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Risk Assessment of Australian Swamp Stonecrop (Crassula Helmsii) in Europe Ston

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Risk Assessment of Australian Swamp Stonecrop (Crassula Helmsii) in Europe Ston Risk assessment of Australian swamp stonecrop (Crassula helmsii) in Europe Ston FLORON report FL2019.064.e02 August 2020 Van der Loop, J.M.M., R. Beringen, R.S.E.W. Leuven, J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg, H.H. van Kleef, M. Verhofstad & B. Odé FLORON report No. 2015.020 Publication details Status of publication: final Report number: FL2019.064.e02 Date of publication: 24 August 2020 Title: Risk assessment of Australian swamp stonecrop (Crassula helmsii) in Europe Method of citation: Van der Loop, J.M.M., R. Beringen, R.S.E.W. J.L.C.H. van Valkenburg, H.H. van Kleef, M. Verhofstad & B. Odé (2019). Risk assessment of Australian swamp stonecrop (Crassula helmsii) in Europe FLORON report: 2019.064 Cover photograph: Australian swamp stonecrop (J. van der Loop) Project leader (final editing): Baudewijn Odé Quality assurance: Rob Leuven Execution: FLORON, Stichting Bargerveen and Radboud University Nijmegen Project team: Janneke van der Loop, Ruud Beringen, Rob Leuven, Johan van Valkenburg, Hein van Kleef, Michiel Verhofstad en Baudewijn Odé Commissioned by: Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) Attn: H. Groenewoud PO Box 43006 3540 AA Utrecht Approval for publication: B. Odé (FLORON project leader) Initials: ©2021 FLORON, Nijmegen. FLORON studies and protects wild plants FLORON is a Stichting RAVON brand. FLORON report No. 2019.064 Table of contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Advisory request ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Document structure .................................................................................................................. 11 2 Material and methods ................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Literature review ....................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Dispersal in the Netherlands .................................................................................................... 13 2.3 Dispersal across Europe .......................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Risk assessment and classification using Harmonia+ .............................................................. 14 2.5 Comparison with other risk assessments ................................................................................. 16 3 Description of species ............................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Nomenclature ........................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1 Scientific name................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 Synonyms ........................................................................................................................ 19 3.2.3 Trade names .................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.4 Vernacular names ............................................................................................................ 19 3.3 Description of species characteristics ...................................................................................... 20 3.4 Similar species ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.5 Native range ............................................................................................................................. 21 3.6 Invasion history of potential range ............................................................................................ 22 3.7 Stand and ecology .................................................................................................................... 22 3.8 Reproduction and Distribution (life cycle) ................................................................................. 25 3.8.1 Life cycle .......................................................................................................................... 25 3.8.2 Reproduction.................................................................................................................... 26 3.8.3 Dispersal (mechanisms, conditions for germination and establishment) ........................ 26 4 Introduction pathways (UNEP pathways and vectors) ........................................................... 28 4.1 Introduction to the EU ............................................................................................................... 28 4.2 Intentional and unintentional spread ........................................................................................ 28 5 Climate and biogeography ......................................................................................................... 30 5.1 Climate match, current climate ................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Europe biogeography ............................................................................................................... 31 5.3 Climate scenarios ..................................................................................................................... 31 6 Presence within the EU .............................................................................................................. 34 6.1 Establishment status within EU countries ................................................................................ 34 6.2 Presence outside the EU .......................................................................................................... 34 5 FLORON report No. 2019.064 6.3 Distribution in the Netherlands ................................................................................................. 35 6.4 Possible future spread .............................................................................................................. 37 7 Impacts ........................................................................................................................................ 38 7.1 Ecological/biodiversity .............................................................................................................. 38 7.1.1 Biodiversity in general ...................................................................................................... 38 7.1.2 Impact on Red List, rare and/or protected species .......................................................... 39 7.1.3 Impact on EU habitat types .............................................................................................. 43 7.1.4 Impact of physiochemical properties and structure of ecosystems ................................. 45 7.2 Ecosystem services .................................................................................................................. 47 7.3 Public health and the economy ................................................................................................ 47 7.3.1 Diseases/allergies or other physical conditions ............................................................... 47 7.3.2 Personal safety & safety of infrastructure ........................................................................ 47 7.3.3 Socio-economic impact .................................................................................................... 48 8 Risk analysis ............................................................................................................................... 50 8.1 Risk classification ..................................................................................................................... 51 8.2 Risk score and levels of confidence ......................................................................................... 55 8.3 Comparison with other risk assessments ................................................................................. 57 9 Estimation of the potential costs (quantitative or qualitative) ............................................... 59 9.1 Damage to biodiversity & ecosystem services ......................................................................... 59 9.2 Damage to health, safety and the economy ............................................................................. 59 9.3 Costs of control ......................................................................................................................... 59 10 Management ................................................................................................................................ 61 10.1 Prevention ............................................................................................................................ 61 10.2 Management and control ..................................................................................................... 62
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