Guiding Principles for a Sustainable Tourism Development September
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paradise found guiding principles for a sustainable tourism development By Stephanie Draper and Vicky Murray With Fiona King, Shannon Carr-Shand, Vanessa Ravenscroft and Ben Wood. September 2008 contents 1 introduction 3 2 environment 7 3 people 15 4 community 20 5 infrastructure 25 6 finance 30 7 creating sustainable 34 destinations Forum for the Future – the sustainable development charity – works in partnership with leading organisations in business and the public sector. Our vision is of business and communities thriving in a future that is environmentally sustainable and socially just. We believe that a sustainable future can be achieved, that it is the only way business and communities will prosper, but that we need bold action now to make it happen. We play our part by inspiring and challenging organisations with positive visions of a sustainable future; finding innovative, practical ways to help realise those visions; training leaders to bring about change; and sharing success through our communications. www.forumforthefuture.org Registered charity number: 1040519 Cover image: www.bernardtouillon.com Throughout 2008 and 2009, Forum for the Future is engaged in an ambitious work plan around issues of sustainable tourism and travel. Paradise Found – a report focusing on sustainable destinations – is the first in a suite of projects that we are conducting with the leading players in the sector. The Overland Heaven project aims to make overland travel in Europe a genuinely exciting and low-carbon alternative to flying. An intial scoping study for the project, conducted with The Co-operative Travel, confirmed the potential for this and identified some of the challenges and perceptions that will need to be overcome. We hope that this will catalyse an industry- wide initiative to meet these challenges and create an accessible and sustainable overland travel market. Tourism 2023 is a project that aims to help the UK outbound industry and some of its key destinations understand more about their future and be able to plan for it. The study will explore issues around climate change and increasing pressure on key resources such as water. Forum for the Future will deliver this crucial piece of work during 2009 with key members of the industry, including TUI Travel, Thomas Cook, ABTA, The Travel Foundation, Carnival UK, The Co-operative Travel, and British Airways. 1 introduction “One of the most encouraging developments in the travel industry is that ‘responsible tourism’ has become a buzzword, something we all want to sign up to. But it has been used far too loosely and it’s time to draw breath and work out just what it all means and how we can adopt it. Incorporating sustainability into the travel business is in the interest of everyone – not least the industry – by preserving the environments and cultures that we all want to continue to enjoy.” Mark Ellingham, Founder – Rough Guides Holidays are a positive part of our lives and they make This report demonstrates that the tourism industry, by an important contribution to the global economy. investing in these five broad areas, can reap both But there is potential for them to be more beneficial, long-term and some immediate financial benefits: in most cases substantially so. We want a sustainable future where tourism always benefits the local economy Environment: The hotel chain Accor will not only and community, enhancing rather than damaging the benefit the environment with the installation of solar natural environments that support them. panels for water-heating purposes in 47 of its hotels (page 9), but should also reduce energy bills. Sustainable tourism has sometimes been portrayed as a trade-off between the negative environmental impacts People: UK luxury hotel chain, Hotel du Vin, is of developing and travelling to destinations and the already seeing the financial benefits of adopting more socio-economic benefits that activity can bring. But as sustainable business practices. Its recruitment costs this report demonstrates, this is increasingly out-of-date. have halved with the implementation of a development Sustainable tourism is a clear opportunity to combine programme, which has significantly reduced staff environmental protection with socio-economic benefits, turnover (page 16). in a profitable, future-proofed business. Community: Further afield, in Kenya, the tourism At the Forum, we consider that to be truly sustainable business in the Maasai Mara Game Reserve is enjoying businesses must invest in five key areas: the Five new-found sustainability due to changes in the way the Capitals. We rely on natural capital – the environment – Maasai receive revenue from tour operators and for overall sustenance; human capital and social capital lodges (page 23). – our people and communities – describe our personal happiness and the soundness of the social structures Infrastructure: Investment in infrastructure in the that support us; manufactured capital relates to physical early stages of a project can make significant financial infrastructure; and financial capital enables other forms savings. By integrating sustainability and energy of capital to be traded. efficiency into the construction of the new Soneva Kiri Eco-suite in Thailand (page 27), the organisation will see financial benefits. Finance: The Sheraton Rittenhouse in Philadelphia made a huge saving of $65,000 after implementing several energy saving initiatives, including a state-of-the- art heating and cooling process that virtually eliminates the need for air conditioning and heating equipment (page 30). 