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Uma Cartografia Do Ativismo Cypherpunk No Brasil 1 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA RODRIGO DE OLIVEIRA SOBREIRA ANONIMATO, REDES E POLÍTICA: UMA CARTOGRAFIA DO ATIVISMO CYPHERPUNK NO BRASIL Goiânia 2015 RODRIGO DE OLIVEIRA SOBREIRA ANONIMATO, REDES E POLÍTICA: UMA CARTOGRAFIA DO ATIVISMO CYPHERPUNK NO BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ciência Política da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal de Goiás, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Política. Linha de pesquisa: Políticas Públicas e Sociedade Civil. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlos Ugo Santander Joo Goiânia 2015 FOLHA DE APROVAÇÃO Dissertação intitulada ANONIMATO REDES E POLÍTICA: UMA CARTOGRAFIA DO ATIVISMO CYPHERPUNK NO BRASIL, de autoria do mestrando RODRIGO DE OLIVEIRA SOBREIRA, defendida e aprovada em ____ de maio de 2015, pela banca examinadora constituída pelos seguintes professores: ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlos Ugo Santander Joo (PPGCP-UFG) Orientador ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Heloísa Dias Bezerra (PPGCP-UFG) Membro Titular ______________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Sayonara de Amorim Gonçalves Leal (SOL-UNB) ___________________________________________________________________________ Suplente “A civilização se tornou complicada Que ficou tão frágil como um computador Que se uma criança descobrir O calcanhar de Aquiles Com um só palito pára o motor” (Raul Seixas) AGRADECIMENTOS Podemos dizer que estamos sempre no meio do caminho, como na descida de um rio ou em uma estrada que se estende indefinidamente. Do meio do caminho, bem onde fica a pedra de Drummond, abre-se a nossa frente o desconhecido, o inesperado, as possibilidades, a expectativa e a esperança. Porém, mais do que olhar para frente, do meio do caminho podemos olhar para trás, para nós mesmos e para os que até ali caminharam juntos ou marcaram sua passagem na estrada. No fim das contas, somos o resultado de todas essas experiências. Prestar o devido agradecimento e respeito aos que participaram da caminhada é mais que necessário: é uma honra. Portanto, nesse momento registro meus sinceros agradecimentos: Ao meu pai, Roberto Sobreira, exemplo de força, caráter e honestidade. Um homem genial que inspira a todos nós. À minha mãe, Diná Miriam, pelo seu carinho, cuidado, paciência e amor. Sua dedicação e compromisso comigo e meu irmão é o que nos trouxe até aqui. Ao meu irmão, Rogério Sobreira, parceiro de todas as horas e todos os palcos. Não poderia haver parceria melhor que essa. Juntos até o infinito. Ao meu orientador, Professor Carlos Ugo Santander, pelas boas conversas e conselhos. O maestro que permitiu a execução dessa pesquisa com a dose de liberdade e ousadia que ela necessitava. Mais do que um professor, um amigo que levarei para a vida. Ao Professor e amigo Francisco Tavares pelos instigantes debates em sala, pelas horas de conversa pelos corredores, os litros de bom café e, principalmente, pela inspiração e motivação em defesa de um mundo melhor. Extendo o agradecimento a todos os coleg@s do PROLUTA. À Professora Heloísa Bezerra pelos indispensáveis conselhos para a realização dessa pesquisa. Boa parte do desenho desse trabalho se deve a observações preciosas sobre as possibilidades de abordagem do tema. Agradeço também a participação nas bancas de qualificação e defesa dessa dissertação. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política pela sua dedicação e motivação na nobre tarefa de mostrar os pedregosos caminhos da pesquisa em política e formar os futuros responsáveis pela compreensão de fenômenos tão complexos. Relembro uma frase que sintetiza a dificuldade e grandeza de tal esforço: “Deus deu a Física os problemas fáceis”. Aos colegas do mestrado por compartilharem comigo todos esses momentos de intenso aprendizado e, em alguns momentos, desespero. O caminho foi mais agradável graças a vocês. Agradeço de maneira especial Andrey Pimentel e Hugo Henry, amigos para toda a vida com quem tive a honra de conviver e aprender durante esses dois anos. Aos meus amigos que sempre me dão forças, ânimo e alegrias. O que eu aprendi e continuo aprendendo com todos vocês está além do que qualquer escola pode ensinar: amizade verdadeira em forma de amor fraternal. Aos ativistas da Cryptorave por terem me recebido tão bem em seu evento, mostrando que além de bytes e fibra ótica, o que realmente nos une é o espírito humano. À Marlene Marques e Vanessa Marques pela consideração, amizade e por sempre me receberem tão bem em sua casa. Obrigado pelo apoio e confiança. E, por último, à Juliana, pelo amor, cuidado e carinho. Um amor que continua crescendo desde o primeiro dia. Um cuidado que se faz constante e