C. some cases (e.g., C. heptemerus). These factors have led to brevisetulosus (Arnolds) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo an underestimation of actual species numbers and distribu- and C. pellucidus (P. Karst.) Redhead, Vilgalys & Mon- tions in certain groups (Nagy 2006). calvo both morphologically and phylogenetically, but is Species of subsection Setulosi are characterized by very distinct from both. Another five representatives of morpho- small to medium-sized fruiting bodies, lageniform pileo- logically recognizable groups of subsection Setulosi were and caulocystidia on the cap and stipe, mostly globose or included in the phylogenetic analyses and found were ellipsoid cheilocystidia and often by ellipsoid basidio- distinct from C.
[Show full text]
Morpho Taxonomical and Ecological Studies of Macrofungi of Trans-Himalayan Ladakh
MORPHO TAXONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MACROFUNGI OF TRANS-HIMALAYAN LADAKH Konchok Dorjey Department of Botany, EliezerJoldan Memorial College, Leh, Ladakh, India Correspondence: [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper gives an overview of the unique diversity of mushrooms in the cold desert of Ladakh. The paper further describes the fungal phenology pattern and substrate preference of macrofungiin the cold arid region of Ladakh. Ecological adaptation strategies of this group to overcome extreme high-altitude’s climatic conditions of freezing temperature, dryness and intense solar radiations are also discussed. While most of the reports on larger fungi are from tropical areas where the weather conditions are favourable, very few of them are reported from extreme inhospitable cold arid zones of the globe. This survey heretofore enlists 32 species of macro-fungi with discussion on fungal morphotaxonomy and ecological aspects including diversity, distribution, phenological patterns, substrate preferences and cold adaptive strategies, from the cold arid desert of Ladakh. Keywords: Mushrooms, Cold desert, Morphotaxonomy, Distribution, Phenology, Substrates, Adaptive-strategies, Ladakh. INTRODUCTION multitude of enduring strategies to withstand the cold desert’s Mushrooms are perhaps the most mysterious living entity harshest conditions.The present paper gives an overview of the nature has bestowed to mankind and the curious nature lovers unique diversity of mushrooms in the cold desert of Ladakh for centuries. Mushrooms form a large distinct epigeous or with taxonomical and ecological discussion on 32 macrofungal hypogeous fleshy fruiting body when the climatic conditions species (Table 1). (temperature, light, moisture and food supply) are favourable, and are composed of a network of underground living mycelium.
[Show full text]