3 Why is sustainable development stretching targets needed to tackle climate change. important? But we are already at a stage where a degree of climate change is inevitable and leading businesses are already There is a strong business rationale for a sustainable planning for some level of adaptation. Sustainable approach to tourism. Businesses need to manage the tourism is not merely about managing risks though – it’s risk presented by key issues like climate change and about opportunity too. High energy prices present an water stress. But there are also substantial opportunities opportunity to make savings through greater efficiency. to innovate and differentiate too. Slowly, customers too are starting to ask for more It makes good business sense to think about sustainable holiday choices. TripAdvisor’s annual travel sustainability upfront in any big investment – be that a trends survey of 2500 travellers from around the world new development, a redevelopment or a refurbishment. last year found that: ‘26% of respondents said they The unabated growth of tourism in some areas has will be more environmentally conscious in their travel destroyed the character of places we love to visit decisions in the coming year.1’ Whilst people often through overdevelopment and this is bad for business. say they’ll do something and then do something quite New developments need to learn from past mistakes. different, this shows the intention, and market, is there. It is also important to have considered other options As a result, business is booming for an ever-increasing before developing on a virgin site. It is generally number of hotels, resorts and even entire destinations preferable from both a cost and environmental claiming to be ‘eco’ for a share of the growing market for perspective to redevelop or retrofit, as it uses fewer sustainable holidays. But are they truly sustainable, or is resources and can protect pristine sites, as well as use it just ‘greenwash’? What does being sustainable actually existing infrastructure and labour. mean for a tourism development? Climate change is a live issue too, representing a double-edged sword for tourism. The industry’s CO2 emissions – particularly from aviation – are contributing to climate change. At the same time tourism will be seriously impacted by a changing climate. Leading travel businesses and developers are wise to this and are taking a proactive response. They are anticipating greater regulation, particularly on transport, to meet the 1http://www.tripadvisor.com/PressCenter-i155-c1-Press_Releases.html 4 Destinations: getting there and of sustainability. That said, we are not endorsing the being there case studies featured as 100% sustainable. Few, if any, The main focus of this report is to identify what it really developments have been able to excel in all areas. As means for a tourism development, resort or hotel to be this report shows, some elements of sustainable tourism sustainable. However, to provide a really sustainable are harder to achieve – whilst others are already easily holiday destination, operators need to consider how within reach of the mainstream tourism sector. For this tourists get there too. We recommend using the ‘travel reason some of our hallmarks are, or will appear to be, hierarchy’: more aspirational than others. 1. Go local Reflecting the global nature and huge diversity of the 2. Go overland industry, our examples are drawn from across the 3. Go longer globe. This also helps to demonstrate the variety of 4. Go direct sustainability challenges. It is obviously important for 5. Offset tourism developments to prioritise the most relevant areas to have maximum impact from the start e.g. water This means providing local holidays and offering low- stress in drought-prone regions. In order to be truly carbon alternatives to flying. Where flying is unavoidable economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, this means encouraging fewer, longer holidays, and all our hallmarks of a sustainable tourism development offering direct routes as well as offsetting transport need to be considered. It may not be possible to act on emissions that cannot be avoided. them all at once, but beginning with the most pressing issues is a good start. About this report This report outlines the key features of an exemplar sustainable tourism development. There are impacts throughout the holiday experience – both in getting to a tourism destination and in the time spent being there. This report focuses on the latter, and so is aimed at developers, operators, hoteliers and other holiday providers.