insubstituível. Um carinho sem fim. A mão que me guiou nos momentos mais difíceis e não me deixou desistir. Para você dedico este trabalho e todo meu amor. RESUMO O avanço tecnológico proporcionado pela revolução da informática afetou diretamente diversos campos da vida humana. Novas formas de interação, diminuição da barreira tempo- espaço, reconfigurações nas formas produtivas. A internet representa uma das pontas mais conhecidas desse processo. A popularização da web, a partir de década de 1990, foi acompanhada por uma crescente preocupação por parte de governos e teóricos sobre suas consequências. O ativismo político encontra na tecnologia, desde os anos 1980, novas formas de expressão e ação. No início do século XXI, o processo de radicalização de alguns movimentos e o debate sobre sociedade de controle e vigilância se intensificou. A organização Wikileaks e os vazamentos de documentos da NSA (National Security Agency), por exemplo, demonstraram o poder e a relevância de tais grupos. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho pretende avaliar e mapear o impacto desse tipo de ativismo no Brasil. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa exploratória, a metodologia cartográfica será utilizada com o objetivo de fornecer um panorama do ativismo cypherpunk no Brasil. Optou-se pela metodologia cartográfica visando apresentar uma visão do impacto do discurso ativista cypherpunks no Brasil, tentando encontrar os principais disseminadores de discurso e ação e compreendendo tal processo como uma construção constante. Tal metodologia permite tanto o tratamento de dados robustos, obtidos por meio de mineração nas redes, quanto uma análise qualitativa de dados obtidos em fontes documentais. No Brasil, o Laboratório de Estudos sobre Imagem e Cibercultura (LABIC) da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo tem se destacado como pólo de desenvolvimento de pesquisas e metodologias para cartografar as controvérsias na internet. Além da discussão teórica, o trabalho opera com data mining em redes sociais, especialmente Twitter. O objetivo é levantar dados primários sobre o debate sobre o tema no Brasil. Para isso, softwares de mineração de dados capturam tweets (yourTwapperKeeper) com palavras- chave determinadas pela discussão teórica. Em seguida, os dados são tratados e inseridos em um software de visualização (Gephi) que gera o “mapa” da rede e do debate. Palavras-chave: Internet; Ativismo; Cartografia; Privacidade; Vigilância. ABSTRACT Technological advances from the information revolution have affected various fields of human life. New forms of interaction in productive ways. The internet is one of the cornerstones of this process. The popularization of the web, since the 1990s, was accompanied by a growing concern by governments and scholars about its consequences. The political activism has found on technology, since the 1980s, new forms of expression and action. In the early twenty-first century, the process of radicalization of some movements and the debate on society of control and surveillance has intensified. The Wikileaks organization and the NSA’s (National Security Agency) documents leaked by Edward Snowden, for example, have shown the power and relevance of such groups. Thus, this study aims to assess and map the impact of this type of activism in Brazil. Since this is an exploratory research, the cartographic methodology will be used in order to provide an overview of cypherpunk activism in Brazil. We have chosen the cartographic methodology to present an overview of the impact of cypherpunks’ discourse in Brazil. The research tries to find the main disseminators of speech and action and understanding this process as a constant construction. This methodology allows both the treatment of robust data, obtained through mining in networks, as a qualitative analysis of data from documentary sources. In addition to the theoretical discussion, this work operates with data mining in social networks, especially Twitter. The goal is to obtain primary data on the subject in Brazil. Thus, data mining software capture tweets (yourTwapperKeeper) with keywords determined by theoretical discussion. Then the data are processed and entered into a visualization software (Gephi) that generates the "map" of the network and debate. Key words: Internet; Activism; Cartography; Privacy; Surveillance; RESUMEN Los avances tecnológicos de la revolución de la información han afectado a diversos campos de la vida humana. Las nuevas formas de interacción de manera productiva. El Internet es una de las piedras angulares de este proceso. La popularización de la web, desde la década de 1990, fue acompañado por una creciente preocupación por los gobiernos y académicos sobre sus consecuencias. El activismo político
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